Behring Breivik is different

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Portrait photo of Anders Behring Breivik on a forged police ID

Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈɑnːəʂ ˈbeːriŋ ˈbræiviːk] listen ? / I , since June 2017 Fjotolf Hansen ; born  February 13, 1979 in Oslo , Norway ) is a right-wing terrorist and Islamophobic Norwegian mass murderer . On July 22, 2011, he committed the attacks in Oslo and on the island of Utøya , in which 77 people were killed, 69 of whom were participants in a tent camp run by the youth organization AUF of the social democratic workers' party . He was arrested on the day of the attack and fully confessed to the crime the following day. On April 16, 2012 the trial against him was opened on charges of terrorism and multiple willful homicide . On August 24, 2012, the Oslo District Court ("Tingrett") declared him sane, contrary to the prosecution's request, and sentenced him to 21 years' imprisonment with subsequent preventive detention - the highest sentence known in Norwegian criminal law. Audio file / audio sample

Life

Names

The family name is Breivik. The name Behring is the maiden name of his mother and not part of his family name. The origins of his family name come from Breivika in Hadsel ; Literally translated the name means "wide bay". On June 9, 2017, the Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang reported that Breivik had officially changed his name to Fjotolf Hansen.

Childhood and youth

Housing complex in the Oslo district of Skøyen, where Anders Behring Breivik grew up (1982–1994)

Anders Behring Breivik's parents, the nurse Wenche Behring and the business economist Jens David Breivik, moved to London in 1979, a few months after the birth of their son . Jens David Breivik took up a position there at the Norwegian embassy . In 1980 the parents separated; the marriage was formally divorced on January 17, 1983. Wenche Behring moved with her son and a six-year-old daughter from a previous relationship to her husband's official apartment in the west of Oslo. In the autumn of 1982 the small family moved into a five-room condominium in Skøyen, another area in the affluent west of the city. According to Anders Behring Breivik, he saw his father every year , who later served as a ministerial advisor to the Norwegian OECD delegation in Paris .

As early as 1981, Breivik's mother had approached a social office in Oslo and applied for a place in a communal weekend home for her boy because he was “exhausting” and she needed relief. The request was granted, but shortly afterwards the mother took her son back to her home on the weekends. A year and a half later, in early 1983, she went to a family counseling center and asked for help again. Thereupon the family (Wenche Behring and their two children) were admitted to the State Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SSBU) for observation for a few weeks. In a letter from the child psychiatrist Per Olav Næss to the youth welfare office, it is said that Anders Breivik had difficulties "expressing himself emotionally", that he was "passive in the game" and that he was almost completely missing "elements of pleasure and joy". Næss recommended that the authorities place the boy in a “stable nursing home”. However, no corresponding resolutions were passed.

Based on these assessments, the father, who lives in France, applied for custody of the boy. The competent court ruled that the family situation should be examined more closely and that the child should stay with its mother during this time. Jens Breivik then withdrew his application for custody. The psychiatrist Per Olav Næss reacted with concern to this development. In a second letter to the youth welfare office dated October 28, 1983, he wrote: "We stick to our original conclusion that Anders is so neglected that there is a risk of developing a serious mental disorder ." After the father withdrew his request the youth welfare office should take care of the case. At the beginning of 1984 the authority advocated the establishment of a legal guardian, but the mother refused and the juvenile court did not order it either.

The youth welfare office had renewed contact with the family around 1994/95 when the police picked up the boy after a stay in Denmark and seized a large number of spray cans . During this time, Anders Breivik was part of a clique of his peers who put graffiti on houses. However, the authorities considered it unnecessary to initiate "relief measures". However, because of these incidents, the relationship between Anders Breivik and his father deteriorated. Shortly afterwards, the youngster broke off all contact with him.

At the age of 15, Breivik was baptized and confirmed Christian of his own accord .

