Right-wing extremism on the Internet

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Right-wing extremism on the Internet is spread through individuals, loose networks, parties , media and associations as well as foundations. Right-wing extremists use Internet services for self-expression, advertising, networking, political influence, and sometimes also to arrange crimes .

This is dealt with differently by national criminal law . There are various social, state and international countermeasures.

precursor

Mailbox networks in the United States

In the USA , computers have enabled data transfer and new forms of communication since the 1980s, which also made them attractive to right-wing extremists.

Sending e-mails to a mailbox accessible via a telephone number , which all users of a bulletin board system (BBS) receive together, was the first form that right-wing extremists in the USA used to exchange data. They used it to set up digital discussion forums, but also published personal data of their political opponents and spread calls for violence against them.

The racist Louis Beam , leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Texas , has been running such networks since 1983, including the Aryan Nations Liberty Net for the neo-Nazi group Aryan Nations in Hayden Lake, Idaho . It contained u. a. an address list ( Know Your Enemy ) of members of the human rights organization Anti-Defamation League (ADL). New network members could with assassinations against fighters - politicians, civil rights activists, police officers or representatives of minorities - the status of an "Aryan warrior" ( Aryan Warrior gain) in the Ku Klux Klan. The network had about 1,000 users. The racist Tom Metzger founded a similar mailbox network of the White Aryan Resistance (WAR), in which around 2,000 neo-Nazis participated.

In these and other network stations spread Beam since 1992 his concept of " leaderless resistance " ( leaderless resistance ). This relies on independent actions by secret resistance cells that deliberately do without leaders and hierarchical command structures and are not connected to one another through direct contacts, but only through their ideology exchanged in anonymous mailboxes. They should plan and carry out terrorist attacks independently of one another, without coordinating them or coordinating them with a headquarters. The concept influenced other right-wing extremist groups, including a. in Sweden and Germany, where it led to the beginnings of a decentralized right-wing terrorism.

Mailbox networks in Germany

Logoff screen of the "Resistance" mailbox (Thule network)

Right-wing extremist propaganda first appeared in West German mailboxes in 1989. B. in the CL , Fido and Z network . Since the real name requirement excluded anonymous postings, for example in the CL network, right-wing extremists could largely be blocked from access or write access.

They then built the Thule network as their own mailbox network based on the US model in 1991 . In March 1993 the resistance BBS in Erlangen went to this network. Up to 13 other boxes in Germany and four foreign boxes followed. On around 90 boards - u. a. for news, foreign policy, history, computer technology, youth, folk music, Oi! music, organization, law, esotericism, paganism, jokes - up to 200 users exchanged data.

Most of the Thule mailbox operators were supporters of the NPD and the Young National Democrats . The initiative came mainly from the party youth. In June 1991 the party executive decided to found a working group for new media and technologies . He used contacts to US right-wing extremists such as William Luther Pierce , Chairman of the National Alliance , to adopt the new communication technologies.

In 1994 the Republicans followed the NPD model with the mailbox network REP-Netz , to which only two boxes belonged. At that time, the medium of the mailbox was already losing importance for right-wing extremists. After an internal dispute in 1997, the even stronger neo-Nazi Nordland network split off from the Thule network . In 1999 both networks disbanded because the original goal of building politically effective structures was seen as a failure. Only the small Thing network of former Thule users founded in 1998 continued to work.

In June 1993, the PC journal Endsieg appeared on floppy disks, the content of which is also said to have been distributed via mailboxes, with the publication series A Movement in Arms , including a manual for improvised explosive technology . In it, the construction of incendiary and explosive bombs was explained in detail. The NSDAP organizational structure with its headquarters in Lincoln (Nebraska) , which is part of the right-wing terrorism , was presumed to be the author of the text .

Screen text

In 1992 the NPD set up pages in the Bundespost's screen text system for party members, the press and the Btx public. In 1993 the Republicans followed suit. But because of its high cost to users, the Btx system remained relatively insignificant for right-wing extremist content.

Usenet

The Usenet , which emerged in 1990 with the Internet, comprises tens of thousands of newsgroups whose users - similar to the BBS, but only with different access technology - can exchange information and opinions on specialist areas. Right-wing extremists soon gathered in numerous so-called hate groups , where they mainly spread historical revisionism and Holocaust denial .

