Skrewdriver

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Skrewdriver
Skrewdriver logo.png
General information
Genre (s) initially punk , then RAC
founding 1977, and re-establishment with a different line-up in 1982
resolution 1979, and again in 1993
Founding members
singing
 Ian Stuart Donaldson
guitar
 Phil Walmsley
guitar
 Ron Hartley
bass
 Kev McKay
Drums
 John Grinton (1977)
former members
Drums
 Mark Radcliff (1978-1979)
guitar
 Adam Douglas (1984–1986)
Drums
 Geoff Williams (1983-1984)
bass
 Mark "Frenchie" French (1983-1984)
guitar
 Mark "Lester" Neeson
Drums
 Mark Sutherland (1984–1990)
bass
 Merv Shields (1989-1991)
bass
 Murray Holmes (1984)
guitar
 Paul Swain (1990)
guitar
 Steve "Stigger" Calladine
Drums
 John Burnley

Skrewdriver (modified from English screwdriver "screwdriver") was a British music group from Blackpool . It was founded in 1976 as a punk band and later developed into an internationally known neo-Nazi band. She is considered a pioneer of the right-wing rock scene and was the driving force behind the racist and neo-Nazi network Rock Against Communism . She later became one of the founding bands of Blood and Honor . Lead singer and main lyricist Ian Stuart Donaldson was a leading figure in the international right-wing rock scene until his death on September 24, 1993 and has been venerated as a martyr since his death.

history

Beginnings

Ian Stuart Donaldson, who mostly just called himself Ian Stuart and came from the Blackpool area , founded the rock band Tumbling Dice in 1975. Initially started as a school band, it was renamed Skrewdriver in 1977. This happened after all members of a Sex Pistols concert attended . Skrewdriver initially played punk with offbeat elements without any racist tendencies. After a demo they secured a contract with Chiswick Records from Camden Town . There the single You're So Dumb first appeared . The band was allowed to open for the then still unknown The Police . She adapted the skinhead style after attending a Cock Sparrer concert . The LP All Skrewed Up and the single Antisocial followed in November . The album received a number of benevolent reviews in the UK press. For the BBC one was Peel session recorded. The group was well received in the scene. Progress was prevented by an incident with Bob Geldof of the Boomtown Rats . Geldof was beaten up by a Skrewdriver fan at a concert and used his influence to prevent the band from performing. Donaldson joined the extreme right-wing British National Front in 1979 . When this became known, Skrewdriver found no more performing opportunities. Bands like Cock Sparrer, The Business and 4-Skins kept their distance. In 1979 the band broke up in the original formation. An appearance in the Marquee was later released as a bootleg .

Change to a right-wing extremist band

The singer and guitarist Ian Stuart Donaldson was then involved in the British National Front and in 1981 with the Young National Front organization Rock Against Communism (RAC). In the fall of 1981, Stuart Skrewdriver, with a criminal record for assaulting a colored man, re-founded and gave the band a right-wing extremist orientation from the start. To do this, he recruited members of the early right-wing rock band The Elite , including bassist Mark French and drummer Geoff Williams. He first released the nationalist single Back With a Bang along with the song I Don't Like You , which came from the early days of the band. With the second single White Power from 1983, he took the lead in the RAC organization. The single marked the first release of the NF-sponsored label White Noise Records. The song is considered to be one of the most controversial songs ever released. The media shot directly at the band and Donaldson knew how to use the bad reputation for himself. In 1984 the reunified Skrewdriver's debut album was released under the title Hail the New Dawn and had a martial Viking cover.

