Black Sabbath

This article is about the metal band called "Black Sabbath"; For further meanings, see Black Sabbath (disambiguation) .

Black Sabbath
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Bill Ward and Ozzy Osbourne, 1970
General information
Genre (s)	Heavy metal , doom metal , hard rock
founding	1968 as Earth 1969 as Black Sabbath
resolution	2017
Website	www.blacksabbath.com
Founding members
Vocals , harmonica	Ozzy Osbourne (until 1977, 1978–1979, 1997–2017)
Lead guitar	Tony Iommi
Electric bass , synthesizer	Geezer Butler (until 1984, 1990–1994, 1997–2017)
Drums	Bill Ward (until 1980, 1983–1984, 1994, 1997–2012)
Last occupation
Vocals, harmonica	Ozzy Osbourne (until 1977, 1978–1979, 1997–2017)
Lead guitar	Tony Iommi
Keyboards , rhythm guitar	Adam Wakeman (2004-2017)
Bass, synthesizer	Geezer Butler (until 1984, 1990–1994, 1997–2017)
Drums	Tommy Clufetos (2012, 2013-2017)
former members
singing	Dave Walker (1977-1978)
singing	Ronnie James Dio (1979–1983, 1991–1992; † 2010)
singing	Ian Gillan (1982-1984)
singing	David Donato (1984–1985)
singing	Glenn Hughes (1985-1986)
singing	Ray Gillen (1986-1987); † 1993
singing	Tony Martin (1987-1991, 1992-1997)
Keyboards, rhythm guitar	Geoff Nicholls (1985-2004); † 2017
bass	Dave Spitz (1985-1987)
bass	Bob Daisley (1987)
bass	Jo Burt (1987-1988)
bass	Laurence Cottle (1988-1989)
bass	Neil Murray (1989-1991, 1994-1997)
Drums	Vinny Appice (1980-1982, 1991-1992, 1998)
Drums	Bev Bevan (1983-1984)
Drums	Eric Singer (1985-1987)
Drums	Terry Chimes (1987-1988)
Drums	Cozy Powell (1988–1991, 1994–1995, † 1998)
Drums	Bobby Rondinelli (1992-1994, 1995-1997)
Drums	Brad Wilk (2013)

Black Sabbath was one from 1969 existing under this name English heavy metal - band from Aston ( Birmingham ), the co-founder of the genre and as a formative size of the Hard Rock is considered the early 1970s. The band is said to have had a decisive influence on the development of rock and heavy metal music in the following decades, as well as on the emergence of the sub-genre Doom Metal and, through its sometimes diabolical content, indirectly on Black Metal . Her last concert took place on February 4th 2017 in her hometown of Birmingham.

history

Development until 1972

In August 1968, school friends Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward and two other musicians from Birmingham played in the Polka Tulk Blues Band , or Polka Tulk for short . After the two other band members left the group, the group was renamed Earth . The music was particularly dominated by blues and jazz during this period . In 1968 and 1969 the band appeared in the opening act for Ten Years After , John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Van der Graaf Generator and went on tour through Denmark and Germany. She played in the Schwäbisch Haller Club Alpha 60 and several times in the Hamburg Star Club .

In December 1968, Iommi briefly appeared with Jethro Tull , but returned to Earth. Since another band called Earth already existed, it was decided to make another change to avoid confusion. The song and the band name Black Sabbath was inspired by the horror film The Three Faces of Fear ( I tre volti della paura , 1963) by Mario Bava with Boris Karloff , the English title of which was Black Sabbath .

With the name change, there was also a change in style. At that time the band was rehearsing opposite a cinema and the young musicians noticed that when z. For example, the horror films from the British Hammer Studios ( Christopher Lee ), which were very popular at the time , were shown and the cinema was particularly well attended. Iommi, Osbourne, Butler and Ward were amazed and discussed. So Iommi had the idea that you could also make music that made the audience afraid.

The debut Black Sabbath , recorded in just twelve hours, offers hard guitar rock, aggressive, dark and also melancholic elements, songs with session character and blues rock references such as long guitar solos and songs that merge into one another. There are also pieces with several parts, which can be considered typical of the British approach to composing. The record was released in 1970 in two versions: The Evil Woman contained on the European version was replaced by Wicked World on the American and Japanese versions . The album, released by Vertigo Records , reached the top 10 in the UK and stayed in the US for more than a year. A million copies were sold there.

