Leaderless resistance

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"Leaderless Resistance" (Engl. Leaderless resistance ) is an organization and action form of right-wing terrorism mentioned in the individual perpetrators ( "lone wolves" plan and commit) or conspiratorial small groups on their own initiative and independently attacks or other acts of violence and are dedicated to achieving leader and do without command structures.

The so-called concept was first mentioned in 1962 in the USA , but it was not disseminated in right-wing extremism until 1992 through an essay by the American right-wing extremist Louis Beam . It ties in with forerunners from the time of National Socialism and from neo-Nazism . In the 21st century right-wing terrorism, the concept became predominant.

Some Islamist and left-wing extremist terror cells as well as groups from the animal rights movement such as the Earth Liberation Front use these or similar forms of action.

origin

Long before Louis Beam popularized the term and concept of "leaderless resistance", the basic idea was known in right-wing terrorism. The organizational form of independently acting terrorist cells is not tied to particular ideologies . The terrorism researcher Sebastian Gräfe traces it back to the asymmetrical warfare known since antiquity , in which strongly inferior fighters try to reduce the risk of state countermeasures with a "pinprick" tactic in order to prevent the superior opponent from a devastating counter-attack. Typical characteristics for this are the deployment of small terrorist groups in an area that cannot be clearly defined and the renunciation of declarations of war and confessions of fact.

The extremism researcher Armin Pfahl-Traughber sees the concept as a common characteristic of various forms of terrorism today . The "lonely wolf" terror is just a new name for the individual terror against monarchs and politicians that has been known since the 19th century . The perpetrators acted as self-determined individuals and did not follow any group, even if they belonged to one. Nonetheless, the right-wing extremist representatives of the concept refer to certain lines of tradition in their respective national contexts.

United States

Emergence

In 1965, the radio announcer Richard Cotton, a key representative of the far-right National Youth Alliance , proposed for the first time to create phantom cells for a "leaderless resistance". In 1966 he repeated the proposal at a congress. But it wasn't until decades later that the concept found widespread response in the extreme right of the United States. This was preceded by a long internal conflict: Most right-wing extremists did not reject revolutionary violence against the state in principle, but under the given circumstances it was premature and hopeless. In order to gradually win a political majority, the American Nazi Party relied on the strategy of mass action with propaganda and legal demonstrations. After its leader George Lincoln Rockwell was assassinated in 1967, his successor Matt Koehl tried to raise the party's racist and Nazi profile by renaming it the National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP). At the same time he excluded more radical representatives.

Joseph Tommasini was one of these . At the second NSWPP convention in 1970, he called for immediate revolutionary action along the lines of the left-wing extremist Weathermen and the Symbionese Liberation Army . In 1974 his appeal appeared: “The future belongs to the few of us who are willing to get our hands dirty. Political terror: That's the only thing you will understand. ”In the same year, he and 42 fellow campaigners founded the National Socialist Liberation Front (NSLF). They rejected the strategy of mass action because it had no prospect of majorities and practically prevented effective actions against the state. Only four founding members then committed illegal attacks, two of them were imprisoned, Tommasini was murdered in 1975 by an NSWPP member. The NSLF had failed. Yet it had shown that determined individuals, regardless of the lack of public support, could strike the state and government agents or anti-fascist observers could not expose them in time. The waiver of any support network could free the individual to act independently according to his own will. Thus the concept of “leaderless resistance” was born even without this name. It was created at the low point of the decline and division of the US neo-Nazi scene in order to overcome the plight of its numerical weakness and political isolation and to open up new perspectives for activists.

The novels The Turner Diaries (1978) and Hunter (1989) by the US neo-Nazi William Luther Pierce are also considered to be conceptual forerunners of the leaderless resistance . Both lead in the form of a fictional plot to terrorist attacks by small groups or individuals. The Turner diaries influenced the US terrorist group The Order , which started operating in 1980, and Timothy McVeigh , the main culprit in the bomb attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995. The follow-up novel The Hunter reacted to the end of the terrorist group The Order and is one of world domination fictional world Jewry . In this imagined hopeless situation, heroic actions by individuals against the "enemies of the white race" are the only promising means of demonstrating the weakness of the system to the masses and possibly triggering a " race war ".