From 1985

In 1985 the break with the National Front took place for ideological reasons. The NF increasingly represented positions that were problematic from the point of view of the racist, violent neo-Nazis. The party sought close cooperation with the Nation of Islam and published writings by Muammar al-Gaddafi . The right-wing extremist skinhead scene, on the other hand, tended towards National Socialism and propagated the ideology of white supremacy . Ian Stuart was instrumental in founding the Blood and Honor Network, an organizational structure for neo-Nazi and right-wing extremist bands, which also included Brutal Attack , Squadron , Sudden Impact and No Remorse . Above all, it was Skrewdriver who paved the way for right-wing rock internationally. Donaldson negotiated a deal with the German punk label Rock-O-Rama , which released the first Skrewdriver records. Rock-O-Rama thus developed into the most important German right-wing rock label of its time and became the most important international producer for right-wing extremist music. The Rebelles Européens label , which also worked closely with Donaldson, played a similar role in France . In addition, the band toured tirelessly through Germany and the Scandinavian countries. Blood and Honor chapters were also founded there. Blood and Honor was not bound by party politics and was a collective movement of various right-wing extremists. Skrewdriver and Donaldson were close to the British Movement .

Blood and Honor was also the title of one of the band's 1986 albums. Shortly before it was released, Stuart was arrested for engaging in a racially motivated struggle. He used his year in prison writing new songs for Skrewdriver and articles for neo-Nazi magazines. In 1987, White Rider followed , based mostly on songs he had written while in prison. The album is widely considered to be Skrewdriver's best work, but like most Rock-O-Rama productions, it suffered from a very poor production.

At the time, Donaldson was living in London, where he and several other skinheads lived in a shabby house. After some large-scale concerts by Skrewdriver initially took place, some were then prevented by the antifascist action and more and more performances ended in fights. Donaldson, now known throughout the city as a neo-Nazi, was himself the victim of several attacks. After a show of force by Blood and Honor, a concert by Skrewdriver announced as a “main event”, sank into chaos, he moved from London to Nottinghamshire. After that it got a little quieter around Skrewdriver. Donaldson himself devoted himself to other projects, including performing as a songwriter and with his rockabilly band Klansmen . Ideologically he was now more, the band name suggests, close to the Ku Klux Klan . So Skrewdriver changed the rock classic Sweet Home Alabama by Lynyrd Skynyrd on the album After the Fire and underlined it with a text about the Ku Klux Klan.

crime

Racist or politically motivated violence occurred again and again in the group's environment. In 1986 Donaldson had to serve several months in prison for assaulting a Nigerian in London. In 1991 Skrewdriver traveled to Cottbus in East Germany for a concert. The aim was to support the right-wing extremist scene in East Germany that had grown stronger after German reunification . After the concert, some band members joined a mob that roamed the streets hunting down foreigners. There was a fight with a member of the left scene who was seriously injured by the mob. The six people involved, including Skrewdriver guitarist Stigger and drummer John Burnley, Paul Burnley's brother , were then taken into custody for five months. They were released on bail and left the country. In order to raise the bail, Ian Stuart took on the solidarity MCD Justice for the Cottbus Six under the project name Rough Justice .

The death of Ian Stuart Donaldson

In 1992, Skrewdriver tried a large-scale concert, the whereabouts of which, however, became known to anti-fascist groups in advance. Donaldson himself was attacked in advance and the concert was moved to a small suburb. But some skinheads came to the original site of the incident and a mass brawl broke out, which the British press dubbed the "Battle of Waterloo". There were also riots at the alternative location, but these were kept under control by Skrewdriver-Services, the security company of Blood and Honor.

In 1993, Skrewdriver's last official album, Hail Victory, was released . Donaldson, 36, died on September 24, 1993 as a result of a car accident. The accidental death of the right-wing rock singer and guitarist was also the end for the band Skrewdriver.

The guitarist of Skrewdriver Steve Calladine aka Stigger formed his own RAC band called Warlord shortly after Stuart's death , named after Skrewdriver's sixth album. Stigger himself also appeared as a songwriter and was a co-initiator of the German-British project German-British-Friendship. He belonged to the Blood & Honor group Combat 18 , which after Stuart's death built the label ISD-Records (ISD is the abbreviation of Ian Stuart Donaldson) and took over the supremacy in the smoldering leadership dispute over Blood and Honor.

In 1997, Charlie Sargent, the founder of Combat 18, and former skrewdriver guitarist Martin Cross were implicated in the murder of Christopher Castle and found guilty.