United States

The National Alliance - the largest adolf Hitler- oriented neo-Nazi organization in the USA - spread its propaganda in the 1990s mainly through spamming in hundreds of discussion forums. The leading activist was Milton Kleim , author of an "Introduction to National Socialism" and the novel "The Turner Diaries", which served as a literary model for the attack on Oklahoma . In an internal manual "About strategy and tactics for Usenet" in 1995, he called on neo-Nazis to act as "cyber guerrillas". Adapted to the respective discussion topic, several neo-Nazis should bring their anti-Semitic and Nazi opinions in a coordinated manner and repeat them constantly. According to the principle of "slamming and diving away", one should avoid identifying oneself as a racist and engaging in open arguments. Strangers who react positively should be contacted immediately by e-mail and try to involve them in your own work. This was primarily aimed at unorganized like-minded people.

To coordinate such Internet activities, Kleim founded and directed the Aryan Corps Combat Information Center . In June 1996 he initiated a vote on Usenet about whether a new discussion forum for racist music should be set up ( rec.music.white-power ). This was rejected by 592 votes to 33,033. Thereupon Kleim announced his exit from the US neo-Nazi scene in August 1996.

The neo-Nazi network activities also met with increasing opposition within their own closed forums, so that they are increasingly shifted to mailing lists that are only made available to like-minded people.

Germany

In the German-speaking Usenet, right-wing extremists acted a few years later according to a modified behavior pattern compared to Milton Kleim's strategy guide:

  • pose naive, apolitical and clueless, z. B. Downplaying xenophobia and justifying it with purely personal experience
  • in case of argumentative contradiction mime the "persecuted innocence"
  • in the further course of the discussion, propagate your own points of view more openly
  • chaotise the discussion by constantly changing topics until all rationally arguing "opponents" have left the forum
  • in the end blame the left-wing opposing side for developing into a neo-Nazi.

This strategy was pursued for years by Helmut Goj , who until 1995 was the state chairman of the Association of Free Citizens in North Rhine-Westphalia and an active user of the Thule network. Despite being excluded from several mailboxes because of racist propaganda, he was able to gain access again and again, also through many pseudonyms ( "sock puppets" ), which he had publicly discussed with one another. This met with a divided response from within our own ranks:

On the other hand, I find your contributions in the 'left' boxes very funny ... You can manage them just by the nature of your contributions! Serious (left-wing) things are only repetitive in question form and something provocative. I think that almost everyone gives up on your stubbornness at some point! As a result you have ... now the so-called 'air sovereignty' - my compliments for that! But against this way I have something in Thule!

World wide web

With the WWW, right-wing extremists also opened up new, inexpensive and easy-to-use options for self-presentation, propaganda and networking, for example via their own domains and websites with variable design and multimedia equipment.

On the one hand, the WWW facilitates international and permanent contacts between right-wing extremist groups and people from different countries. These contacts are used to form ideological consensus and to agree on joint political influence - also through attacks and other criminal offenses.

On the other hand, right-wing extremists take advantage of the different legal situation in different countries to distribute indexed content in their own countries via foreign servers and providers - especially from the USA and Canada - risk-free both abroad and at home and prosecute in their home countries - for example for sedition - to subvert.

Thirdly, the basically open and easy access to websites of the WWW already allows a few individual representatives of right-wing extremist groups to advertise their goals and means with a broad impact and to gain new members, interested parties and supporters - especially the younger generation - who do not have the Internet would be difficult to reach. At the same time, it is much easier for the creators, authors and operators of these pages to evade responsibility for criminal content than in conventional media.

Usage strategies

Traditionally, right-wing extremists do not understand democracy and freedom of expression as values ​​in themselves, but as arbitrarily usable means for their purposes. Accordingly, the Internet is seen as an opportunity to penetrate new areas of society and to achieve "information dominance" and "interpretative sovereignty":

Whoever determines what information the people get and what not, has the power. So: let's take a word!

To this end, right-wing extremist network specialist Jeff Vos from the CNG group (for Cyber ​​Nationalist Group , Cyber ​​Nazi Group or Computer Nationalist Group ) recommended a targeted dual strategy in 1996:

Our propaganda must be unveiled and logical. It shouldn't hide what it's getting at. [...] Exaggerations are allowed, but should always be recognizable for the average reader.