Louis Beam

The former Texan Ku Klux Klan leader Louis Beam was sentenced to overthrow the US government in 1988 with ten other right-wing extremists for forming the group The Order . When the verdict was announced, he had announced that the fight would continue with smaller and secret cells. In 1992 he published his influential article Leaderless Resistance in his magazine The Seditionist . In it he campaigned for the establishment of small groups without a leader figure and hierarchical cadre structures, which should only connect their common ideology. Orders and instructions from “above” are ultimately superfluous, since the activists in these cells themselves know the right way to “resist” the political system and the appropriate means to do so. Beam reacted to the experience: The larger and more centrally led violent neo-Nazi groups, the faster and easier the US security authorities could identify and break them up. On the other hand, Beam advocated a system of secret cells in which each cell should choose its own method to create “1000 points of resistance” against the US government and its allies.

None of these cells are allowed to report their plan of action to a central headquarters or individual leaders and receive orders from there. The movement can compensate for the abandonment of any organized structure by ensuring that every participant in the leaderless resistance knows exactly what he is doing and how he is doing it, that is, by gaining the necessary skills and information for his attacks. Orders would then be superfluous. Beam wanted to achieve two advantages: The public would no longer attribute serious crimes to the Nazi movement, but to mentally disturbed individuals, i.e. be distracted from the actual degree of organization of the extreme right. Nazi organizations could distance themselves more credibly from the perpetrators, even if they belonged or had belonged to their own group.

Beam traced his concept back to the US Air Force officer Ulius Louis Amoss . In 1962 he published an essay entitled Leaderless Resistance , which propagated a partisan-like defense of the USA in the event of a communist conquest of America. Beam transferred the Amoss concept to a terrorist fight against the supposed "state tyranny" in the USA. He claimed that the American Revolution of the Thirteen Colonies against the British King had already followed this strategy. The white separatist movement could only assert itself against the overpowering government with small, unconnected resistance cells. In this way, these cells could avoid being tracked down by smuggled government agents. You could make up for lack of opportunities for coordinated action with long-term dedication to the revolutionary goal.

Christian Identity Movement

In October 1992, the Christian Identity Movement held a conference on the Ruby Ridge shooting (August 1992) at which Beam was allowed to present its concept. Participants presented the shooting as evidence that the federal government is gradually trying to destroy true patriots. Beam's paper was included in a report on the conference: This is how the term Leaderless Resistance became popular in the United States. In contrast to Amoss' essay, which was quickly forgotten due to the lack of the feared communist conquest of the United States, Beam's essay was widely disseminated in this way. The shooting between the Federal Police and the Branch Davidians near Waco (Texas) with 83 deaths (February to May 1993) also seemed to confirm the “leaderless resistance” as the only remaining possibility for white self-assertion. As a result of both events, other neo-Nazis in the US took up Beam's idea, including Richard Kelly Hoskins ( Vigilantes of Christendom ), David Eden Lane ( Wotan is coming ) and Tom Metzger ( White Aryan Resistance ). He linked Beams concept with his own Lone Wolf idea and spread both through his magazines, TV shows, websites and video games.

Far right militias

In 1994 Howard Phillips, founder of the right-wing Christian Constitution Party , published the Field Manual of the Free Militia , written by an unknown author . It linked a Christian theological and constitutional justification of the militias with detailed instructions for “leaderless resistance” against “enemies” of these claimed rights and with practical and psychological training. The manual was distributed over the Internet and adopted by many militias in the United States.