Music style and lyrics

Initially oriented towards British punk in the style of the Sex Pistols, the band turned around during the skinhead revival and became an Oi! Band. While Donaldson already joined the NF in 1979, the band's first lyrics were politically unsuspicious and had a strong subculture connection to the punk and skinhead scene. After the Reformation, the band initially positioned itself nationalist , but swung to a more pan-Germanic orientation on their debut album Hail the New Dawn . The single White Power made it clear that Donaldson was primarily concerned with the concept of white supremacy . Motifs from Nordic mythology dominated the cover artwork of the first albums. At the beginning, the band was ideologically close to the National Front. Later, with the beginning of Blood and Honor from around 1987, Skrewdriver referred positively to National Socialism , in particular to Adolf Hitler and Rudolf Hess, and developed into a band of a racist-nationalist collective movement. Musically, the later works of the band are more oriented towards hard rock and metal . Cover versions of AC / DC , Judas Priest and Black Sabbath, among others , prove Skrewdriver's attempts to orientate himself more towards heavy metal.

The critics are divided on the question of the musical quality of Skrewdriver. The band is undisputedly considered a cult band in the right-wing scene and is also received musically positively. On the one hand, Skrewdriver's political orientation obscures the assessment of their musicality and makes this question appear rather secondary. On the other hand, such evaluations are usually expressed by political opponents. Stewart Home describes the music as rather boring and uninspired. Especially the later, more metal-heavy works make Skrewdriver appear like a band that has not yet found its musical line. The music website Allmusic doesn’t give up on the music either. Fred Beldin panned her album White Rider , but also pointed out that it was difficult to judge the music objectively. The first album, however, not yet politically charged, is generally described as a solid punk album.

meaning

To this day, Skrewdriver is considered to be the “most politically and musically influential band in right-wing rock history”. Their importance was not only due to their early founding, but above all because they provided a blueprint for the genre, so to speak. While the first right-wing rock groups, like the German Ragnaröck, were very staid or, like the first British groups, very diffuse politically, Skrewdriver was the first band to succeed in capturing the aesthetics and musicality of punk and Oi! S and delivering right-wing extremist political messages Mistake. An important element of punk, rebellion, was expanded to include racist norms. While society as such still served as an enemy image in punk, it was now practically everything that was not defined as “white British” (later white Europeans or a diffuse Aryan image ). Added to this was a supposed authenticity that defined the follower as part of a small community that distanced itself from the rest of British society. The supporters could remain "underdogs". This made right-wing rock an attractive subculture for young people . The German independent label Rock-O-Rama from Brühl , to which the band remained loyal to the breakup after Donaldsson's death, played a major role in the international success of Skrewdriver .

Skrewdriver had a huge impact on the international right-wing extremist scene. They toured numerous countries and brought their racist and neo-Nazi ideology with them. On site, they met other racists and neo-Nazis and made them familiar with Blood and Honor. As a consequence, subdivisions of the organization were established in numerous European countries, but also in the United States and even in Brazil. The relationship with Germany was a special one for Skrewdriver, not only through their record company Rock-O-Rama, but numerous live performances took place there. They often performed with the German band Störkraft . A project with the band Noie Values was also implemented, which recorded a German version of Als der Schnee fell .

Ian Stuart Donaldson in particular was seen as a sympathetic and charismatic leader in the international right-wing extremist scene. Since his accidental death in 1993 at the latest, he has been revered as an icon and martyr by the international right-wing rock community. A whole series of conspiracy theories also emerged. So-called ISD memorial concerts are often held to honor his memory. Most of them are organized internationally and bands from different countries perform.

Many Skrewdriver titles have been covered by other bands, but there are also many tribute songs to Donaldson, including by the German bands 08/15 (band) ( September day ), Landser ( Ian Stuart ), Sturmwehr ( September 24 ) and Spreegeschwader ( Farewell Ian Stuart ). The band Kampfzone from Bernburg released a single called Krieger mit Stolz in 2001 , on which Ian Stuart Donaldson is shown.