Education and professional career

Breivik attended schools in western districts of the Norwegian capital, including the Oslo Commercial High School until 1998 , which he left without a degree. Even as a schoolboy, he worked part-time in a telemarketing company. At the same time, from 1998 onwards he founded several companies in the areas of direct marketing , advertising and e-commerce , most of which were not economically successful. In the opinion of experts, some of these smaller companies were "in a legal gray area". Several companies were deleted by the registry court due to improper company use. In April 2002 Breivik stayed briefly in Liberia , where he was considering making money smuggling blood diamonds . However, he quickly abandoned his plans. He later claimed to have met a Serbian war veteran by the code name The Dragon in the Liberian capital Monrovia , who had given him access to a network of "Knights Templar" in London.

Police investigations revealed that the sale of counterfeit US university degrees brought him close to half a million euros between 2002 and 2006. The money, which he withdrew from state taxation, he placed in accounts in 13 different countries, including in the Baltic States and the Caribbean. For the purpose of money laundering , which his mother helped him with, he founded a company called Brentwood Solutions LTD in the tax haven of Antigua . Breivik's allegation that he earned around four million Norwegian kroner from the sale of computer software has been rejected early by investigators. In stock speculation, Breivik lost a considerable part of his fortune, according to his own statements 350,000 kroner. In 2006 his financial situation is said to have deteriorated so much that he moved back in with his mother. A bankruptcy trustee, who paid him a home visit in 2008, registered Breivik's violations of tax, stock corporation and accounting law, among other things. However, the police stopped their investigation due to excessive strain.

In May 2009 he registered the agricultural company Breivik Geofarm, based in Åmot municipality , in the commercial register. According to the register entry, Breivik wanted to dedicate himself to the “cultivation of vegetables, melons, roots and tubers”. On May 4, 2011, he bought six tons of mineral fertilizer ( ammonium nitrate ) for the company that he ran alone , which he later used to build a bomb. A few days after the attacks, the police found explosives on the premises of Breivik's farm , which they detonated in a controlled manner. Two weapons were registered in his name in the state register.

Memberships

Breivik was a member of the right-wing populist Fremskrittspartiet from 1999 to 2006 . Between 1997 and 2007 he was involved in the party's youth organization , where he held various positions. From January to October 2002 he headed the Oslo West local association, and then served on the board of the local association until November 2004.

Breivik was from February 2007 to become aware of his deed member of Johannisloge St. Olaus til de tre Soiler , a Masonic lodge of the Christian Norwegian Masonic Order , in which he the third degree (Master) by Swedish National rite reached.

From 2005 to 2007 and from June 2010 until his expulsion shortly after the attacks , Breivik belonged to the Oslo Pistolklubb , a shooting club in Oslo, which is organized in the Norwegian Shooting and Sports Association. According to the association, he took part in 13 organized training sessions and a competition as of June 2010, without being noticed in the association with regard to political positions or in any other way.

Activities in the right-wing extremist milieu

According to the Swedish Expo Foundation , Breivik has been active in the right-wing extremist forum nordisk.nu since 2009 . Breivik left 75 posts in the Norwegian forum Document.no , which is critical of Islam . Among other things, he explained here why he had left the Fremskrittspartiet that was too moderate and established in his eyes . He described it as a mistake of the party that it gave in to "multicultural demands and the suicidal ideals of humanism ".

In the last few years before the attack, he took part in the development of a Norwegian offshoot of the Islamophobic English Defense League , the Norsk forsvarsallianse (English name: Norwegian Defense League (NDL); German: Norwegian Defense Alliance ), and used it, based on the eponymous Norwegian crusader , the pen name Sigurd Jorsalfar . He also claimed to have extensive contacts with the EDL and to have participated in one of their demonstrations in Bradford . The EDL boss Stephen Yaxley-Lennon denied any connection between his organization and Breivik, but stated that he shared his ideology.

Terrorist attacks in Oslo and on Utøya

The government district in Oslo shortly after the Breivik bombing
Utøya island

motive

As a motive for the terrorist attack and the failed assassinations , Breivik stated that he wanted to defend Norway against Islam and “ cultural Marxism ”. He rejects multiculturalism and wanted to hit the ruling Social Democrats “as hard as possible”, as they had contributed greatly to the “mass importation of Muslims” to Norway. In Oslo, his attack was aimed at the social democratic government of Minister of State Jens Stoltenberg . The car bomb was placed right next to the building where his office is located. The office, other parts of the building and parts of several surrounding government buildings were vandalized. Breivik had planned even greater damage than the one that had occurred. In Utøya , Breivik missed the former head of government for many years, Gro Harlem Brundtland , who had given a lecture there early that morning. Breivik, who had called her “land murderess” in Internet debates, saw in her the main person responsible for Norwegian immigration policy .

procedure

On July 22, 2011, at 3:25 p.m., Breivik detonated a car bomb in a VW Crafter van parked in the government district of Oslo . Breivik himself made the bomb based on 950 kilograms of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and diesel oil ). Eight people were killed in the explosion; several buildings were severely damaged. In the oil and energy ministry , a fire originated in the upper floors.