With the at least 440 armed right-wing extremist militias with a total of up to 30,000 members that existed in the USA in 1995, Beam's concept became a popular guide to action. In 2002, a dropout announced the existence of the secret cell Project 7 , which was planning attacks on local politicians in Montana in order to generate national attention and imitators for the fight against the alleged destroyers of the white race. The militias themselves emerged from the rallying movement of various right-wing groups ( Alt-Right ). They advocate the conspiracy theory of a secret collaboration between rich elites and the US government to establish an overpowering, tyrannical New World Order , undermining Christianity and individual freedom. Especially right-wing extremists combine this theory with open anti-Semitism and racism of white supremacy , and in the form of anti-Semitic thesis of the Zionist Occupied Government . From this you derive the legitimation for terrorist attacks also against state organs and state representatives.

Beam's essay was also distributed internationally and shaped the more recent right-wing terrorism: individual perpetrators, often psychologically conspicuous and socially isolated, or conspiratorial small groups no longer try to bring about political instability through indiscriminate mass terror, but target individual victims and groups of victims.

Nuclear Weapons Division

The neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division (AWD), established in the USA in 2015, adopted the concept of “leaderless resistance” from the NSLF, whose co-founder James Mason published NSLF texts online in 2017, and from the Nazi terror group The Order (1980ff.). AWD consists of up to 100 members who, as terrorist cells distributed in the USA, work towards a collapse of civilization as a means for "racial cleansing" and propagate indiscriminate violence against homosexuals, Jews, blacks, leftists and others whom they represent as representatives of the system consider. They also welcome attacks by Islamists against identical groups of victims, such as the Orlando attack on June 12, 2016 . The group makes positive references to Adolf Hitler's writing Mein Kampf , the Turner diaries, and the mass murderer Timothy McVeigh. Group members are assigned at least five homicides. AWD took part in the “Unite-the-Right” march in Charlottesville in 2017 and has been seeking allies in Germany since 2018.

For their goal of a civil war of the "white race" against everyone else, AWD supporters celebrate right-wing mass murderers online as role models, such as the Australian Brenton Tarrant , and advertise for imitators, for example with the advertising slogan Just do it. To this end, they are distributing a 340-page White Resistance Manual via platforms such as Discord or Wire , which calls for "leaderless resistance", guides people to build bombs and suggests targets for attack, such as power plants, water treatment plants and telephone masts. They rely on human time bombs that escape the authorities and kill on their own at some point.

Great Britain

Blood & Honor

The right-wing extremist terrorist group Blood and Honor was founded in Great Britain in 1987 . From 2000 onwards she spread the strategy, ideology and organizational form of “leaderless resistance” with a field manual that can be accessed on the Internet and the essay The Way forward . The first text emphasized that in Germany in particular , the formation of small cells was inevitable in view of state repression. The second explained historical National Socialism as a model and a “pan-Aryan movement of the white resistance” against an alleged “Zionist occupation of the government” as a goal. The organization of the sub-groups depends on the respective circumstances and can be useful both as a loose network and as a party. Orientation towards an all-powerful leader, on the other hand, is unrealistic because one's own camp does not have a personality capable of unifying rights.

Combat 18

The violent British group Combat 18 ("Adolf Hitler Combat Troop"), formed in 1992, soon described itself as the "armed arm" of Blood and Honor . It gained popularity in the right-wing extremist scene in Great Britain and other European countries in 1996 with a series of letter bombs targeting British celebrities, leftists and migrants. Because the C18 groups followed the concept of “leaderless resistance”, other right-wing extremists could pass off their attacks as part of a C18 movement without mutual knowledge. In 1999, right-wing extremist assassins carried out nail bombs under the label C18 in Great Britain, Austria and Sweden . Around 2000, C18 offshoots also emerged in Germany, but were initially underestimated there by the security authorities.

Other

Troy Southgate, British representative of national anarchism (a variant of right-wing extremism classified as a cross-front attempt) was influenced by the concept of "leaderless resistance" according to his own statement.