Skrewdriver- "S" as record cover

After his death, Skrewdriver was downright cannibalized by the right-wing extremist scene. There are numerous merchandise items, from posters and T-shirts to belt buckles and pillows. The curved “S” from the band's logo became a frequently used symbol in the right-wing extremist music scene and was used as an emblem, mostly as a kind of coat of arms or incorporated into an eagle, on numerous items of clothing, including T-shirts, patches and buttons. It also graces a number of the band's albums and bootlegs . 1999, secured Andreas Zehnsdorf from North Rhine-Westphalia, an employee of the former Rechtsrock- fanzines rock North , the Skrewdriverlogo in Gothic script as a brand name and logo in the goods in Class 25: Clothing. Zehnsdorf also secured the word and figurative mark "Ian Stuart Donaldson". The word mark "Ian Stuart", however, went to Henrik Ostendorf.

In the left-wing music scene, Skrewdriver served as an enemy and target of malice and ridicule. The Jewish punk rock band Jewdriver covers songs by Skrewdriver and underlines them with Jewish lyrics. Together with the German band Jesus Skins , the band released a split album ; her side was called Hail the Jew Dawn . Bands like Die Ruhrpottkanaken , MDC or Stage Bottles published songs in which they made fun of the accidental death of Stuart.

literature

All of the monographs on Ian Stuart and Skrewdriver come from the neo-Nazi scene. They were mostly written by companions and fans and are not objective sources.

  • Joe Pearce: Skrewdriver: The first ten years - The way it's got to be! Skrewdriver Services, London 1987.
  • Ian Stuart - His message across to you. Everlasting songs. Excalibur Services, Antwerp 1995. (Songbook)
  • Diamond in the Dust - The Ian Stuart Biography. Blood and Honor England, London 2002.
  • Paul London : Nazi Rock Star - Ian Stuart - Skrewdriver Biography. Midgård, Gothenburg 2002.
  • Mark Green: Ian Stuart Donaldson - Rock 'n' Roll Patriot. PC-Records, Chemnitz 2007.

Longer treatises on the band history of Skrewdriver can be found in:

  • Stewart Home: Cranked up really high . Codex, Hove 1995, ISBN 1-899598-01-4 .
  • Rechtsrock: "We'll see each other again in Walhalla ..." In: Klaus Farin (Ed.): The Skins: Myth and Reality . Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-86153-136-4 .
  • Robert Forbes, Eddie Stampton: The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement: UK & USA, 1979–1993 . Feral House, 2015, ISBN 978-1-62731-025-3 .

Discography

During the time of its existence, the band released a total of 27 records. Even later a whole series of official, semi-official and illegal compilations (bootlegs) of the band emerged. This selection does not claim to be complete. It is limited to the official publications in accordance with discogs , mentions in specialist literature on the subject and the group's sound carriers indexed in Germany by the Federal Testing Office for Media Harmful to Young People (BPjM).

Early skrewdriver

  • 1977: You're so Dumb / Better off Crazy (7``, Chiswick Records )
  • 1977: Anti-social (7``, Chiswick)
  • 1977: All Skrewed Up (LP, Chiswick)
  • 1979: Built up, Knocked Down (7``, TJM)
  • 1989: Streetfight (1977) (Street Rock N Roll)

Albums

  • 1984: Hail the New Dawn ( Rock-O-Rama , indexed)
  • 1985: Blood and Honor (Rock-O-Rama, indexed)
  • 1987: White Rider (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1988: After the Fire (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1989: Warlord (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1991: The Strong Survive (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1992: Freedom What Freedom (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1992: Land on Fire (Rock-O-Rama, indexed)
  • 1994: Hail Victory (Rock-O-Rama, indexed)

Live albums

  • 1991: Live and Kicking (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1994: Waterloo Live '92 (ISD Records)
  • 1998: The Last Gig in Germany (Bootleg)
  • unknown: This One's for the Skinheads - Skrewdriver Live (Bootleg)