From Oslo, Breivik drove in a Fiat Doblò to the Tyrifjord, 30 kilometers northwest of the city . At around 5 p.m., disguised as a police officer, he crossed over to the island of Utøya in the lake, where the annual camp of the social democratic youth organization Arbeidernes Ungdomsfylking took place. Compared to his original plans, it was late, which saved the life of Gro Harlem Brundtland , who had given a lecture there early that morning. Brundtland had left the island shortly before Breivik's arrival. Breivik, who still appears in police uniform and a bulletproof vest , called the young people present, ostensibly to provide more detailed information about the bomb attack in Oslo, which they had learned about through radio media. Then he opened fire on her without warning. A total of 69 people died as a result of his actions in the course of about 75 minutes. 67 of the victims died from gunshot wounds, one drowned and another died from falling from the cliff. The victims were between 14 and 51 years old, 32 of them under 18 years of age.

After police from an anti-terrorist unit arrived on the island, Breivik was arrested by them around 6:35 p.m. without resistance. He confessed to both attacks; At the same time, however, he denied guilt in the criminal sense. Medical-toxicological studies have shown that Breivik was under the influence of ephedrine and caffeine as well as anabolic steroids at the time of the crime .

The Norwegian investigator Pål Hjort Kraby announced in August 2011 that Breivik had worked well with the police officers during an on-site reconstruction of the course of events three weeks after the attacks, but had shown no remorse .

Breivik's publications

"Manifesto" and video

Under the pseudonym Andrew Berwick , Breivik compiled a more than 1500-page text with the title 2083: A European Declaration of Independence and sent it to 1003 email recipients shortly before the attacks. In the English text, the title page of which shows the cross of the Templar Order , Breivik postulates a threat to Europe from “multiculturalists, cultural Marxists […] and capitalist globalists”. The term cultural Marxism , which he often uses synonymously for multiculturalism, is accompanied by three so-called “hate ideologies” that must be combated: National Socialism (“anti-Jewish”), communism (“anti-individualistic”) and the Islam .

The title of the text refers to the Battle of Kahlenberg in 1683 and the American Declaration of Independence . The introduction with the definition of " cultural Marxism " is taken literally from the text "Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology" published by William Sturgiss Lind in 2005 by the conservative think tank Free Congress Foundation . The writing, which some media calls a “Manifesto”, also consists in other parts of a compilation of foreign texts from politically conservative, right-wing populist and Islamophobic websites. The author used extensively texts by the Norwegian blogger Fjordman , whom he describes as his “favorite writer”. He gives more than fifty references to the religious scholar Robert Spencer , who founded organizations like Jihad Watch and Stop Islamization of America . He often refers to the term coined by Gisèle Littman of what she sees as a threatening “ Eurabia ”. He also refers to the Islam critics Koenraad Elst , Geert Wilders , Daniel Pipes and Henryk M. Broder . Breivik's writing also contains a log of the preparations for the attacks. Several passages from the Unabomber Manifesto (1995) by the American bomber Ted Kaczynski were copied into the font, replacing the terms “ left ” with “ cultural Marxists ” and “ blacks ” with “ Muslims ”.