The second LP Paranoid represents the typical Sabbath style, which still has a great influence on rock bands today. In most of the pieces of this period Black Sabbath combine simple riff structures with virtuoso variations of bass, guitar, drums and catchy vocal lines. Singer Osbourne completely dispenses with the blues-rock elements popular with rock bands at the time. His high, falsetto-like, melodious and ecstatic singing has a high recognition value . With Paranoid , the title track of the LP of the same name, Black Sabbath made it into the singles charts worldwide. The album was originally supposed to be called War Pigs , but that was too provocative for the record company. So at the last moment she decided on her own initiative to name the album Paranoid , after a song that, ironically, the band only arranged and hastily recorded towards the end of the album sessions in ten minutes in order to fill the record. Paranoid eventually became the band's biggest hit, peaking at number one in the UK. The album was sold four million times in the United States.

High point and decline (1972–1978)

Most of the material from the first two albums was familiar to the four musicians. These pieces had matured through years of live experience, they were already part of the repertoire in 'Earth' times. With the albums Master of Reality , Vol.4 and Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , things got more difficult because new and unfamiliar material was to be produced. But the albums were very successful, they all reached the top 10 in the UK. Sabbath Bloody Sabbath , Sabotage and Technical Ecstasy continued the classic style, but additional stylistic devices were introduced, the band sound was enriched with classic pieces (Supertzar), extended arrangements (Wheels Of Confusion, Megalomania) or even pop bonds (Who Are You). In addition to the well-known instruments, there were also keyboards , synthesizers , strings and a classical choir. The keyboardist Rick Wakeman , then keyboardist of the progressive rock band Yes, can be heard at various studio sessions and on the albums Vol.4 and Sabbath Bloody Sabbath . The blues rock roots of Black Sabbath now disappeared more and more. When the record company made less money available for a promotion despite extensive productions, Sabbath felt sabotaged, whereupon, as a small swipe, they called their sixth studio album Sabotage . The expected sales figures were not achieved with this album. Regardless of this, this album is also considered a classic today.

In October 1977 Osbourne left the band. As a replacement, singer Dave Walker , who was already on the microphone with Savoy Brown and Fleetwood Mac , joined the band and took part in some concerts, but not in album recordings. After three months, Osbourne returned and recorded the band's last album, Never Say Die! on. Significantly rougher in sound and habit, marked by heavy alcohol capades, Osbourne was not able to finish the album. The last track, 'Swinging The Chain', was sung by drummer Bill Ward, who had already jumped in as the vocalist on the previous album Technical Ecstasy . In January 1979, when Black Sabbath tried unsuccessfully in Los Angeles to record a new album, Osbourne was fired from the band. Drummer Bill Ward said in 2015:

“I volunteered and it was one of the worst things I ever had to do in my life, to be honest. I didn't really want Ozzy to leave the band, but the reasons for that made sense to me, but yeah, it was a tragic day. It was the day the band imploded. "

- Bill Ward

Nevertheless, Ozzy later always played classics from his regular formation at his concerts, such as Paranoid , War Pigs , Iron Man or Sweet Leaf and others. a. m.

Osbourne's departure and first line-up with Dio (1979–1982)

In the following years, Black Sabbath continued to perform under the leadership of guitarist Tony Iommi with various singers, bassists and drummers. Keyboardist Geoff Nicholls had previously played guitar with the band Quartz and initially only switched to Black Sabbath as a studio musician and guest. Although he is not mentioned on all of the band's subsequent albums, he was involved in these as a musician and composer. In some phases he was even made to play his part at concerts backstage, as he should not be considered a full band member.