Germany

"Werewolf" tradition

In the increasingly hopeless situation of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II , the " Reichsführer SS " Heinrich Himmler ordered the establishment of "werewolf" groups in September 1944 , which, after the foreseeable occupation of Germany by the Allies, carried out sabotage and attacks against their troops Germans willing to cooperate should murder as "traitors". Convinced and fanatical National Socialists should form relatively independent small groups that should carry out coordinated attacks in regional units. The theoretical model was written in 1944/45 by the Waffen SS officer Arthur Ehrhardt with the font Werwolf - Winke für Jagdheiten . In the final phase of the Second World War, however, only a few such groups emerged, and they remained practically unsuccessful. Nevertheless, later neo-Nazis took them as a model. Ehrhardt spread the “werewolf” ideology in the right-wing extremist magazine Nation und Europa , which he founded in 1951 , for example in 1970 with a new edition of his work from 1944/45. Although neo-Nazi groups have not yet reached a level of organization in order to be able to carry out coordinated attacks across Germany like a partisan army, Ehrhardt's writing remained well known in German right-wing extremism and was able to increase the propensity for violence in completely different contexts.

After 1945, neo-Nazi groups continued to follow the werewolf tradition, such as the "Wehrsportgruppe Werwolf" around Michael Kühnen in the 1970s, the "Werwolf Hunting Unit Senftenberg" in Brandenburg in 1992, which was equipped with machine guns and hand grenades and committed a robbery and a self-proclaimed one "Werewolf Command" 2013 in Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Right-wing extremists still cultivate the myth of secret "werewolf" units underground and rely on Ehrhardt's book.

From 1989 to 1991 a probably German right-wing extremist published a four-part series of texts under the pseudonym Hans Westmar (taken from a Nazi propaganda film) under the title A Movement in Arms . In it he called for the rebuilding of a right-wing extremist network for the "armed struggle" against the Western political system. At the same time he propagated “after-work and weekend terrorism”, suggested bank robberies, disruptive actions in train stations and airports as well as attacks on media houses and transmission masts. The NSDAP organizational structure founded in 1972 distributed the series as a separate publication in Germany. The concept was not implemented in German neo-Nazism because the necessary number and area-wide distribution of terror-ready small groups were missing. However, neo-Nazi Free Comradeships strive to implement it and encourage it by allowing its members to behave legally and normally in everyday life.

National Socialist Underground

The German terrorist group National Socialist Underground (NSU), formed in 1999, followed the C18 motto “From words to deeds”, which appeared in their confession videos, which were subsequently published in 2011. The three main perpetrators of the NSU came from the Thuringian Homeland Security and, like the rest of the neo-Nazi scene in Thuringia, had direct contacts with Blood and Honor , even after their German subgroup was banned in 2000. From this they knew the concept of "leaderless resistance" to which their own behavior corresponded. The NSU planned and committed its crimes, including the Ceska series of murders (2000-2006) and the nail bomb attack in Cologne (2004), without any connection to higher-level commanders. He also renounced public confessions in order to increase the unsettling effect on the victims' relatives and in society. Only since the trio's self-exposure in November 2011 has the concept received greater attention from security authorities and research.

The right-wing extremism experts Johannes Radke and Toralf Staud criticized the German security authorities in 2019: The fact that the NSU was not discovered for 13 years was due to the ignorance of the investigators. Because of the lack of letters of confession, they sought alleged mafia connections between the victims instead of racist perpetrators. Clandestine, not confessing, is expressly required in Nazi networks such as Combat 18. The Blood and Honor field handbook praised the Swedish serial killer John Ausonius for not sending letters of confession and thus increasing fear among immigrants. Although the authorities were familiar with the strategy of “leaderless resistance”, they would later have regarded the NSU as a “brown RAF ” and thus further misjudged the actual danger situation.