Singles & EPs

  • 1982: Back with a Bang (12``, Boots & Braces)
  • 1983: White Power (7``, White Noise)
  • 1983: Invasion (7``, Rock-O-Rama )
  • 1984: Voice of Britain (7``, White Noise)
  • 1989: Alabama (7``, Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1989: Land of Ice (7``, Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1989: The Showdown (7``, Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1989: The Evil Crept In ( 7`` , Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1989: Their Kingdom Will Fall (7``, Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1990: Warzone ( 7`` , Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1990: Stand Proud / Backstabber ( 7`` , Street Rock N Roll)
  • 1991: When the Snow Fell (Split MCD with Noie Values , Rock-O-Rama)
  • 2005: Flying the Flag EP (7``, Street Rock N Roll)
  • 2005: Our Pride Is Our Loyalty EP ( 7`` , Street Rock N Roll)
  • 2005: Tearing Down the Wall EP (7``, Street Rock N Roll)
  • 2005: Skrew You EP ( 7`` , Street Rock N Roll)

Compilations

  • 1987: Voice of Britain (White Power Records)
  • 1987: Boots and Braces (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1990: The Early Years Vol. 1 (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1990: The Early Years Vol. 2 (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1991: The Early Years (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1994: Land on Fire (ISD Records, indexed)
  • 1994: The Best ... (ISD Records, indexed)
  • 1994: The Best Vol. 2 (ISD Records)
  • 1998: The Faith. The Legend (Hate Society Records)
  • 1998: 1977–83 The Complete Studio Collection (Victory Records / Bootleg, indexed)
  • 1998: History Vol. 1-9 (Mid Records, indexed: Vol. 7)
  • 2000: Rockumentary (Midgard Records, indexed)
  • 2001: Back With a Bang - Singles Collection (Bootleg)
  • 2005: White Power (ISD Records)
  • 2009: Songs to Remember (Skrewdriver Music)
  • unknown: Introduction (Bootleg, indexed)
  • unknown: Rock Anti-Communism (Bootleg, indexed)
  • unknown: Undercover (2yt4u, Bootleg, indexed)
  • unknown: We Will Never Forget Ian (Bootleg, indexed)

Sampler contributions

  • 1982: United Skins (Boots & Braces)
  • 1985: No Surrender! (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1986: No Surrender! Vol. 2 (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1988: Gods of War (White Power Records)
  • 1989: No Surrender! Vol. 3 (Rock-O-Rama)
  • 1989: Gods of War Vol. 2 (White Power Records)
  • 1991: Gods of War Vol. 3 (White Power Records)
  • 1994: Blood and Honor Vol. 1 (ISD Records)
  • 1996: Blood and Honor Vol. 2 (ISD Records)
  • 1999: Rock Against Communism Volume 1 ( Panzerfaust Records )
  • 2001: Fallen, But Not Forgotten (Panzerfaust Records)
  • 2004: Panzerfaust Records Sampler Volume 1 (Panzerfaust Records)

Tribute albums

Hardly any other band from the right-wing extremist scene has so many tribute albums dedicated. The Swedish singer Saga, who published several Skrewdriver tributes, should certainly be emphasized here.

