2011 attacks in Norway

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The government district in Oslo shortly after the bombing
2011 attacks in Norway (Viken)
Oslo (59 ° 54 ′ 36 ″ N, 10 ° 45 ′ 0 ″ E)
Oslo
Utøya (60 ° 1 ′ 25 ″ N, 10 ° 14 ′ 53 ″ E)
Utøya
The attack sites on a map of the province of Viken

The attacks in Norway on July 22, 2011 were two related terrorist attacks by Norwegian right-wing extremist Anders Behring Breivik against Norwegian government employees in Oslo and against young people in a holiday camp on the Norwegian island of Utøya , killing 77 people.

At 3:25 p.m. CEST , Breivik detonated a car bomb in front of the Prime Minister's office building in the center of the Norwegian capital. Eight people were killed and another ten injured in the explosion.

Two hours later, the perpetrator shot and killed 69 people with a self-loading rifle Ruger Mini-14 on the island of Utøya in a holiday camp run by the youth organization of the social democratic labor party , Arbeidernes Ungdomsfylking (AUF). The massacre lasted about 90 minutes.

Breivik was arrested as a suspect on Utøya in the early evening of July 22nd; he confessed the deeds the next day and expressed Islamophobic motives . Before the crime, he had sent a 1,500-page document in which he tried to justify his attack. According to a forensic psychiatric report published on November 29, 2011, Breivik suffered from severe psychosis and was not sane at the time of the crime. A second report came to the opposite conclusion. In August 2012, Breivik was declared sane by a Norwegian court and sentenced to 21 years in prison with subsequent preventive detention, the maximum sentence.

planning

The assassinations Breivik carried out on July 22, 2011 were just one possible scenario he was considering. He had significant problems building the bombs, which is why the tent camp on Utøya finally came into his focus.

In Breivik's manifesto, planning, material procurement and measures to avoid attracting attention are described in detail. For the days before the attack, he set aside 2,000 euros for a "noble whore" and went back to the tanning bed, said Breivik. In 2006 he devoted himself almost exclusively to the online computer game World of Warcraft for almost a year , up to 16 hours a day. His decision to assassinate was already made. Another computer game, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare , used Breivik to prepare for the attacks.

Bomb attack in Oslo

The car bomb explosion occurred in the government district on Grubbegata between the Ministry of Oil and Energy and the 17-story high-rise Høyblokken, which housed several ministries and Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg's office. A bomb based on 950 kilograms of ANFO ( ammonium nitrate and diesel oil ) was detonated in a VW Crafter van . Eight people were killed in the explosion. Several buildings were damaged. The structure on which the van was parked collapsed. According to the specialist questioned in the court proceedings, this slump has only insignificantly reduced the strength of the pressure wave.

A fire broke out on the upper floors of the Ministry of Oil and Energy. The blast from the explosion burst windows within a radius of one kilometer. Debris from buildings was scattered in the streets around the attack site. Less than three hours after the explosion, the police found out the license plate number of the van with the help of surveillance videos and also identified Anders Behring Breivik as the driver of the vehicle. Immediately after leaving the crime scene, Breivik drove to Utøya with another vehicle parked nearby. Just before the attack, the Delta Special Forces completed a counter-terrorism exercise in the government district.

  • The damaged office building of the Prime Minister

  • Photo of the destroyed facade of an office complex

    The Department of Oil and Energy damaged by the detonation

  • The site of the attack in Oslo between the Office of the Minister of State (H-Block) and the Ministries for Petroleum and Energy and for Trade and Industry (R4)

  • The downtown area of ​​Oslo was cordoned off for some time while cleanup work was taking place.

Attack on Utøya

The island of Utøya

On the island of Utøya, around 30 kilometers northwest of Oslo in the Tyrifjord , there were around 560 people, mostly young people, in a summer camp organized every year by the AUF , the youth organization of the social democratic workers ' party. The perpetrator reached the island at 5:15 p.m. From around 5:20 p.m. to 6:35 p.m., the perpetrator targeted his victims, killing 69 people.

In the early afternoon, the long-time Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland , gave a lecture there. Breivik also wanted to assassinate Brundtland, whom he had called "land killer" in Internet debates because he saw her as the main person responsible for Norwegian immigration policy . However, she had left the island a few minutes before his arrival.