Other

Many attacks by right-wing extremists before and after the NSU corresponded to the concept of "leaderless resistance" without the perpetrators (having to) have known the associated theory, including:

The murder of Walter Lübcke on June 2, 2019 was allegedly committed by a right-wing extremist who had been known to the police for a long time and was networked in Hesse's neo-Nazi scene. Johannes Radke and Toralf Staud criticized the German security authorities: As with the NSU, they had once again overlooked essential characteristics of right-wing terrorism such as “leaderless resistance” and the conscious failure to admit the deeds. They are still more oriented towards the image and approach of the left-wing terrorism of the 1970s, which published long confessional texts, had fixed command structures and partly open supporters. Radke and Staud recalled numerous attacks committed or planned by individual right-wing extremists or small groups, which, because of their shared ideology, had a tradition-forming effect:

Today, in addition to conventional terror groups, the type of “neighborhood terrorist” against asylum seekers who was previously not active in right-wing extremist structures has emerged. The polarized debate about refugees, the racist demonstration alliance Pegida , the upswing of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party and the uninhibited violent fantasies on the Internet have encouraged him to enforce the “popular will” of an alleged majority. The only new thing about German right-wing extremism is that violent attacks are no longer only directed against weaker victims (migrants, anti- fascists, punks, etc.), but also against German state officials and politicians, including in their home environment.

New Zealand

The murder of the Australian right-wing extremist Brenton Tarrant of 51 Muslims in Christchurch , New Zealand (March 15, 2019) is also explained by the “leaderless resistance”, in which a type of right-wing extremist white young man refers to one another and imitates the actions of predecessors for the same reasons. Tarrant meets the criteria of the lone wolf lone perpetrator, who lived an inconspicuous bourgeois existence and maintained contact with other right-wing extremists (such as European identities ), but planned and carried out his crime alone and without a knowledge of it. He saw himself as a kind of front soldier in a global clash of cultures . Like his role model Anders Breivik, he published a manifesto in advance on the Internet to justify his act as a crusade for white supremacy against an alleged invasion of Islam . Tarrant's delusional idea of ​​a “great exchange” has long been spread across Europe. Tarrant also broadcast his mass murder as a live stream on Facebook . His act is therefore a prime example of the new, highly dangerous form of right-wing terrorism, whose perpetrators no longer need an organization, but radicalize themselves via the Internet, assemble their ideology there from circulating set pieces and distribute it on social media analogous to killer games in order to imitate future people recruit.

Political scientist Florian Hartleb criticizes the fact that German authorities often regard right-wing extremist perpetrators such as Anders Breivik, David Sonboly and Brenton Tarrant as subordinate to their common ideology, which motivates them, as well as their chat partners on the Internet, unlike Islamists. The political scientist Peter R. Neumann misses a conclusive explanation for the relationship between such acts of terrorism and hate speech on the Internet in the protection of the constitution .