  • 1996: Various Artists: A Tribute to Ian Stuart and the Glory of Skrewdriver: The Flame That Never Dies ( Resistance Records )
  • 2000: Saga: My Tribute to Skrewdriver Vol. 1 (Midgard Records, indexed)
  • 2000: Saga: My Tribute to Skrewdriver Vol. 2 (Midgard Records)
  • 2001: Saga: Live and Kicking (Midgard Records)
  • 2002: Saga: My Tribute to Skrewdriver Vol. 3 (Midgard Records)
  • 2004: Various Artists: Tribute To Skrewdriver - Volume 1 (Moloko Plus Versand)
  • 2007: English Rose : A Tribute to the Memory of Ian Stuart and the Music of Skrewdriver (Loyalty Records)
  • 2014: A. White Ghost & The Dustbin Of The World Solo Orchestra: A Musical Tribute to Ian Stuart Donaldson & Skrewdriver (Rampage Productions, indexed)
  • 2015: Empire Falls / Brutal Tactics / Better Dead Than Red / Bryan and Gonzo: Tribute To ISD Skrewdriver (HDF Records)
  • 2015: Various Artists: Skrewdriver - A Tribute - The Best of the Best (Front Records, indexed)
  • 2017: Various Artists: Viva Skrewdriver (manufacturer unknown)
  • Unknown year: Various Artists: Black Metal Tribute to Skrewdriver (manufacturer unknown, indexed)
  • Unknown year: A Tribute to Skrewdriver Vol. 2 ( PC records , indexed and confiscated)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Steve Silver: The web is spun . In: Searchlight, Antifaschistisches Infoblatt, Enough is Enough, rat (Ed.): White Noise. Right-wing rock, skinhead music, blood & honor - insights into the international neo-Nazi music scene . series of anti-fascist texts (council) / Unrast Verlag, Hamburg / Münster 2000, ISBN 3-89771-807-3 , p. 25th f .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Bradley Torreano: Skrewdriver at Allmusic (English). Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  3. ↑ 10/19/1977 - Skrewdriver. BBC , accessed June 4, 2010 .
  4. ↑ Boomtown Rats vs Skrewdriver. punk77.co.uk, accessed June 4, 2010 .
  5. ↑ a b right-wing rock: "We'll see each other again in Walhalla ..." In: Klaus Farin (Ed.): The Skins: Myth and Reality . Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-86153-136-4 , p. 214 f .
  6. ^ Phil Walmsley Sets the Record Straight - Skrewdriver 1976-78. punk77.co.uk, accessed June 3, 2010 .
  7. ↑ Stewart Home: Cranked up really high . Codex, Hove 1995, ISBN 1-899598-01-4 , pp. 94 f .
  8. ↑ Back With a Bang on Discogs
  9. ↑ Nick Lowles and Steve Silver: From Skinhead to Bonehead. The roots of the skinhead culture . In: Searchlight, Antifaschistisches Infoblatt, Enough is Enough, rat (Ed.): White Noise. Right-wing rock, skinhead music, blood & honor - insights into the international neo-Nazi music scene . series of anti-fascist texts (council) / Unrast Verlag, Hamburg / Münster 2000, ISBN 3-89771-807-3 , p. 21st f .
  10. ↑ Erika Funk-Hennigs: Skinhead music, OI music, Nazi rock? In: Yearbook for Folk Song Research . Center for Popular Culture and Music, 1995, p. 87 , JSTOR : 847917 .
  11. ↑ a b Review of White Rider by Fred Beldin at Allmusic (English). Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  12. ↑ Steve Silver: The web is spun . In: Searchlight, Antifaschistisches Infoblatt, Enough is Enough, rat (Ed.): White Noise. Right-wing rock, skinhead music, blood & honor - insights into the international neo-Nazi music scene . series of anti-fascist texts (council) / Unrast Verlag, Hamburg / Münster 2000, ISBN 3-89771-807-3 , p. 32 f .
  13. ^ A b Les Back: Voices of Hate, Sounds of Hybridity: Black Music and the Complexities of Racism . In: Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago (Ed.): Black Music Research Journal (=  European Perspectives on Black Music ). 2 (20th year). Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, 2000, pp. 144 f ., JSTOR : 779464 .
  14. ↑ Steve Silver: The web is spun . In: Searchlight, Antifaschistisches Infoblatt, Enough is Enough, rat (Ed.): White Noise. Right-wing rock, skinhead music, blood & honor - insights into the international neo-Nazi music scene . series of anti-fascist texts (council) / Unrast Verlag, Hamburg / Münster 2000, ISBN 3-89771-807-3 , p. 37 .
  15. ↑ Ian Stuart and Rough Justice - Justice For The Cottbus Six on Discogs
  16. ↑ a b Henning Flad: Not dead despite the ban . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Ed.): RechtsRock. Inventories and counter-strategies . Unrast Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 , p. 108 f .