Sequence of events

Breivik, who wore a police uniform and pretended to have been assigned as a police officer for the safety of the summer camp participants, sat down with Monica B., who was the director of the summer camp, at around 5 p.m. on the boat MS Thorbjørn , owned by the AUF belongs to the island over. Once on the island, he and Monica went to the main house on the island, where they met Trond B., who was employed as an unarmed guard for the summer camp. Both were the first victims when Breivik opened fire in the main house. After Breivik ran amok over the island , he went to the water and shot at young people who fled into the Tyrifjord, some of whom tried to swim to the mainland 600 meters away. According to an eyewitness report, he deliberately murdered wounded people who were playing dead with headshots and deliberately spared two young people who had asked him independently not to kill them. Some campers, especially those who knew the island well, swam to the rocky west side of the island and hid in caves that are only accessible from the water. 23 surviving youths hid in a cave on the island. 47 of the survivors, including members of the Norwegian People's Aid organization , sought refuge in the island's training center during the attack. Breivik shot through the locked door several times, but couldn't get past it and couldn't get into the house any other way.

At 5:27 p.m., the North Buskerud police recorded the receipt of the first emergency call. About half an hour after the shootings began, the perpetrator called the police himself because he wanted to surrender. The perpetrator chased his victims across the island until after about 72 minutes he was caught by the anti-terrorist unit Beredskapstroppen and was arrested without resistance. About 150 young people were rescued from the water by boat. The German roofer Marcel Gleffe saved at least 20 lives alone.

Three weeks after the attacks, an inspection of the crime scene with reconstruction of the course of events was carried out on the island of Utøya. Breivik worked well with the officials on that reconstruction, but showed no remorse.

Victim

Tore Eikeland , chairman of the AUF in Hordaland, was among the 69 fatalities on the island of Utøya . The stepbrother of the Norwegian Crown Princess Mette-Marit and the organizer of the holiday camp were also among the dead. 67 of the victims died of gunshot wounds, one fell fatally from a rock while trying to escape, and one drowned while trying to escape. The victims were between 14 and 51 years old, 32 of them under 18 years of age. Breivik met the dead 2.8 times on average, a single victim eight times. He fired a total of at least 187 shots, with which he hit people who died immediately or as a result. 33 people on Utøya were shot injured but survived. The exact anatomical courses of the gunshot and injuries, statements about the presumed cause of death and details of the location can be found in the indictment.

Indictment, Anders Behring Breivik

A list of the victims with photos was published by the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten .

Perpetrator

The police confirmed at a press conference that the arrested and confessed suspect had also been seen at the crime scene in downtown Oslo. According to the deputy chief of police in Oslo, the person arrested was Anders Behring Breivik, who was 32 at the time of the crime, and was born in Norway. Two weapons were registered in the state register for the owner of an agricultural company in Åmot municipality , including a Glock pistol . Based on his previous activities and statements, his political position is described as right-wing. Breivik says of himself that he is not a Christian and that he believes in Odin .

On the night of Saturday, police specialists searched Breivik's apartment in Oslo and the Breivik Geofarm farm . It became known that Breivik had six tons of mineral fertilizer delivered in May, which, as it later turned out, he used to build a bomb. During police interrogation on July 22nd, Breivik confessed to detonating a 950-kilogram bomb in Oslo's government district. It was a car bomb.

Breivik confessed the day after the crime, but did not plead guilty to any crime. On July 25, Breivik was brought before the judge, who ordered eight weeks of pre-trial detention, including four weeks in solitary confinement.

manifest

Shortly before the crime, Breivik sent a 1,500-page pamphlet, commonly known as a “manifest”, to 1,003 email recipients, including newsrooms and right-wing politicians. In the document entitled 2083 A European Declaration of Independence , he explained, among other things, how he had prepared the attacks. The document contains a log of the preparations for the attacks, which is kept in the form of a diary. The pamphlet consists largely of a compilation of foreign texts from numerous anti-Islamic , right-wing blogs such as Gates of Vienna . Breivik stylized himself in writing as the savior of a Christian-European order. In doing so, he took up right-wing populist ideas of so-called national-conservative intellectuals, which alleged cultural Marxism , which is held responsible for an allegedly planned Islamization of Europe, as well as other "foreign influences", among others. fight against the so-called Conservative Revolution . According to his own account, Breivik had been planning the act for nine years. He also wrote that he wanted to use the pamphlet for the time after a possible arrest in a "propaganda phase".

