Hard rock

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Led Zeppelin (1968–1980), picture from 1977

The Hard Rock or Hard Rock , and Heavy Rock , is a tougher played style of rock music . Colloquially, hard rock is often used as an umbrella term for a number of styles of rock music such as punk , grunge and industrial rock , in order to differentiate them from varieties such as pop rock . In technical terms, the term is more narrowly defined and describes a style of music whose roots lie in various genres such as psychedelic rock of the 1960s, blues rock and rock 'n' roll . The style was also influenced by the beat music of the 1960s . From the late 1960s to the beginning of the 1990s, the genre gained particular popularity.

history

Deep Purple (1968–1976, from 1984), picture from 2009
Nazareth (from 1968), picture from 2009
Black Sabbath (1969-2017), picture from 2012
Aerosmith (from 1970), picture from 2007
Scorpions (from 1965), picture from 2014
Alice Cooper (1968–74 as a band, solo from 1974), picture from 2011

In the mid-1960s, English and American blues and rock bands began to change conventional rock and roll by modifying their music with bass-heavy sounds, lashing guitar riffs, dominating drums and an often flashy front man in tight pants. The songs of the British , from rhythm and blues influenced bands like You Really Got Me by the Kinks (1964), My Generation by the Who , I Can not Get No Satisfaction by the Rolling Stones (1965) and Shapes of Things to from Yardbirds (1966) anticipated elements of hard rock. In 1968 the Beatles also processed certain elements of the style of music developing at the time in Helter Skelter , the Yer Blues from the White Album and a few other pieces.

At the end of the decade a hard rock scene emerged, represented by bands such as Led Zeppelin , who shaped blues-influenced hard rock with their first two albums Led Zeppelin and Led Zeppelin II , and Deep Purple , who started as a progressive rock band in 1968 , but only achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth, heavier album, Deep Purple in rock . Deep Purple and Uriah Heep had influences from classical music. Also important is Black Sabbath's album Paranoid , in which the first characteristics of Gothic Rock can be found. These four bands, especially Black Sabbath, are often seen as the inspiration for heavy metal , but they are not yet really heavy metal.

At the beginning of the 70s, Led Zeppelin began to incorporate folk rock into their songs , including in Led Zeppelin III and IV . The latter includes Stairway to Heaven , which is one of the most complex pieces in hard rock. Deep Purple also continued to play hard rock on their 1972 album Machine Head , which includes hits Highway Star and Smoke on the Water . In 1975 the guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left the band and founded the band Rainbow with Ronnie James Dio's band Elf , whereupon Deep Purple disintegrated. The Scottish band Nazareth released their greatest hit in 1975, Hair of the Dog , which included the proto- power ballad Love Hurts. The British band Queen released the album A Night at the Opera in 1975 , in which they mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock and even opera .

In the United States, Alice Cooper dedicated himself to "shock rock" and set new standards in terms of effort: he used guillotines , gallows and many other show elements of the Grand Gugniol in his concerts; his texts can be understood as black humor . With the albums School's Out and Billion Dollar Baby he reached the top 5 charts. At the same time, blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic Tres Hombres and Aerosmith released its debut. KISS began shaping stadium rock and pop metal , inspiring Metallica and Nirvana .

Outside the US and UK, Canadian trio Rush released three hard rock albums between 1974-75 before moving on to progressive rock. Irish band Thin Lizzy made their greatest success with their album Jailbreak, which contained the hit The Boys are Back in Town. The German band Scorpions caused the geographic expansion of the genre. The Australian band AC / DC , which stood out for their unusually simple and riff-heavy hard rock, released their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock and Highway to Hell in 1977 and 79 .

Towards the end of the decade, hard rock was supplanted by disco sound in the US and punk rock in the UK, as disco sound appealed to a larger audience and punk stole the rebel image of hard rock. Early punk bands particularly rebelled against drum and guitar solos, as well as stadium rock. Most punk songs ended after two minutes and had no solos. Nevertheless, new hard rock bands emerged that were very successful. So z. B. Foreigner , who released several platinum albums. In 1978 Van Halen released his debut , which shaped glam metal and revolutionized guitar playing with her guitarist Eddie Van Halen by popularizing tapping .

In the early eighties there were many changes in established hard rock bands, including the death of AC / DC lead singer Bon Scott and the death of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham . Led Zeppelin broke up immediately, but AC / DC took on a new singer, Brian Johnson , and released Back in Black , which sold 49 million copies. Ozzy Osbourne , the lead singer, left Black Sabbath, where he was replaced with Ronnie James Dio , who gave the band a new popularity. Osbourne himself began a solo career. Some bands like Queen moved away from hard rock and began to compose pop rock .

Following the example of Van Halen, glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe , who were the first of their kind with their albums Too Fast for Love and Shout at the Devil , Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot, emerged . Quiet Riot's album Metal Health is the first glam metal album to achieve mainstream success and top the charts.