The strengthening of social networks like Facebook is opening up new recruitment opportunities for right-wing extremists. Safe topics are used to get in touch with the users of the networks and then to spread right-wing extremist ideology. The tactic is to mix issues on which there is a social consensus with right-wing extremist ideology fragments. Due to the fast pace of the networks, work can essentially be done anonymously. There is now a shift in right-wing extremist activities away from websites and towards social networks.

At the same time, insiders should set up areas for the secret exchange of explosive political information in four categories: Usenet policies • Usenet policies, 'illegal' • Real-world policies • Real-world policies, 'illegal' . These secret messages were to be encrypted with the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) program developed in 1991 and only made available to users who were clearly right-wing extremists and on the defensive in public forums, in order to give them support.

The third strategic goal, as in the Thulenetz, was to broaden the following: Public relations work on the Internet should target non-right-wing extremists in a targeted manner, draw their attention to right-wing extremist online offers via direct mail, thus interest them in their own topics and organizations and recruit them.

Computer games

Various right-wing extremist computer games are available as downloads , including White Power DOOM or Nazi DOOM , a neo-Nazi version of the commercial first-person shooter Doom , and an anti-Semitic version of grouse hunting .

Right-wing extremists also form game clans on the Internet with names such as Combat 18 , Sturmtrupp Division 88 (88 stands for the 8th letter of the alphabet H and is a code for "Heil Hitler") or White Power Clan and their own clan homepages. These clans appear in first-person shooters and strategy games .

United States

Neo-Nazi Stephen Donald Black , another former member of the Ku Klux Klan, was the first to create a right-wing extremist website for the Stormfront group : the White Nationalist Resource Page ('Sources and Materials for White Nationalists'). Black was imprisoned for three years after violently attempting to establish a white-only state on the Caribbean island of Dominica . During his imprisonment he received further technical training, so that he then became an internet service provider for right-wing extremist groups. His first work remained a very extensive and professionally presented presence of neo-Nazis on the Internet with texts that glorify Adolf Hitler, collections of Nazi badges, lists of racist groups in the USA and links to them and to mailbox networks such as the Thulenetz network. This also included sub-pages for women ( Stormfront for Women ) and children ( Stormfront for Kids ).

Gary Lauck , founder and head of the NSDAP / AO , is in demand as a disseminator of right-wing extremist propaganda from the USA, which is punishable in Europe .

Germany

After their Btx presence in 1996, Augsburg NPD activists set up the website Der Aufbruch , which contained programmatic texts such as “Bündnis Deutschland. Declaration of the Bavarian NPD ”and addresses of the NPD and JN offered. Immediately after his election as NPD chairman on March 23, 1996, Udo Voigt announced the nationwide development of similar websites for the "electronic networking of European nationalists".

Other websites followed, for example by Jürgen Jost (Oftersheim), who mainly advertised mailboxes for the Thule network. This went into the WWW with its own domain since July 1996, which continued to exist after the mailbox network was closed. It contains the deliberately provocative column "criminal content", in which u. a. Hitler's Mein Kampf can be read.

The conservative discussion group Hanover , at that time a readership of the weekly newspaper Junge Freiheit , also went online in 1996 as one of the first websites related to the New Right . It was soon followed by Alfred Mechtersheimer's Germany movement and the San Casciano publishing house with offers of right-wing literature.

Between 1996 and 1999, the number of websites with right-wing extremist content fed in from Germany increased tenfold, while at the same time the Internet expanded many times over.

Although some neo-Nazi organizations were banned after the attacks in Rostock, Solingen and Mölln, pages of German right-wing extremists appeared on the WWW in 2000, instructing their readers to build bombs. The "Kameradschaft Gifhorner Reichssturm" offered chemical recipes, mixing ratios, detonators and material procurement on their homepage under the heading "Kanackenfeind-Terror". The declared aim of such attacks should be "nationally liberated zones without autonomous and foreigners". State security officers found self-made, highly explosive explosives for an attack on a home for asylum seekers among right-wing extremists in the vicinity of the “Kameradschaft Bremen-Nord”. In addition, popular newspapers such as the “Reichsruf”, created by neo-Nazi Stefan Michael Bar , demanded that the violent political overthrow be “finally initiated”.

Right-wing extremist forums brought together the Thiazi-Net , a subdivision of the Skadi- Net , until mid-June 2012 . With the advent of Web 2.0 , right-wing extremist groups began to increasingly present themselves with their own content in online communities, video portals or music services and to exchange ideas with other users. Since then, the number of right-wing content on YouTube, Facebook, Flickr, Twitter and other sites has increased continuously.