Several of the people described as the “ideological masterminds” of the Norwegian mass murderer, such as Bat Yeʾor , on whose theses Breivik's Islamophobic ideology is largely based, the Norwegian blogger Fjordman , from whose writings Breivik made extensive use, and the English presumed right-wing radical Paul Ray distanced themselves from Breivik's acts of violence and expressed regret that their writings might have been one of Breivik's "inspirations".

The manifest contains specific instructions for increasing the effectiveness of ordnance and firearms. In security circles, this is discussed as a turning point in the defense against danger, which calls into question the protective function of the standards of the Explosives and Weapons Act.

Video recording

Around six hours before the attacks, a video recording was published on the video portals YouTube and Veoh , which summarizes some of the key points of Breivik's declaration and shows the perpetrator with a gun, among other things. The rifle is a modified Ruger Mini-14 , which he mentions in his manifesto. The creation of this video is also documented in the letter. Accordingly, Breivik made it a priority to look well-groomed in the photos and in the video; according to his own statement, he saw the pictures as “advertising material” for one of the “most influential individuals of the time”.

Reactions

Photo of a crowd behind laid wreaths of flowers and candles
Remembering the victims
Flowers in memory of the victims

Immediately after the bombing in the city center, some media briefly speculated about an Islamist background. This assumption was reinforced by a letter of confession from a previously unknown Islamist group, which, however, soon turned out to be wrong.

In Norway

Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg rated the event as the worst disaster in Norway since World War II . In a first press conference with the Norwegian Justice Minister Knut Storberget on the evening of July 22nd, Stoltenberg affirmed: “You will not destroy our democracy and our commitment to a better world. [Nobody could shoot Norway] to silence ”. Two days after the attacks, Stoltenberg said in his speech at the funeral service in Oslo Cathedral : “We are still shocked, but we will not give up our values. Our answer is: more democracy, more openness, more humanity. ”In the days after the attacks, Oslo Cathedral became the focus of expressions of mourning, the square in front of the cathedral was littered with roses for days.

On July 25, the citizens of Norway and the Scandinavian neighboring countries remembered the victims with a minute's silence . All trains were brought to a stop, including road traffic in the capital, Oslo. In the evening several hundred thousand Norwegians gathered in Oslo and other cities to take to the streets against violence and to commemorate the victims.

On August 21, a national commemoration was held in Oslo, attended by the Norwegian royal family as well as members of the Swedish and Danish royal families as well as the presidents of Iceland and Finland. Various artists also performed at the event, including the Norwegian band a-ha , which broke up at the end of 2010.

On April 26, 2012, around 40,000 people remembered the victims of the attacks in Oslo and protested against the acts. The event was led by Lillebjørn Nilsen , the author of the Norwegian song Barn av regnbuen ( Children of the rainbow ). The song was sung by the participants together. The culture ministers of the Scandinavian countries also took part in the memorial event .

After the attacks, the song Mitt lille land (My Little Land) gained huge popularity as a "symbol of mourning" and was called the "new national anthem".

Memorial services were held across Norway to mark the first anniversary of the Oslo and Utøya attacks. Central commemorative events included a service in Oslo Cathedral in the presence of the Norwegian king and a concert in front of Oslo City Hall .

An investigation report was published for August 13, 2012, in which the behavior of the police and authorities on July 22, 2011 was analyzed. On August 24, 2012, the verdict against the assassin Anders Behring Breivik took place. He was sentenced to 21 years ' imprisonment with subsequent preventive detention; the judgment has been final since September 7, 2012.

International

The United Nations Security Council condemned the attacks in Norway. In a joint statement on July 23, the 15 council members spoke out "in the strongest possible terms [against the acts] all acts of terrorism are criminal and inexcusable, whatever their motivation," the statement said. The heads of state and government of most states expressed themselves in the same way. The speakers of various right-wing organizations and organizations critical of Islam distanced themselves from Breivik.