Established hard rock bands made something akin to a comeback in the mid-80s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned and released the album Perfect Strangers , which reached the top 5 of the charts in several countries. Van Halen released the 1984 album in 1983 which contained the number one hit Jump , which was number 1 for several weeks. Many bands have also had success with power ballads, including the Scorpions with Still Loving You . In contrast, AC / DC experienced a creative low time: Drummer Phil Rudd was fired after alcohol and drug problems and replaced by 19-year-old Simon Wright .

Bon Jovi's third album Slippery When Wet opened glam metal to a larger audience - especially women - and reached top positions in the charts The Final Countdown by Swedish band Europe was an international hit. In the second half of this decade, hard rock was the most popular music genre in the United States.

Sleaze Rock emerged from Glam Metal , which conveyed a certain bad boy image and was thus in a certain sense dirtier than Glam Metal. The most popular Sleaze band was Guns N 'Roses , whose biggest hit was the single Sweet Child o' Mine from Appetite for Destruction . Hard rock's biggest hits at the end of the decade were New Jersey , Van Halen's OU812, and Dr. Feelgood from Mötley Crüe. These albums were consistently number one for 18 out of 20 weeks from June 25th to November 5th, 1988.

The last decade of the millennium started Hard Rock as an extremely popular genre, which is to the success of the albums The Razors Edge AC / DC, your use illusion of Guns N 'Roses, Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears and Van Halen's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge saw .

While these hard rock bands were still very successful in this part of the decade, others were influenced, but also temporarily pushed out of the market, by the advent of grunge and alternative rock . This became particularly clear after the release of Nirvana 's second album, Nevermind , which topped the charts and blew hair metal off the stage , as Rolling Stone puts it. Even over-produced, melodic hard rock bands such as Winger or Giant suffered heavy losses in their record sales despite their musical level. The development of the new millennium was shaped by a retro wave of bands like Wolfmother , Airbourne , Silvertide and The Answer , who have received a lot of recognition with their hard rock, which is based on the representatives of the early days.

Musical stylistic devices

Queen (from 1970), picture from 1984

Hard rock pieces usually build on a 4 / 4 - clock with emphasis on the backbeat and use the traditional song scheme of pop music with verse , interlude and chorus . Many hard rock pieces contain a solo , mostly a guitar solo, which is usually played in place of another verse. However, some groups have made it their goal to break this convention and sometimes implement the style in complex pieces with sometimes excessive instrumental passages. Examples are Led Zeppelin's Stairway to Heaven and Deep Purples Child in Time .

The solos of the lead guitar work is mostly based on the pentatonic (pentatonic scale) or on the blues scale (extended pentatonic) and includes otherwise, especially since the success and influence of the Swedish rock guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen , all possibilities of scales game from classical music, such as the use the church scales (modes) as well as the use of the scale system of the harmonic minor scales .

Relationship to heavy metal

AC / DC (from 1973), picture from 1976
Guns N 'Roses (from 1985), picture from 2003

In the 1970s, hard rock, which was played harder and deeper, emerged as a new genre of music, heavy metal  - a concept that sparked long-term controversial discussions about the classification of existing bands. There are many bands, especially from the early phases of hard rock and heavy metal, such as Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, which can be assigned to both genres, while the later founded bands from the second phase around AC / DC, Aerosmith and Kiss usually and according to their own understanding are exclusively referred to as hard rock. In addition, there are also many bands later that use stylistic devices from both genres and therefore cannot be assigned exactly to hard rock or metal. In the third wave of hard rock from the end of the 1970s, some bands added influences from punk rock and glam rock and thus founded sleaze rock ("sloppy rock", which indicates the punk rock influences) and poser rock or glam metal (from partially appearance taken over from glam rock and the hairstyles mostly teased up with hairspray) as a subspecies of hard rock. These styles had their greatest successes in the mid / late 1980s and now influenced older and more traditional hard rock bands such as Aerosmith, Van Halen and Deep Purple.

Judas Priest and Motörhead as well as the representatives of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal of the late 1970s around Iron Maiden and Saxon can be regarded as the first distinctive heavy metal bands, who expressly differentiate themselves from the then with their self-designation as the resumption of the first wave popular punk music. Her dark and minor style developed its own character and was initially particularly influenced by the early Black Sabbath works. With regard to the extensive spectrum of metal varieties that should emerge in the early 1980s (initially Doom , Thrash and Power Metal , later Death , Black , Symphonic , Progressive Metal and others), they take on a pioneering role.

From a musical point of view, hard rock is usually a bit more blues-oriented than heavy metal.

Typical representatives (selection)

1st phase (approx. 1968–1975)

2nd phase (approx. 1975–1982)

3rd phase (approx. 1983-1993)

4th phase (approx. 2000 - present)

See also

Portal: Rock Music  - Overview of Wikipedia content on rock music

Web links

Commons : Hard Rock  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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