In Web 2.0, the right-wing extremist scene uses methods of viral marketing . Topics of current protest cultures are taken up in the social online networks, even if they distance themselves from the right-wing extremist scene. A well-known example is the apparent commitment against child abuse , which is consistently referred to here as child molestation . With demands such as the “ death penalty for child molesters ” the acceptance of revenge , vigilante justice and the death penalty as well as the devaluation of certain lives are to be promoted. This emotional level prepares a basis for right-wing ideology. The association Agency for Social Perspectives calls this "hide and seek".

The 2006 report on the protection of the constitution counted on up to 1000 right-wing extremist websites created by Germans, e.g. B. the National Journal , Altermedia (or Altermedia.info ) or Metapedia . Some spread Holocaust denial, publish lists with photos and addresses of political opponents from the anti- fascist scene (similar to the other way around also some of these groups) in order to intimidate them, and openly or covertly call for violence against them. Among the listed are constitutional protectors, private individuals and representatives of counter-initiatives who in turn observe such sites.

About 74 percent of the German-language WWW offers are distributed via servers in Germany - this mainly concerns websites with non-criminal content. In contrast, two out of three criminal websites are made accessible on foreign servers. This is intended to make it more difficult to control them and to thwart prosecution. While open Holocaust denial and other incitement to hatred are often propagated through foreign services, website content operated in Germany is often encrypted or deliberately displayed harmlessly. For camouflaged communication, right-wing extremists on the Internet often use right- wing extremist symbols and signs known to them as legal codes for sometimes illegal messages.

At the same time, right-wing extremists in German-speaking countries are expanding their presence on social networks. The main platforms here are Facebook, Youtube and the short message service Twitter. While there were still 41 Twitter accounts with right-wing extremist content recorded in 2009, there were already 196 in 2012. The videos on YouTube mainly function as event mobilization or as advertising for right-wing extremist campaigns. Twitter is more about disseminating material. While the number of right-wing extremist websites is stagnating, the posts on social networks are hardly quantifiable.

Countermeasures

Civil society counter-initiatives

In 1985 the Anti-Defamation League was the first non-governmental organization in the USA to warn against right-wing extremist mailbox networks with the report Computerized Networks of Hate .

In January 1991, Kenneth McVay founded the Nizkor Project in response to his discovery of historical falsification on a far-right newsgroup . Initially also conceived as a separate newsgroup, the project observed right-wing extremist propaganda on Usenet, collected and published it, and wrote factual, historically proven replies to it. This resulted in one of the most extensive databases with Holocaust documents and detailed refutations by Holocaust deniers, with which direct network communication is conducted and sought. In German-speaking countries, the Katjuscha group took part in satirical campaigns such as the "Helmut-Goj-Fan-Brett" and the "Goj-Treffen" after reunification .

Since 1996, numerous private or media-supported “initiatives against the law” have also emerged on the WWW. B. Courage against right-wing violence by Stern magazine . Their strategies and approaches differ. HateWatch is one of the initiatives that conducts dialogues and interviews with right-wing extremists and publishes them in the hope that they will "unmask themselves" . It monitors 200 pages and for its part names at least their leaders by name.

One initiative is the subpage of haGalil with the title Hate is the end of the world - Nazis on the Internet . It contains a report form that can be used to report right-wing extremist sites and content easily. They will then be processed by lawyers and, if necessary, reported. In response to such advertisements, up to 50 percent of all right-wing extremist websites operated from Germany have been closed in recent years. However, newly registered homepages from this environment are constantly being created, also on foreign servers.

In 2002, ten anti-racist organizations and online reporting offices from Europe, Russia and the USA joined forces to form the International Network Against Cyber ​​Hate (INACH). The aim is cross-border campaigns against right-wing extremist network offerings and joint bundles of measures in order to make the international state fight against network crime more effective.

In 2000, ZEIT founded the online portal netz-gegen-nazis, which provides information on neo-Nazi and right-wing extremist activities on the Internet. No-nazi.net emerged from this project in 2012, which is aimed specifically at young people and, in addition to providing advice on contacts with neo-Nazis, is also active in monitoring and prevention. The focus of no-nazi.net is mainly on the work in social networks, the main propaganda fields of right-wing extremists, as it is easier for them to come into contact with people outside the scene.