The German Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich called for an end to anonymity on the Internet after the attacks in Norway and the identity of the blogger Fjordman became known . Politically motivated perpetrators like Anders Behring Breivik can find radicalized theses on the Internet. Fjordman and other anonymous bloggers would have to “reveal their true identity” and argue “with an open eye”.

Criticism of the police and resignation of the police chief

Øystein Mæland

The special unit Beredskapstroppen was criticized for the time of around an hour it took to reach the island. This was explained with the vacation of all helicopter pilots as well as the machine damage of the police's own boat, which meant that other boats and a more distant landing point had to be used.

Upon arrival, the Beredskapstroppen arrested a 17-year-old survivor from Chechnya who was released after 17 hours. The Norwegian lawyer Harald Stabell criticized the lack of notification to his family, who were looking for survivors and identifying the dead at the time. The interrogation was also carried out without the presence of a lawyer.

Following criticism of the police operation by a commission of experts in August 2012, Norway's police chief Øystein Mæland resigned with immediate effect. Mæland, who took office shortly before the attacks, justified the move with a lack of political support.

Place of remembrance

A year-long conflict arose between survivors of the attack and relatives of the victims with residents who do not want to be reminded of the events of 2011 on a daily basis and fear retraumatisation about a place of remembrance on the island of Utøya . Residents of a nearby peninsula north of Utøya prevented a memorial that should have been completed in 2015. In September 2020, critics obtained a stop for the erection of 77 three-meter-high bronze steles on the ferry quay at Utøya. In February 2021, a court ruled that the monument could be built. The plaintiffs reserved the right to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights if necessary .

Movies

literature

documentation

Web links

Commons : Attacks in Norway 2011  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Terrorist attacks in Norway: At least 90 dead and numerous injured  - news