A few hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a twelve-minute video entitled Knights Templar 2083 on the Internet. Breivik describes himself in the video as in his writing as a high-ranking member (commander) of an alleged successor organization of the Knights Templar , which was founded in London in 2002. However, according to later investigation, there is no evidence that the organization ever existed. Breivik refers to the end of the siege of Vienna (1683, i.e. 400 years before 2083) by the Ottoman Empire as well as to historical figures from the Reconquista and the Crusades , whom he sees as pioneers against Islam: “We look at what our forefathers did [...] did and realize that we can only save Europe if we accept the principles of our ancestors. […] Forward, Christian fighters! ”These principles are“ strength, honor, sacrifice and martyrdom ”. In its fight against Islam, according to Breivik, the modern Knights Templar should adopt the methods of the Islamist terrorist organization al-Qaeda , learn from its successes and avoid its mistakes. The aim is to build a kind of "al-Qaida for Christians". His reference to Christianity is contradictory: on the one hand, he describes himself as a "one hundred percent Christian", on the other hand he "does not necessarily" have a personal bond with God and Jesus Christ. He sees Christianity as a “cultural, social […] and moral platform.” In a letter that he sent to several newspapers in November 2015, he wrote that he had “always despised the weakness and internationalism” of the church .

In both the “Manifesto” and the video, Breivik announces a “ conservative revolution ” that will be completed in 2083 , which will defeat the “ multicultural elites ” and “ ban Islam ”. In order to be able to carry out this “ revolution ”, Breivik calls for the formation of the broadest possible front against Islam worldwide, to which the western world should ally itself with radical Zionists in Israel , Hindu nationalists in India and fundamentalist Buddhists in China . For the expulsion of Muslims from the West , he cited the controversial Beneš decrees as a model: The West should deal with the Muslims as Czechoslovakia did with the Sudeten Germans after the Second World War . Monoculturalism, the reinstatement of the nuclear family as the nucleus of society, the free market economy , support for Israel and the Eastern Churches and advocacy for a culturally understood Christianity have been identified as essential elements of Breivik's cultural conservative ideology . At the end of the revolution, according to Breivik, women will know "their place in society" again under the aegis of the restituted patriarchate . The feminism have contributed to the "balance of power" was eroded between men and women. Feminists also advocate political correctness and Muslim immigration and are therefore partly responsible for the destruction of Norwegian society. 60 to 70 percent of the cultural Marxists to be fought are women; “The fate of European civilization [depends] on how steadfastly European men resist politically correct feminism.” In his manifesto, Breivik takes a pro-Jewish position on the one hand to use the Islamist threat to Jews as a justification for anti-Muslim racism on the other he blames Jewish intellectuals - like the Frankfurt School around Horkheimer and Adorno - for the hated multiculturalism and reproduces the anti-Semitic caricature of the “nation-destroying multicultural Jew”. According to Breivik, Western Europe “with 1 million Jews” has no “Jewish problem” (with the exception of Great Britain and France), whereas the USA “with 6 million Jews” has a “considerable Jewish problem”.

Comments

The chief investigation officer Øystein Mæland's first assessment was that Breivik “probably has a right-wing extremist , Christian fundamentalist attitude”. The Norwegian social scientist Lars Gule characterizes Breivik as nationally conservative , he has a conservative , Christian ideology, but presumably without a fundamentalist or neo-Nazi background. Oda Lambrecht and Christian Baars point out that Breivik's statements showed parallels to Christian fundamentalism in their hostility towards Islam, intolerance and militaristic language. On the other hand, his indifference to essential beliefs such as a personal reference to Jesus Christ , the lack of reference to the Bible and the propensity for violence contradict such a classification. Rather, Breivik represents “uncompromisingly certain conservative values”. In the opinion of the political scientist and editor of the yearbook for research on Islamophobia , Farid Hafez , the attack was partly caused by the “mainstream discourse about the alleged Islamist threat”.

The Norwegian philosopher Lars Fredrik H. Svendsen saw strong contradictions in the texts published by Breivik; he counted John Stuart Mill among the philosophers with whose ideas the new, monocultural society was to be established, even though it was precisely the latter who had called for gender equality, which Breivik had rejected . The impression of the well-read intellectual , which was prematurely granted to him by commentators, is based on pose and self-presentation .