  17. ↑ a b c d Apabiz eV: Directory of right-wing rock bands . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Hrsg.): Rechtsrock - Inventory and counter-strategies . series of anti-fascist texts (council) / Unrast-Verlag, Hamburg / Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 .
  18. ↑ Nick Lowles: The International of Hate . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Ed.): RechtsRock. Inventories and counter-strategies . Unrast Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 , p. 236 .
  19. ^ Combat 18: Memoirs of a street-fighting man , independent.co.uk, February 1, 1998
  20. ↑ Right-wing rock: "We'll see each other again in Walhalla ..." In: Klaus Farin (Ed.): The Skins: Myth and Reality . Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-86153-136-4 , p. 220 .
  21. ↑ a b Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe: 20 years of legal rock . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Ed.): RechtsRock. Inventories and counter-strategies . Unrast Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 , p. 23 f .
  22. ↑ a b International legal rock publications . In: Archive of youth cultures (ed.): Reactionary rebels. Right-wing extremist music in Germany . Tilsner, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-936068-04-6 , pp. 239 and 249 .
  23. ↑ Timothy S. Brown: Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and “Nazi Rock” in England and Germany . In: Journal of Social History . 1 (38th year) 38. Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 166 , JSTOR : 3790031 .
  24. ^ Phil Walmsley Sets the Record Straight - Skrewdriver 1976-78. punk77.co.uk, accessed June 3, 2010 .
  25. ↑ a b Stewart Home: Cranked up really high . Codex, Hove 1995, ISBN 1-899598-01-4 , pp. 104 f .
  26. ↑ Christian Dornbusch , Jan Raabe : 20 years of legal rock . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Ed.): RechtsRock. Inventories and counter-strategies . Unrast Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 , p. 19 .
  27. ↑ Timothy S. Brown: Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and “Nazi Rock” in England and Germany . In: Journal of Social History . 1 (38th year). Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 164 , JSTOR : 3790031 .
  28. ↑ Nick Lowles: The International of Hate . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Ed.): RechtsRock. Inventories and counter-strategies . Unrast Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 , p. 258 .
  29. ↑ Thomas Grumke , Bernd Wagner (Ed.): Handbuch Rechtsradikalismus. People - organizations - networks. From neo-Nazism to the middle of society. Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2002, ISBN 3-8100-3399-5 . P. 469.
  30. ↑ Skrewdriver. (No longer available online.) The game of hide and seek, archived from the original on April 19, 2016 ; accessed on May 12, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dasversteckspiel.de
  31. ↑ Article about " Skrewdriver " in the Lexicon right-wing extremism from Belltower.News
  32. ↑ Frauke Stuhl: I don't know what it should mean ... In: Archive of Youth Cultures (Ed.): Reactionary Rebels. Right-wing extremist music in Germany . Tilsner, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-936068-04-6 , pp. 130 .
  33. ^ Michael Weiss: Germany in September . In: Christian Dornbusch, Jan Raabe (Hrsg.): Rechtsrock - Inventory and counter-strategies . series of anti-fascist texts (council) / Unrast-Verlag, Hamburg / Münster 2002, ISBN 3-89771-808-1 , p. 69 .
  34. ^ Arguments eV: abbreviations, codes and clothes. Keywords, symbols and slogans . In: RechtsRock. Inventory and counter-strategies. Edited by Christian Dornbusch and Jan Raabe. Unrast Verlag 2002. pp. 405-432. ISBN 3-89771-808-1 . P. 415.
  35. ↑ Michael Croland: Oy Oy Oy Gevalt! Jews and Punk: Jews and Punk . ABC-CLIO, 2016, ISBN 978-1-4408-3220-8 , pp. 57 f .
  36. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p JMS Report August 4/11: Special list of music groups p. 64f.
  37. ↑ BAnz AT 02/28/2013 B6
  38. ↑ BAnz AT May 31, 2012 B11
  39. ↑ BAnz AT April 30, 2015 B5
  40. ↑ BAnz AT January 29, 2016 B7
  41. ↑ BAnz AT March 31, 2015 B13