Neo-Nazism

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neo-Nazis march with posters by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess

Neo-Nazism ( ancient Greek νέος néos 'new', 'young' and Nazism ) stands for the resumption and dissemination of National Socialist ideas in German-speaking countries after the Second World War and the end of the Nazi dictatorship . Representatives of neo-Nazism are called neo-Nazis ; the term stands in contrast to “ old Nazis ” (also old PG , “party comrade”), ie the carriers of the National Socialist ideology who had already represented them during the National Socialist rule, the colloquially “ yesterday ”.

history

Germany

Neo-Nazis at a demonstration
Parts of the neo-Nazi scene appear as skinheads in appearance
Neo-Nazis as Autonomous Nationalists in the Black Block with anti-capitalist and National Socialist slogans
Neo-Nazi vigil on the occasion of the anniversary of the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht in 1945. The neo-Nazis hold the flag of Iran , the flag of Germany , the flag of Silesia , the flag of the Young National Democrats and the flag of Palestine .

Until the 1970s, the right-wing extremist scene in the Federal Republic of Germany, organized in parties such as the SRP or the NPD , was largely determined by so-called old Nazis , who had been supporters of the same during the time of National Socialism . Since the end of the 1970s, however, the image of this scene has been largely determined by the descendants who no longer had their own experience of the Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War , but rather adopted the views of the old Nazis without criticism. They usually also differ from these in that they are significantly more willing to use violence .

The neo-Nazis (in their basic convictions they are to be equated with the old Nazis) are generally characterized by their extreme xenophobia . Jews and foreigners - especially asylum seekers and immigrants of Turkish origin, but also Germans with a migration background - serve as an enemy of all kinds alongside political leftists . According to the ideology of völkisch nationalism, the neo-Nazis intend to create an ethnically homogeneous nation-state in which neither German Jews nor Germans descended from or naturalized would have a place. The rejection of minorities is justified by social Darwinism and is expressed in hatred of marginalized social groups such as the disabled , homosexuals and the socially weak - e. B. Homeless - out. A large part of the neo-Nazis denies or relativizes the crimes of National Socialism, especially the Holocaust .

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution registered the end of 2017, with around 6,000 neo-Nazis about 1,000 more than in 2009. The number of violence-oriented right-wing extremists was at 12,700 (increase over previous year: 5%) estimated.

Many neo-Nazis express their views actively and violently . Since the early 1990s, there have been increasing numbers of attacks on asylum seekers' homes and politicians, attacks on foreigners and demonstrations in which violent clashes with counter-demonstrators and the police are the order of the day.

Between 2000 and 2007, the neo-Nazi terror group National Socialist Underground carried out nine murders of migrants , the murder of the police officer Michèle Kiesewetter and several bomb attacks, including the nail bomb attack in Cologne .

National Revolutionary Current

In addition to the neo-Nazis, " national revolutionary " forces are increasingly forming in the context of the right-wing extremist spectrum. These stand out due to a stronger theoretical orientation and are partly based on the models Ernst Niekisch and Karl Otto Paetel and overall on a "social revolutionary nationalism". These groups and circles became known through magazines such as “Young Forum” (around the beginning of the 1970s) and “ We ourselves ”. Groups like the "National Revolutionary Coordination" emerged from these circles. Overall, efforts are being made to officially delimit themselves from the “ Third Reich ” and formulate their own theories. The focus here is on ethnopluralism and anti-capitalism with, in some cases, strongly anti-modern ideological moments. According to Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution such projects registered at present a strong inflow, but still represent a tiny minority within the far-right scene. The most important publications include, inter alia the "standard bearer", one of their self- social-revolutionary and nationalist magazine. This also includes the Internet pages “Die Kommenden” and “Third Front”. These are allegedly pioneers of a newly emerging "national revolutionary movement ".

Women in right-wing extremism

Traditionally, neo-Nazism and right-wing extremists represent a very chauvinistic and sexist gender role model: While the woman is responsible for raising children and the house, the man is the breadwinner of the family and the one who fights for existence. This image has modernized itself in the last 20 years and women are now playing a key strategic role within the right-wing or neo-Nazi scene. On the one hand, they deliberately subvert everyday democratic culture, especially in social professions such as kindergarten or as helpful parents' representatives and local politicians, in order to gain unobtrusive social acceptance. On the other hand, despite their ideological consolidation and actionist orientation, they are still seen as appendages to their male counterparts, which does not do justice to their role and attitude.

International

Patriot of Ukraine , Kiev, April 13, 2014

In almost all European countries and the USA there are groups that can be assigned to neo-national socialism. The xenophobic , anti-Semitic and social Darwinist views of these neo-Nazis correspond in a modified form to those of the German groups. American neo-Nazis, for example, are usually characterized by hatred of blacks , Latinos , Asians and Jews and they hold the view that the “white race” of the “ Aryans ” must be kept “pure”.

Identifying features and signs

Between 1980 and 1993, neo-Nazis were increasingly recognizable by their appearance. This consisted of wearing bomber jackets (olive green or black), especially jeans or camouflage pants and so-called combat boots or similar-looking steel toe shoes with white laces. They also shaved their heads, which earned them the name skinhead , although the skinheads are actually an older, non-right-wing extremist movement from Great Britain . Almost all of these identifying features come from the skinhead subculture and originally had no political significance. White shoelaces, for example, stood for the union of white and black youth in England or were simply used for the sake of appearance, without any racist message.