In 1979 Ronnie James Dio , who had previously sung with Elf and Rainbow , joined the band. He was originally contacted by Tony Iommi because he wanted to leave Black Sabbath to start a new formation. During the recording of the album Heaven and Hell , Geezer Butler left the band, whereby Dio, Iommi and Ward worked on the album as a threesome. While the band was in the process of replacing Butler with former Elf and Rainbow bassist Craig Gruber , he returned to the band. Despite initial skepticism, the album was well received by the public. On the tour to Heaven and Hell (1980) Dio popularized the mano cornuta , the hand sign that he used instead of the V-sign typical of Osbourne and that developed into one of the identifying features of the metal scene . During this tour, drummer Bill Ward left the band because his parents passed away in quick succession and he was struggling with drinking problems. He was replaced by Vinny Appice , who also recorded the second album with Dio, Mob Rules . During the recording there were initial tensions within the band due to the pressure to succeed. In 1982 the live album Live Evil was released. During the mix of this album the band broke up, which had split into two camps (consisting of Geezer Butler / Tony Iommi and Ronnie James Dio / Vinny Appice). Dio has been accused of being a control freak. The most serious accusation came from the technicians: Dio and Appice allegedly had secretly changed the mix in the studio at night. In the course of these allegations, Iommi and Butler separated from the two musicians.

Ian Gillan as singer (1982-1984)

The group hired former Deep Purple front man Ian Gillan as the new singer . At that time (1983) they released the album Born Again , for which drummer Bill Ward returned to the band. However, he was unable to complete the subsequent tour due to his alcohol problems and was replaced by the former Electric Light Orchestra drummer Bev Bevan . The album reached number 4 in the UK and 39 in the US charts. That line-up broke up when Gillan left due to the Deep Purple reunion in 1984. After the Gillan era, Black Sabbath tested various talented rock singers such as David Donato (later White Tiger ) or Jeff Fenholt (later Joshua), with whom, however, no official contracts were concluded.

At the 1985 Live Aid concert, the band performed three songs with Ozzy Osbourne.

Constantly changing line-ups (1986–1991)

In 1986 the new singer was ex-Deep Purple member Glenn Hughes , with whom the album Seventh Star was recorded, which was originally planned as a solo album by Iommi. Under pressure from the record label, it was named Black Sabbath feat. Tony Iommi released. On bass was Dave Spitz and on drums the later Kiss drummer Eric Singer . In the UK, the album reached number 27 on the charts. After that there were various line-up changes. Singer Glenn Hughes was replaced by Ray Gillen , and Bev Bevan returned to the band. In addition, keyboardist Geoff Nicholls became an official member of the band.

While recording the next album, The Eternal Idol , bassist Spitz was fired and replaced by Bob Daisley . After the recordings were finished, Ray Gillen left the band and was replaced by singer Tony Martin , who recorded the vocals again. The album reached number 66 on the UK charts and stayed there for a week. Laurence Cottle played the bass lines for the album Headless Cross . In addition, the well-known drummer Cozy Powell took over the drums. As a special guest you could get Brian May for the recording session, he played guitar on the song When Death Calls . The album reached position 31 in the UK charts and is considered the best of the Tony Martin era.

Cozy Powell brought the bassist Neil Murray into the band. With this line-up, the band was able to record another success in 1990 with the album Tyr . Thematically, this album, named after the Germanic god of war , deals with Nordic mythology .

Reunification with Dio (1991–1992)

Despite this success, Iommi subsequently dismissed Martin, Murray, Powell and Nicholls to pave the way for a reunion with former members Ronnie James Dio and Vinny Appice and founding member Geezer Butler. Geezer Butler had given the impetus when he privately attended a Dio concert and met him there. With this line-up, the band recorded the album Dehumanizer in 1992 , which was heavily based on the Black Sabbath style of the 70s. During the recording process there were disagreements in the band and Dio considered leaving Black Sabbath. The single TV Crimes became a top 30 hit in the UK and the album reached the top 40. At this point, Ozzy Osbourne was on his first farewell tour with his own band. For the last two concerts in Costa Mesa, California, he wanted to perform with his former colleagues from Black Sabbath. Contracts were negotiated, but Dio refused to share the stage with Ozzy for personal reasons. Dio then left the band. He later stated that the concert was an attempt to achieve reunification with Ozzy. Rob Halford replaced Dio as singer at the two concerts in Costa Mesa .

Cross Purposes and Descent of the Band (1992–1997)

Iommi continued working with Butler, the returned Tony Martin and drummer Bobby Rondinelli . This new line-up recorded the album Cross Purposes (1994) and the subsequent live album Cross Purposes Live (1995). Butler and Rondinelli resigned and were again replaced by Murray and Powell. In addition, Iommi Geoff Nichols resumed, which restored the cast of the Tyr album. In 1995 the band produced their last studio album, Forbidden, for a long time . Tony Iommi, the band's 'strong man' and decision maker, was so dissatisfied with the result that he had the album removed from the label's catalog after the first edition was released. The rapper Ice-T appeared as a guest musician in The Illusion of Power . However, there was another change immediately after the recordings: Powell left the band while Rondinelli joined again.