Government control efforts

As early as 1993, political considerations began in Germany to legally curb right-wing extremist propaganda such as in the Thule network. The German Federal Constitutional Court ruled in 1994 that Holocaust denial was a proven, untrue factual assertion that was not subject to freedom of expression. Today, neo-Nazi sites on the initiative of the German federal government and the federal states and the District Governments / regional councils removed from the network. The providers are obliged not to allow or block right-wing extremist URLs in the first place. The blocking of websites in Germany is controversial in connection with the German Access Difficulty Act .

Blocking, blocking or removing right-wing extremist websites is made more difficult by inconsistent guidelines around the world: in the USA, the first amendment to the constitution bans all state censorship. The operators of neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist Internet platforms and forums therefore often move abroad in order to use the less strict or nonexistent legal basis there and thus make the content accessible in their national language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

At the European level, u. a. the OSCE for coordinated measures against racism and right-wing extremism on the Internet. To this end, the OSCE Hatecrimes and Internet Conference took place in Paris from June 16 to 17, 2004 , at which INACH and Jugendschutz.net GmbH also presented their initiatives and made suggestions. The aim is not only to take international legal action against illegal websites, but also to promote media skills and serious information. The final declaration by 55 member states warned of the increase in racism on the Internet, emphasized the will to take a variety of countermeasures, called for international cooperation and self-regulation by providers as well as more intensive information and education on the phenomenon of right-wing extremism on the Internet.

Germany is represented in the International Network Against Cyber ​​Hate (INACH) by jugendschutz.net GmbH . This initiative, founded in 1997 by the youth ministers of all federal states, works closely with the Commission for Youth Media Protection (KJM), reviews Internet offers that are harmful to young people and urges providers to change or remove them in order to align their self-regulation with the youth protection standards of print media. It successfully takes action against criminal right-wing extremist Internet offers and offers media education courses for young people and educators in order to strengthen their media skills in dealing with right-wing extremist hate propaganda and to promote private initiatives for democracy and tolerance on the Internet. For this purpose, a CD-ROM entitled “Right-wing Extremism on the Internet” was created and updated several times.

Additional information

See also

literature

This article or section needs to be revised: 13 bibliographical references & 20 web links according to WP: WWNI , WP: Weblinks and WP: Literature
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  • Burkhard Schröder : Neo-Nazis and Computer Networks. How right-wing extremists use new forms of communication. Rowohlt TB, Reinbek 1995, ISBN 3-499-19912-2 .
  • Thomas Pfeiffer Right-wing extremists on the data highway. Function and importance of computer-aided communication for the networks on the right. Antifa Do.-Nord, Dortmund 1996, ISBN 3-928970-06-2 .
  • Bernd Nickolay: Right-wing extremism on the Internet. Ideological publication segment and mobilization capital of a right-wing extremist social movement? Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg 2000, ISBN 3-933563-84-4 .
  • Thomas Pfeiffer: Hate at the click of a mouse. In: Reiner Engelmann (Ed.): Against right. Texts against extremism. Arena, Würzburg 2001, ISBN 3-401-02235-0 , pp. 7-15.
  • Andreas Bösche: Right-wing extremism on the Internet. The downside of the www. Edition Berenkamp, ​​Hall 2001, ISBN 3-85093-129-3 .
  • Rainer Fromm , Barbara Kernbach: Right-wing extremism on the Internet. The new danger. Olzog, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-7892-8055-0 .
  • Mark Bootz: Right-Wing Extremism on the Internet. Research, analyzes, educational models for dealing with right-wing extremism. 2nd Edition. Federal Agency for Civic Education, Berlin 2004 (1 CD-ROM).
  • Christoph Busch, Markus Birzer: Rights in the net. Countermeasures to right-wing extremism on the Internet In: Tribune. Journal for the Understanding of Judaism . H. 3, 2004, ISSN  0041-2716 , pp. 128-141.
  • Christoph Busch: Right-wing radicalism online - functions of the Internet for the ability of right-wing radicalism to act In: Jürgen Hofmann, Michael Schneider (Ed.): Workers' movement and right-wing extremism . = Labor and Right-Wing Extremism. = Mouvement ouvrier et extrême droite . (42nd Linz Conference of the International Conference of Historians of the Workers' and Other Social Movements, September 14-17, 2006). Akademische Verlags-Anstalt, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-931982-53-9 , pp. 281-300 ( ITH conference reports 41).
  • Gabriele Hooffacker , Peter Lokk : Online Guide Politics and Society . Rowohlt, Reinbek 1997, ISBN 3-499-19863-0 , online excerpt of the book, which is based on one of the first publications on the subject from 1990 and cites original sources .
  • Thomas Pfeiffer (Ed.): The world of experience right-wing extremism. Contempt for human beings with entertainment value. Wochenschau-Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2007, ISBN 978-3-89974-359-3 (+ 1 CD-ROM).
  • Antonia Holterhof, Laura Stefanie Horn, Christoph Busch: Adolescents' access to right-wing extremist online worlds . In: merz. Media + education. Journal for media education . H. 5, 2009, ISSN  0176-4918 , pp. 74-77.
  • Christoph Busch: Right-wing radicalism on the Internet. Universi, Siegen 2010, ISBN 978-3-936533-31-6 ( Series Media Studies 11).