Since the riots in Rostock-Lichtenhagen in 1992, tolerance towards right-wing extremists has decreased considerably in the German population, so that many neo-Nazis have started to no longer clearly identify themselves as such. They let their hair grow back and gave up their bomber jackets and combat boots. Instead, they switched to hidden identifying features that are often unknown to strangers. Numbers refer to letters in the alphabet. The "88" stands z. B. for "HH" and is the cryptic abbreviation for "Heil Hitler" . The number "18" stands for "AH" - "Adolf Hitler". There are also manufacturers of branded clothing, such as B. Consdaple and Thor Steinar , whose products are preferred by the neo-Nazi scene.

There are also many neo-Nazis in some other youth cultures, for example “ National Socialist Black Metal ” (NSBM), whose followers are mostly outwardly indistinguishable from other followers of Black Metal (black clothes, long hair, pagan symbols) and mostly themselves define very strongly about paganism . There have also been more and more neo-Nazis in the gabber scene in recent years.

The political masterminds often wear a different style of clothing. They hardly differ from people who appear in their usual habit (e.g. Christian Worch , Siegfried Borchardt ). There are also activists like Axel Reitz or Philipp Hasselbach , who appear in SA-like uniforms or long, black “ Gestapo leather coats”.

Since around the year 2000, neo-Nazis have increasingly adopted left-wing or radical left-wing symbols and outfits such as those of the autonomous movement and the “ black bloc ” ( autonomous nationalists ). Some of them dress completely in black with hoodies, baseball caps, etc. German neo-Nazis are increasingly wearing a keffiyeh ("Palituch") as a commitment against Israel and Jews in general (see, for example, the cadres of the Free Comradeships such as Alexander Hohensee or Thomas Gerlach ) .

Right skirt

The first contact with the scene is usually through the music of the neo-Nazis. This can sometimes be very ballad-like ( Frank Rennicke ), but mostly it seems aggressive. Right-wing rock (also called RAC ) originally comes from England ( Skrewdriver , No Remorse , Skullhead ), and the number of neo-Nazi bands in Germany has been rising steadily since the 1980s. Since the mid / late 1990s, the scene has recognized the recruitment potential that lies in music. Well-known bands call themselves Sturmwehr , Störkraft , Kraftschlag , Landser , Zillertaler Türkenjäger , Endstufe , Stahlgewitter , Oidoxie or Noie values .

There are hundreds of illegal concerts annually. The organizers only pass on the locations of the concerts to the visitors at the last minute via mobile phone. These are in contact with each other and are then directed there. Only the approximate location is known in advance, so that everyone is in the immediate vicinity.

Martial arts

The field of martial arts , especially mixed martial arts and kickboxing , is gaining in importance within the neo-Nazi scene . Right-wing martial arts labels act as sponsors and organizers of extreme right-wing martial arts tournaments. Well -known events in the scene are, for example, the Kampf der Nibelungen (KdN) tournament (held annually from 2013 to 2018) or the “Tiwaz - Battle of the Free Men” held in 2018 and 2019. There were also martial arts performances at music and speaker events such as the two “Schild & Schwert” festivals in 2018 in Ostritz, Saxony (organized by the NPD's deputy chairman Thorsten Heise ). Such events also serve to network within the scene, to recruit new staff, for example from the hooligan milieu, and to sell indexed music. The Federal Ministry of the Interior assumes that many of these martial arts visitors are available as a mobilization potential for right-wing extremist demos; it is also to be feared that the professionalization in martial arts will be charged ideologically in the sense of defensiveness against "the system" or used for arguments on the street with the political opponent. Martial arts groups with a political orientation such as the labels “KdN”, “Wardon”, “Black Legion” or the label “White Rex” of the Russian-born hooligan Denis Nikitin (real name Denis Kapustin) use their own martial artists as role models in terms of “will”, “ Diligence ”and“ discipline ”and understand them as the opposite of the“ putrid political system ”of“ failures ”,“ hypocrites ”and“ wimps ”.

Exit from the scene

Those who belong to the neo-Nazi scene, but no longer identify with its goals and want to get out, are often faced with considerable problems. Most neo-Nazis have hardly any social contacts outside of the scene, and they may have a criminal record. A lack of professional knowledge often makes it difficult to reintegrate into the majority society. Some dropouts also fear acts of revenge by their old comrades. That is why there have been projects for some years now that offer support to those who want to leave, including the Exit Germany initiative .

Well-known dropouts

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Neo-National Socialism  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Neo-Nazi  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Definition of the term: neo-Nazism by the Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior
  2. ↑ Neo-Nazis boast about execution videos . In: Spiegel Online
  3. ↑ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution: Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2017 , accessed on August 16, 2018.
  4. ↑ Sandra Stalinski, friendly, inconspicuous and underestimated ( Memento from May 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de on May 6, 2014
  5. ↑ Zschäpe is not alone ( Memento from August 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Markus Decker, FR-Online from May 5, 2014
  6. ↑ There are neo-Nazis in Russia too. In: Welt Online
  7. ↑ ZDFinfo  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Russia between Propaganda and Protest, October 10, 2016, 8:30 a.m., 44 min, accessed on November 4, 2016.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / rodlzdf-a.akamaihd.net  
  8. ↑ Robert Claus : The extreme right martial arts boom. www.bpb.de, November 5, 2018
  9. ↑ Konrad Litschko: Right-wing extremist martial arts: Training for overthrow. www.taz.de, April 17, 2019
  10. ↑ Constitutional Protection Report 2018. PDF, pp. 48, 65 f., 76.
  11. ↑ Stefan Mayr: Manuel Bauer who dropped out of the Nazi regime - alias "Pistole". In: sueddeutsche.de. December 5, 2011, accessed December 7, 2014 .
  12. ↑ Clemens Höges: With the fist in the face . In: Der Spiegel . No. 9 , 1994 ( online ).