Reunification (1997-2006)

Geezer Butler, Bill Ward, Ozzy Osbourne and Tony Iommi, in the foreground a fan’s mano cornuta , 2005

For the 1997 Ozzfest tour, Iommi managed to reunite the original line-up of Black Sabbath, with the exception of Bill Ward (instead Mike Bordin played drums). Black Sabbath played their first two concerts in 1997 in their hometown of Birmingham at the NEC Arena . From these appearances came the live album Reunion , which was released the following year. The material consisted largely of pieces from early history such as Paranoid , Black Sabbath or War Pigs , but also contained studio recordings of two new songs, Selling My Soul and Psycho Man , both written by Osbourne and Iommi. The album was particularly successful in the USA, where it reached number 11 on the charts and achieved platinum status. The band received the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2000 for reworking Iron Man .

In 2005 there was another tour of the original cast. The band limited their performances to songs from the first five studio albums. Black Sabbath was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November of that year and then into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006.

Heaven and Hell (2006-2010)

Geezer Butler, Ronnie James Dio, Vinny Appice and Tony Iommi, 2007

In 2007 the compilation The Dio Years was released , which covers the high points of Black Sabbath's creative period with Ronnie James Dio on vocals. Ronnie James Dio, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler and Vinny Appice (cast of the 1981 albums Mob Rules and 1992 Dehumanizer ) toured under the name Heaven and Hell in 2007 . Only songs from the three albums of the Dio era and the new best-of album were played. In 2009 a new studio album called The Devil You Know was released with this line-up and the band went on a world tour again. The tour could not be ended because Ronnie James Dio developed stomach cancer and finally died in May 2010.

In 2010 the live album Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven & Hell Live at Wacken was released on CD and DVD, which shows a performance by the band at the Wacken Open Air 2009. After Dio's death, the band performed again on July 24, 2010 under the name Heaven And Hell. Glenn Hughes and Jørn Lande sang .

The album 13 and The End (2011-2017)

On August 16, 2011, it was rumored that the original cast (including Ward) had returned for a reunion. Although Tony Iommi denied this on his website, he made a statement only one day later that did not rule out a reunification one hundred percent. Important news was announced for November 11, 2011, which was then released in the form of a video message on YouTube: The original line-up had kept quiet about their reunion for a long time and were planning a new studio album and a world tour for 2012. At the beginning of 2012 it was announced that Tony Iommi had cancer, after which the tour was postponed for the time being. In February 2012, drummer Bill Ward announced his departure from the band. He published a statement on the reasons on his homepage.

In January 2013 the band announced that the new album would be released in June 2013. It is titled 13 and was produced by Rick Rubin . On April 19, 2013, the single God Is Dead? released as download from the album. The title was the band's first single since 1971's # 1 hit Paranoid . At the Grammy Awards 2014 , the song was named the best metal performance of the year.

In November 2013 the live album Black Sabbath: Live… Gathered in Their Masses was released , which was recorded on April 30th and May 1st in Melbourne, Australia. Due to the commercial success of the then current album and the concerts, the tour was extended from 2013 to 2014. In the end, the tour included 81 concerts in 28 different countries. However, Iommi had to fly to Solihull near Birmingham every six weeks to be treated for his illness at the Spire Parkway Hospital . After a 3 week break he could always return to the band. Iommi's antibody treatment was completed in summer 2015 .

In March 2015, Sharon Osbourne , wife of Ozzy Osbourne, said in a trailer for the announced concert Ozzfest Japan in November 2015 that it will be Black Sabbath's "goodbye". A short time later, however, the performance was canceled and replaced by an Ozzy Osbourne & Friends Show.

In September 2015 the band announced that the farewell tour "The End" would start in January 2016. The Californian band Rival Sons was confirmed as the opening act for the farewell tour . Ozzy Osbourne became aware of the band in 2014 at an event for an award ceremony for Classic Rock magazine. In Germany, a concert took place in Berlin in June 2016. Another appearance at the Rock am Ring festival in Mendig was canceled after the festival ended prematurely due to a storm, but the appearance at the sister event Rock im Park took place. The farewell concert for Austria took place on June 28, 2016 in Vienna .