See also

literature

  • Elzbieta Posluszna: Anti-Choice Leaderless Resistance: A Study on the Fight of Lone Wolves. Logos, Berlin 2019, ISBN 3-8325-4815-7 .
  • Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the “Werewolf” to the “Turner Diaries” to the “Leaderless Resistance”: Concepts in right-wing terrorism as guidelines for action and organization. In: Jannis Jost, Stefan Hansen, Joachim Krause (eds.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018. Barbara Budrich, Opladen / Berlin / Toronto 2019, ISBN 3-8474-2208-1 , pp. 213-230.
  • Sebastian Gräfe: Leaderless Resistance and Lone Wolves. Right-wing extremist theorists from the USA and their influence in Europe. In: Eckhard Jesse, Roland Sturm (ed.): Democracy in Germany and Europe: History, challenges, perspectives. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2015, ISBN 3-428-14812-6 , pp. 307-324.
  • George Michael: Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press, 2012, ISBN 0-8265-1855-9 .
  • Jeffrey Kaplan: Leaderless Resistance. (1997) In: David C. Rapoport (Ed.): Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Routledge, London 2002, ISBN 0-415-31654-5 , pp. 242-257 .
  • Thomas Grumke: The concept of leaderless resistance in right-wing terrorism. In: Neue Gesellschaft / Frankfurter Hefte 6 (June 1999), pp. 495–499.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sebastian Gräfe: Right-wing terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany: Between adventure-oriented young people, "after-work terrorists" and clandestine underground cells. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8452-8757-7 , p. 69 and p. 73 .
  2. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018. Opladen 2019, p. 223 and p. 226 .
  3. ↑ George Michael: Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN 2012, p. 42 .
  4. ↑ Jeffrey Kaplan: Leaderless Resistance. In: David C. Rapoport (Ed.): Terrorism (= Critical Concepts in Political Science. ) Volume 4: The Fourth or Religious Wave. Routledge, London / New York 2006, ISBN 0-415-31650-2 , pp. 242-257, here pp. 242-244 (first published 1997).
  5. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018. Opladen 2019, pp. 219–222 .
  6. ↑ Jeffrey Kaplan: Leaderless Resistance. In: David C. Rapoport (Ed.): Terrorism (= Critical Concepts in Political Science. ) Volume 4: The Fourth or Religious Wave. Routledge, London / New York 2006, ISBN 0-415-31650-2 , pp. 242-257, here pp. 246 f. (first published 1997).
  7. ↑ a b Thom Saffold: Right-Wing Domestic Terrorism: Widespread and Underreported. In: Agenda. Monthly Independent News around Ann Arbor. September 1999 (PDF).
  8. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018 , Opladen 2019, p. 222f.
  9. ^ A b Richard Sandbrook: A New Urgency: Civilizing Globalization in a Era of Terrorism. In: ders. (Ed.): Civilizing Globalization: A Survival Guide. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY 2003, ISBN 0-7914-5668-4 , pp. 253-267, here p. 254 .
  10. ↑ Jeffrey D. Simon: Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat. Prometheus Books, New York 2016, ISBN 978-1-63388-237-9 , p. 30 .
  11. ^ A b Travis Morris: Dark Ideas: How Neo-Nazi and Violent Jihadi Ideologues Shaped Modern Terrorism. Lexington Books, Lanham et al. 2017, ISBN 978-0-7391-9104-0 , p. 57 .
  12. ↑ Jeffrey Kaplan: Leaderless Resistance. In: David C. Rapoport (Ed.): Terrorism , London 2002, pp. 248f.
  13. ↑ Cynthia C. Combs: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. 7th edition, Routledge, New York 2016, ISBN 978-1-138-67139-3 , p. 204 .
  14. ↑ Karin Priester: Right-wing Terrorism Yesterday and Today. In: Neue Gesellschaft / Frankfurter Hefte. 59th year, 2012, pp. 23-27.
  15. ↑ Atomic Weapons Division. In: Extremist Files (database), Southern Poverty Law Center .
  16. ↑ a b Jörg Diehl et al .: From the Web to Real Life: The Growing Threat of Online-Bred Right-Wing Extremism. Spiegel, March 28, 2019
  17. ^ A b Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the “Werewolf” to the “Turner Diaries” to the “Leaderless Resistance”. In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018 , Opladen 2019, p. 223f.
  18. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018 , Opladen 2019, p. 224f.
  19. ↑ a b Gideon Botsch: The extreme right in the Federal Republic of Germany 1949 to today. Darmstadt 2012, p. 109.
  20. ^ Graham D. Macklin: Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction. In: Patterns of Prejudice. Volume 39/3, 2005, pp. 301-326, doi: 10.1080 / 00313220500198292 , here p. 312.
  21. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018 , Opladen 2019, pp. 216–218 .
  22. ↑ a b c Johannes Radke, Toralf Staud: The wrong ideas of right-wing extremist terror. In: Die Zeit , June 19, 2019.
  23. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018 , Opladen 2019, p. 218f.
  24. ↑ Stefan Heerdegen: Not fallen from the sky. The Thuringian neo-Nazi scene and the NSU. In: Wolfgang Frindte et al. (Ed.): Right-wing extremism and "National Socialist Underground". Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-09997-8 , pp. 195–212, here p. 207 .
  25. ↑ Sebastian Gräfe: Right-wing terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany , 2017, p. 73 .
  26. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: From the "Werewolf" to the "Turner Diaries" to the "Leaderless Resistance". In: Jannis Jost et al. (Ed.): Yearbook Terrorism 2017/2018 , Opladen 2019, p. 226f.
  27. ↑ Terrorism: The lonely wolf and his digital pack. Tellerreport.com, March 23, 2019