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Her er hele dommen mot Anders Behring Breivik In: Aftenposten. August 24, 2012 (Norwegian).
  2. ↑ Series of pictures in front of the office building, where Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and several ministers have their offices  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on August 25, 2012. (offline)
  3. ↑ Anders Behring Breivik`s Ruger Mini 14. In: Photo: Police Picture Released to Media. Retrieved July 3, 2017 .
  4. ↑ net-tribune: The number of victims of attacks in Norway rose to 77. In: net-tribune.de. Retrieved July 30, 2011 .
  5. ↑ a b Gerald Traufetter: Alleged assassin. Blond, blue-eyed, unscrupulous. Spiegel Online, July 23, 2011.
  6. ↑ Suspect makes confession. ( Memento from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Tagesschau.de, accessed on July 24, 2011.
  7. ↑ The assassin justifies the bloody act with crude hatred of people. Spiegel Online, July 24, 2011, accessed July 24, 2011.
  8. ↑ Utøya assassin is said to be insane - Breivik suffered from psychosis sueddeutsche.de, November 29, 2011.
  9. ^ Judgment against Breivik: 21 years' imprisonment plus preventive detention at Spiegel Online, August 24, 2012 (accessed on August 24, 2012).
  10. ↑ https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/process-in-oslo-breivik-schildert-planung-seiner-anschlaege-1.1336275
  11. ↑ Graphics: Slik skjedde angrepene July 22nd. In: vg.no. July 23, 2011, Retrieved July 30, 2011 (Norwegian).
  12. ↑ Bombebilen sto i Oslo i to dager for bombs smalt. In: tu.no. July 23, 2011, Retrieved July 30, 2011 (Norwegian).
  13. ↑ WORLD: Breivik returns . August 15, 2011 ( online [accessed September 17, 2019]).
  14. ↑ Police corrected the number of deaths significantly downwards (Politics, International, NZZ Online). In: nzz.ch. Retrieved July 27, 2011 .
  15. ↑ Aftenposten: Ekspert: - Garasjeanlegget dempet ikke Breiviks bombe , April 24, 2012.
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  19. ↑ Trente på Utøya-scenario July 22nd. (No longer available online.) In: aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012 ; Retrieved April 29, 2012 .
  20. ↑ a b Attack on a Norwegian island. The perpetrator had around 90 minutes to complete the massacre , SpiegelOnline, July 23, 2011
  21. ↑ The assassin bought tons of fertilizer for the car bomb , stern.de, accessed on July 23, 2011
  22. ↑ DIE ZEIT, July 25, 2011: Police speak of 76 dead
  23. ↑ VG.no July 24, 2011: Drama sequence - minute by minute (Norwegian)
  24. ↑ kbe / AFP / DPA / DPA: Attacks in Norway: Anders Behring Breivik wants to testify in uniform. In: stern.de. July 25, 2011, accessed March 13, 2019 .
  25. ↑ "landesmo (r) haben" as Paronomasie from Norwegian "landesmoderen" (country mother) and "landesmorderen" (country murderer)
  26. ↑ Per Hinrichs: He admits the deeds, but not the guilt . In: Die Welt, July 26, 2011
  27. ↑ Slik he hovedhuset på Utøya. Retrieved July 25, 2020 (Norwegian).
  28. ↑ The massacre lasted 60 minutes: the assassin shot with special ammunition - n-tv.de. In: n-tv.de. Retrieved July 26, 2011 .
  29. ↑ "You har allerede drept pappaen min, Any er for ung til å dø" on nrk.no, accessed August 1, 2011
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  36. ↑ The heroes of Utvika in spiegel.de/panorama/justiz
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  39. ↑ Swantje Dake: Crown Princess Mette-Marit loses stepbrother: Trond Berntsen's heroic commitment. stern.de, July 25, 2011, accessed on December 21, 2012 .
  40. ^ "Mor Utøya" blant de første som ble drept. In: dagbladet.no. Retrieved July 27, 2011 .
  41. ↑ Aage Storm Borchgrevink: En norsk tragedie. Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya , Oslo 2012, p. 299.
  42. ↑ Emma Tollersrud: Alle navnene offentliggjort. Aftenposten , August 7, 2011, archived from the original on August 28, 2011 ; Retrieved January 3, 2020 (Norwegian).
  43. ↑ Suspect makes confession ( memento from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Tagesschau.de, accessed on July 24, 2011
  44. ↑ Anders Behring Breivik (32) in Oslo ble pågrepet etter bomb and massedrap , tv2.no
  45. ↑ Nøkkelopplysninger fra Enhetsregisteret , Brønnøysundregistrene
  46. ↑ "Christian Fundamentalist" with contacts to the right-wing scene , derStandard.at, July 23, 2011
  47. ↑ Breivik: Jeg er ikke kristen (Breivik: I'm not a Christian). Retrieved June 9, 2017 (Norwegian).
  48. ↑ Breivik mener Jesus er "patetisk" (Breivik thinks Jesus is "ridiculous"). Retrieved June 9, 2017 (Norwegian).
  49. ↑ Peter Beaumont: Anders Behring Breivik: profile of a mass murderer , guardian.co.uk, July 23, 2011
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  58. ↑ The assassin and the hate blogger . Spiegel Online, July 24, 2011.
  59. ↑ Nürnberger Nachrichten of July 25, 2011
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  61. ↑ A little remorse, a little excuse
  62. ^ Criminological Society in Cologne: Abstract volume for the 14th Scientific Conference of the Criminological Society in Cologne from September 24th to September 26th, 2015. Retrieved on July 5, 2017 : “The publication of the manifest by the ABB means a turning point in the averting of danger due to some of its contents. The “Manifesto” has significantly increased the risk potential, a fact that has not yet been adequately appreciated. In addition to advice on the offense-related use of ordnance (USBV) and firearms (SW), the manifesto also gives specific instructions on how to increase the effectiveness of these agents. From the state of the art presentation of the potential effects of the IED and SW before Breivik's publication, test examples (reconstruction of explosives, etc.) show whether and how the potential danger of IED and SW increases. The actual protective function of the Explosives and Weapons Acts are discussed with a view to the changed risk potential. "
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  87. ^ Commemorative dispute about the victims of Utøya. In: Der Spiegel . February 20, 2021, p. 79.
  88. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrwsbB0Fw3Y Description on natgeotv.com, viewed on March 4, 2013