In January 2017 Black Sabbath played their last concert in Germany - an additional concert - in Cologne . Her final concert took place on February 4th, 2017 in her hometown of Birmingham .

The Rolling Stone listed the band is ranked 85 of the 100 greatest players of all time .

Occupations

Influence on other bands

Along with Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath is one of the first and most important bands of hard rock and is considered to be trend-setting for the later development of heavy metal . Many rock bands count the music of Black Sabbath among their influences, u. a. Alice in Chains , Anthrax , Bathory , Blessed Death , Candlemass , Celtic Frost , Death , Disturbed , Down , Fear Factory , Foo Fighters , Godsmack , Guns N 'Roses , Iron Maiden , Judas Priest , Korn , Manowar , Megadeth , Metallica , Opeth , Pantera , The Smashing Pumpkins , Slayer , Slipknot and Venom .

Discography

→ Main article : Black Sabbath / Discography

Studio albums

year	title	Top ranking, total weeks / months, awardChart placementsChart placements (Year, title, rankings, weeks / months, awards, notes)					Remarks
		DE	AT	CH	UK	US
1970	Black Sabbath	DE8 (8 months) DE	-	-	UK8th gold (42 weeks)UK	US23 platinum (65 weeks)US	First published: February 13, 1970 Sales: + 1,150,000 241st place for the Rolling Stone 500
	Paranoid	DE2 (7 months) DE	-	-	UK1 gold (26 weeks)UK	US12 × 4 Quadruple platinum (76 weeks)US	First published: September 18, 1970 Sales: + 4,225,000 130th place in the Rolling Stone 500
1971	Master of Reality	DE5 (5 months) DE	-	-	UK5 gold (13 weeks)UK	US8th × 2 Double platinum (43 weeks)US	First published: July 21, 1971 Sales: + 2,200,000 298th place of the Rolling Stone 500
1972	Black Sabbath Vol. 4	DE14 (5 months) DE	-	-	UK8th silver (10 weeks)UK	US13 platinum (31 weeks)US	First published: September 25, 1972 Sales: +1,160,000
1973	Sabbath Bloody Sabbath	DE49 (1 month) DE	-	-	UK4th gold (11 weeks)UK	US11 platinum (32 weeks)US	First published: December 1, 1973 Sales: + 1,150,000
1975	sabotage	DE44 (3 months) DE	AT9 (2 months) AT	-	UK7th silver (7 weeks)UK	US28 gold (14 weeks)US	First published: July 28, 1975 Sales: + 560,000
1976	Technical ecstasy	-	-	-	UK13 (6 weeks) UK	US51 gold (12 weeks)US	First published: September 25, 1976 Sales: + 500,000
1978	Never Say Die!	-	-	-	UK12 (6 weeks) UK	US69 gold (14 weeks)US	First published: September 28, 1978 Sales: + 500,000
1980	Heaven and Hell	DE37 (15 weeks) DE	-	-	UK9 gold (22 weeks)UK	US28 platinum (24 weeks)US	First published: April 25, 1980 Sales: + 1,100,000
1981	Mob Rules	-	-	-	UK12 silver (13 weeks)UK	US29 gold (18 weeks)US	First published: November 4, 1981 Sales: +610,000
1983	Born again	DE37 (6 weeks) DE	-	-	UK4 (7 weeks) UK	US39 (16 weeks) US	First published: August 7, 1983
1986	Seventh Star	DE51 (4 weeks) DE	-	-	UK27 (5 weeks) UK	US78 (11 weeks) US	First published: January 28, 1986 feat. Tony Iommi
1987	The Eternal Idol	-	-	-	UK66 (1 week) UK	US168 (6 weeks) US	First published: November 1, 1987
1989	Headless Cross	DE18 (15 weeks) DE	-	CH23 (2 weeks) CH	UK31 (2 weeks) UK	US115 (8 weeks) US	First published: April 1, 1989
1990	Tyr	DE12 (14 weeks) DE	AT24 (5 weeks) AT	CH24 (5 weeks) CH	UK24 (3 weeks) UK	-	First published: August 20, 1990
1992	Dehumanizers	DE14 (16 weeks) DE	AT7 (10 weeks) AT	CH13 (8 weeks) CH	UK28 (2 weeks) UK	US44 (8 weeks) US	First published: June 22, 1992
1994	Cross Purposes	DE32 (9 weeks) DE	AT23 (6 weeks) AT	CH41 (3 weeks) CH	UK41 (1 week) UK	US122 (2 weeks) US	First published: January 31, 1994
1995	Forbidden	DE35 (9 weeks) DE	AT40 (1 week) AT	CH48 (1 week) CH	UK71 (1 week) UK	-	First published: June 8, 1995
2013	13	DE1 platinum (29 weeks)DE	AT2 gold (17 weeks)AT	CH1 (20 weeks) CH	UK1 gold (12 weeks)UK	US1 (15 weeks) US	First published: June 2013 Sales: + 447,500