Web links

Data
literature
Development USA
Development Germany
Counter-initiatives

Single receipts

  1. ^ A b Anton Maegerle, Christoph Mestmacher: RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM: Fight, don't cry. Instructions for making bombs on the Internet, explosives found in the scene: the neo-Nazis are preparing to attack. In: Der SPIEGEL. December 11, 2000.
  2. ↑ Thomas Pfeiffer: “The Internet is cheap, fast and clean. We love it". Right-wing extremists discover the computer ( memento of December 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 205 kB).
  3. ↑ Martin Dietzsch, Anton Maegerle: Right-wing extremist German homepages ( Memento of the original from November 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.doew.at
  4. ^ Ernst Marschall, July 20, 1996, quoted from Martin Dietzsch, Anton Maegerle: Right-wing extremist German homepages ( Memento from November 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
  5. ↑ User of the Thulenetz Zarathustra on May 26, 1995, quoted from Thomas Pfeiffer: “The Internet is cheap, fast and clean. We love it". Right-wing extremists discover the computer ( memento of December 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 205 kB).
  6. ↑ FAZ: Virtually in the brown swamp
  7. ↑ Jeff Vos: Propaganda of the CNG , from the CNG homepage (March 19, 1996), by Thomas Pfeiffer: “The Internet is cheap, fast and clean. We love it". Right-wing extremists discover the computer ( memento of December 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 205 kB).
  8. ↑ Hessian State Center for Political Education (ed.): Law against right. Information, case studies, advice. Wiesbaden 2000, p. 49f
  9. ↑ Stefan Rudschinat: Right-wing extremism on the Internet. The new danger . by Rainer Fromm and Barbara Kernbach ( Memento from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
  10. ↑ Sources: Netz gegen Nazis: Neonazistische Hetze und Lebenshilfe , accessed March 13, 2012, and look to the right
  11. ↑ Source: Focus, May 19, 2009
  12. ↑ Source: Viral Marketing for Neo-Nazis on Telepolis , July 23, 2009
  13. ↑ www.dasversteckspiel.de
  14. ↑ Telepolis: Right Wikipedia copy between claim and reality
  15. ↑ Die Zeit: slogans of hatred in cyberspace - right-wing extremist groups call for violence online. An initiative monitors them - and draws their wrath
  16. ↑ jugendschutz.net: Observe right-wing extremism online and fight it sustainably. 2012 report on research and measures ( memento of the original dated January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 4.3 MB); P. 4. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hass-im-netz.info
  17. ↑ jugendschutz.net: Observe right-wing extremism online and fight it sustainably. 2012 report on research and measures ( memento of the original dated January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 4.3 MB); P. 3f. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hass-im-netz.info
  18. ↑ zeit.de: Die Zeit 1998: slogans of hatred in cyberspace - right-wing extremist groups call for violence online. An initiative monitors them - and draws their wrath
  19. ^ Nazis on the Internet on HaGalil
  20. ↑ Registration form for right-wing extremist websites at HaGalil
  21. ↑ International Network Against Cyber Hate
  22. ↑ Time: No-Nazi.net against right on the net
  23. ↑ Jugendschutz.net GmbH 2004: Racism on the Internet on the advance worldwide ( Memento of the original from May 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jugendschutz.net
  24. ^ Jugendschutz.net GmbH: Networked hatred - materials against right-wing extremism on the Internet