The forensic psychiatrist Norbert Leygraf found the theory that Breivik's acts had an international right-wing extremist background to be untenable. It is a question of a person's individual illness. That does not mean, however, that right-wing extremism is not dangerous, but that Breivik's written statements in particular "must primarily be assessed under the aspect of his illness". Leygraf sees parallels to the Ernst August Wagner case . The forensic psychiatrist Hans-Ludwig Kröber said in an interview in April 2012 that, from his point of view, there was a lot to suggest that Breivik was suffering from schizophrenia . Among other things, the affect disorders observed in Breivik and his apparent inability to establish emotional contact with other people would speak in favor of this. Breivik's manifesto is characterized by “extravagance and confusion” and the content consists of bizarre or outlandish ideas. Breivik also developed a megalomania that shields him from the idea of ​​being mentally ill.

The Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård wondered how it was possible that Anders Behring Breivik could kill 77 people in a "peaceful, rich country like Norway". The decisive factor for him was “an almost self-hypnotic motivational program” and a process of “years of systematic desensitization and dehumanization” that Breivik had undergone. These methods were similar to those used by the military in the event of war. To make similar acts impossible in the future, there must be social security systems that Knausgård identifies less with youth welfare offices, schools or the police, but with the "presence of the other in ourselves, [the] empathy for other people."

Forensic psychiatric reports

First report

On November 29, 2011, a 243-page forensic psychiatric report was presented at the Oslo Police Headquarters , which concluded that Breivik suffered from paranoid schizophrenia . He was not sane during the time of the crime . The authors of the report are the psychiatrists Torgeir Husby and Synne Sørheim. Over a period of several months they had a total of 13 conversations with Anders Behring Breivik, also studied all police interrogations via video and interviewed Breivik's mother. On the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, the experts rated Breivik's “functional level” with a value of 23 (out of 100) and the defendant's “symptom level” with a value of 2 (out of 100). According to Husbys and Sørheims, Breivik planned reservations as “ breeding centers ” for pure-bred Norwegians and saw themselves as a member of a - really undetectable - Knights Templar and the next ruler of Norway. The report was examined by an independent commission consisting of seven forensic doctors and confirmed on December 22, 2011.

The first forensic psychiatric report nonetheless met with massive criticism in specialist circles. The schizophrenia expert Anne Kari Torgalsbøen from the Institute of Psychology at the University of Oslo described the conclusion of the report as "very surprising" and called for new guidelines in connection with the appointment of experts, as the current practice endangers legal security in Norway. The Danish psychiatrist Henrik Day Poulsen complained that the criteria that the World Health Organization (WHO) uses for a schizophrenia diagnosis are not met; the report therefore does not have a sufficient basis. Geir Pedersen, Senior Researcher at the Department of Mental Health and Dependency Diseases ( Klinikk for psykisk helse og avhengighet ) at Oslo University Hospital ( Oslo universitetssykehus ), criticized the defendant's GAF assessment. A value of 2 on the symptom level implies that the person concerned only has to vegetate and be fed, washed and dressed. That is clearly not the case in Breivik's case. The Swedish psychiatrist Johan Cullberg wrote that none of the reported observations indicated psychosis. He called the report "shockingly unprofessional". It was also repeatedly criticized that Breivik's ideological views were not the subject of the report. For example, in an interview with Der Spiegel magazine, the forensic psychiatrist Randi Rosenqvist, who for many years was the chairman of the Forensic Medicine Commission, accused the offender of having pushed aside the perpetrator's anti-Islamic statements as insane from the start. For historical reasons, however, there is a tradition of politically motivated offenders to be cautious about the diagnosis of “mentally ill”. "At the Baader Meinhof Group, it would not have occurred to anyone to declare the terrorists incapable of guilt."

A few weeks after the report was published, the psychological team that had been commissioned to look after Breivik in prison also contradicted the diagnosis on all essential points. Three psychologists and a psychiatrist from the district psychiatric center in Sandvika stated that the assassin was neither psychotic nor schizophrenic. He doesn't need any medicine and there is also no risk of suicide. The team established close contact with him immediately after Breivik was arrested. In legal circles, it was expected on the basis of this assessment that the competent Oslo court would commission further experts to review the report.