gray hatching : no chart data available for this year

literature

• Tony Iommi: Iron Man - From Black Sabbath to Heaven & Hell . Hannibal Verlag, Höfen 2012, ISBN 978-3-85445-383-3 (Original edition: Iron Man )
• Dietmar Elflein : Heavy Metal Analysis: The Musical Language of Heavy Metal. transcript, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-8376-1576-0 .
• Joel McIver: Sabbath Bloody Sabbath - 1968-2011. Omnibus Press, London 2009, ISBN 978-3-86543-668-9 .
• Steven Rosen: The Black Sabbath legend lives on. PPVMedien, Bergkirchen 2004, ISBN 3-932275-89-6 .

Web links

Commons : Black Sabbath  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• official page
• German fansite
• English fansite

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ex-Black Sabbath keyboardist: Geoff Nicholls dies of lung cancer ( Memento from January 29, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Black Sabbath . ( September 29, 2007 memento on the Internet Archive ) Billboard.com
3. ↑ Black Sabbath . VH1.com. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
4. ↑ Robert Müller: Now, take it easy… . In: Metal Hammer , December 2010, p. 89.
5. ↑ Michael Moynihan , Didrik Søderlind: Lords of Chaos . First edition. Feral House, Venice 1998, ISBN 0-922915-48-2 , p. 22.
6. ^ ^{A b} "We were all into the older stuff — Judas Priest, Deep Purple, Motorhead, Black Sabbath. Mantas had always been a huge Kiss fan. We were drawing inspiration from these bands. We'd take some of the diabolical content of Black Sabbath and we'd mix it with some of the stage presence of Kiss, and with the originality of Deep Purple. That's were we got Venom from. Venom was never meant to be a blacker Iron Maiden or anything, it was really based on older bands and what little pieces of those bands we wanted to emulate. "Michael Moynihan, Didrik Søderlind: Lords of Chaos. First edition. Feral House, Venice 1998, ISBN 0-922915-48-2 , p. 10.
7. ^ Black Sabbath - Biography and Discography. ( Memento of October 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) HardHarderHeavy
8. ↑ Timelines ( Memento from January 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Sabbathlive
9. ↑ Rebecca Woods: Black Sabbath: 'We hated being a heavy metal band'. BBC News, February 4, 2017, accessed May 16, 2018 . 
10. ↑ according to MTV Masters Ozzy Osbourne / Black Sabbath
11. ^ Siegfried Schmidt-Joos , Barry Graves : Rock-Lexikon. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1973, 2nd edition 1975, reprint 1978, ISBN 3-499-16177-X , p. 54.
12. ↑ thequietus.com: Never Say Die: Bill Ward Interviewed
13. ↑ Geoff Nicholls . Internet Movie Database
14. ↑ Óscar Martínez, Juan José Martínez: The Hollywood Kid. The Violent Life and Violent Death of an MS-13 Hitman. From Spanish into English by John B. Washington and Daniela Ugaz. Verso Books, London / New York 2019, ISBN 978-1-78663-493-1 , p. 12.
15. ↑ Born Again . allmusic
16. ↑ Seventh Star - Overview. allmusic
17. ↑ Black Sabbath announce their last tour: Ozzy ends. Süddeutsche Zeitung , September 4, 2015, accessed on May 16, 2018 . 
18. ^ Black Sabbath 11-11-11
19. ↑ billward.com
20. ↑ Radio 66.6 - Weekly Music News from the Crypt: April 15th, 2013 , accessed April 17, 2013
21. ↑ Hot Spot 05-03-13 on germanchartblog; Retrieved May 6, 2013
22. ↑ blabbermouth.net
23. ↑ blabbermouth.net
24. ↑ rollingstone.de
25. ↑ blabbermouth.net
26. ↑ News. blacksabbath.com
27. ↑ blabbermouth.net
28. ↑ blog.ticketmaster.de
29. ↑ rock-am-ring.com/spielplan
30. ^ Ksta.de: Farewell tour Black Sabbath give last concert in Germany in Cologne
31. ↑ One last time "Paranoid" spiegel.de, accessed on February 6, 2017
32. ↑ 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Rolling Stone , December 2, 2010, accessed August 8, 2017 . 
33. ↑ The New Illustrated Rock Handbook. Salamander Books Ltd., London 1986, ISBN 0-86101-248-8 , pp. 57 and 58.
34. ↑ 15 Most Influential Albums ... . In: Spin , April 2003. Retrieved October 9, 2012. 
35. ^ The Greatest Metal Bands of All Time . MTV. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
36. ↑ Scott Ian - Lifestyles Magazine, Sept 2003 ( September 27, 2007 memento in the Internet Archive )
37. ↑ Luxi Lahtinen: BATHORY - An Epic Interview With Quorthon. 2001, accessed on February 22, 2010 (English): “After all, BATHORY's origin is a mixture of early Black Sabbath, early Motörhead and early GBH. [...] I have always said that if you want to know where the initial BATHORY stuff came from, all you have to do is to listen to early Black Sabbath, early Motörhead and early GBH at the same time. " 
38. ↑ Interviews: Blessed Death - Nick Fiorentiono. Powermetal.de
39. ↑ Candlemass (Leif Edling) 04/02/2009 . MetalObsession.net. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
40. ↑ Interview of: Tom G. Warrior - Celtic Frost / Hellhammer. PyroMusic.net, accessed September 6, 2010 : “There were basically two fields of music that influenced me. There was Heavy Metal, and New Wave. In Heavy Metal, it's fair to say bands like Black Sabbath, Angel Witch and Venom influenced us. Martin and I were heavily influenced by the New Wave music of the time too, such as Bauhaus, Siouxsie And The Banshees, Christian Death etc and I think it's a mix of these musical directions that influenced the sound of Celtic Frost. " 
41. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Chris Gill: The Eternal Idol . In: Guitar World , December 2008. 
42. ↑ http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/disturbed-guitarist-don-t-call-us-nu-metal/ . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 2018.
43. ↑ Down
44. ↑ Ex-Fear Factory Axeman Dino Cazares Talks Guitars . Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
45. ^ Heaven And Hell, Megadeth Perform In Los Angeles; Photos Available . Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
46. ↑ Godsmack's Next Album Will Rock In A Bluesier Way . Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
47. ↑ ^{a b} Black Sabbath . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 9, 2012.
48. ↑ Iron Maiden Bassist Talks About His Technique And Influences . Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
49. ^ Turman, Katherine: Black Sabbath - Bank One Ballpark, Phoenix, Dec. 31, 1998 . Rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
50. ↑ Metallica.com ( Memento from April 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
51. ↑ OPETH Pays Tribute To Classic Heavy Metal Artists . Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
52. ^ Alan Di Perna: Zero Worship . In: Guitar World , December 1995.
53. ↑ Mark Eglinton: The Crypts Of 25 Years: Tom Araya On The Anniversary Of Slayer's Hell Awaits. The Quietus, August 16, 2010, accessed September 6, 2010 : “We did covers of Venom, Maiden, Priest. We were listening to the same stuff everybody else was - you can name them all. They were the metal bands. Sabbath was there, Richie Blackmore ... Jeff's a big fan of fuckin 'Richie Blackmore - I found that out last night [laughs]. So those core bands were the ones. Venom was a big influence on Kerry as far as the imagery, and how we did the song-writing. " 
54. ↑ http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/black-sabbath-bassist-it-s-great-when-bands-cite-us-as-their-influence/ . Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
55. ↑ , The Billboard Albums by Joel Whitburn , 6th Edition, Record Research 2006, ISBN 0-89820-166-7 .