Second report

On January 13, 2012, the court in Norway announced that a second opinion had been ordered in addition to the first. This was necessary due to the widespread criticism of the first report, also by the relatives of the victims of the attack. The second opinion was published shortly before the start of the process on April 10, 2012. The reviewers describe Breivik as a sane person who is sane and can be prosecuted for the attacks in Oslo and Utøya. Breivik has a narcissistic and antisocial personality disorder , but there are no symptoms of psychosis. On April 23, the Forensic Medicine Commission, which had confirmed the first report, classified the second report as not technically appropriate and requested a revision of the report. On June 1, 2012, the Forensic Medicine Commission declared the second report to be inadequate due to “major deficiencies”. All of the psychiatrists involved in the reports were called to the stand in June 2012.

Further comments

Since the two forensic psychiatric reports came to completely different conclusions, the bereaved's lawyers named Ulrik Malt, professor of psychiatry at the University of Oslo, as a witness . Malt followed the trial against Anders Breivik from April 19, 2012. Among other things, he was asked to comment on the methodology of the reports and on psychiatric diagnostics in general. During his testimony on June 8, 2012, he stated that Breivik likely had Asperger's Syndrome , possibly related to Tourette's Syndrome . Much pointed towards a narcissistic personality disorder for him too.

After Malt's appearance, other doctors and psychologists testified as witnesses in the process. Four people (including the experts from the first report) considered Breivik to be insane, while eleven people (including the experts from the second report) considered them to be sane. On the occasion of a survey by the daily Verdens Gang in summer 2012, in which 66 legally competent psychiatrists and psychologists in Norway took part, only a minority of 14 percent of the respondents considered Breivik to be insane.

Criticism of the forensic medicine commission

The work of the Forensic Medicine Commission, which confirmed the first report and rejected the second report, was heavily criticized in Norway, especially because these assessments were made on the basis of personal motives. The background to these allegations were several personal ties. Torgeir Husby, one of the two authors of the first report, was the superior of Karl Heinrik Melle, head of the psychiatric group in the forensic medicine commission, between 1989 and 1994. In 2009 Husby referred to Melle as "one of his best friends". This close association called Husby himself "not without problems," but also defended the professional integrity Melles and rule out that he caught could be. Synne Sørheim, the second author of the first report, was also in close contact with six (of seven) people on the Forensic Medicine Commission. She was deputy chairwoman and later chairwoman of the commission when this committee included the experts Andreas Hamnes, Gunnar Johannessen, Jannike E. Snoek, Agneta Nilsson, Kirsten Rasmussen and Knut Waterloo.

During the trial, Mette Yvonne Larsen, the coordinator of the bereaved's lawyers, openly questioned the neutrality of the forensic medical commission. The social scientist Lars Gule described the commission as “biased” and criticized, among other things, that a dissent that had become known within the commission regarding the first report was not publicly communicated, although the set of rules would prescribe this. Gule called for a fundamentally new "way of working" for the committee. The Norwegian attorney general Tor-Aksel Busch also called for a reform of the Forensic Medicine Commission based on the experience in the Breivik trial.

process

Entrance to the Oslo District Court during the Breivik trial

Prosecution and pleadings

Breivik's trial began on April 16, 2012 in the Oslo District Court. The charges were terrorism and multiple premeditated murder. Breivik was defended by Geir Lippestad , prosecutors were Inga Bejer Engh and Svein Holden. The presiding judge was Wenche Elizabeth Arntzen . One of the decisive factors in the process was the question of culpability. The two forensic psychiatric reports had come to different conclusions regarding Breivik's sanity. Against this background, the public prosecutor's office pleaded “insane” on the grounds that it was “worse to take a psychotic person into custody by mistake than a non-psychotic person in a forced psychiatry”. She demanded admission to a closed psychiatric institution. At the same time, the prosecutor criticized several details of the first report by Husby and Sørheim, stating that there was “evidence that clearly indicates that Anders Behring Breivik was not psychotic on July 22nd.” The prosecutor was “not convinced of the psychosis diagnosis.” ", But" in doubt ". This doubt must benefit the accused.

During the trial, the defense sought to establish the defendant's sanity. Breivik saw himself as a “political activist” and repeatedly denied being deranged in what he called “a worse fate” than “death”. Breivik admitted at the beginning of the trial that he had killed 77 people, but declared himself "not guilty", invoking an "emergency law". He quoted a prepared statement that he had acted "out of kindness, not out of spite" to " prevent civil war " and "would do it again". In addition, he referred to the German terror group " National Socialist Underground " (NSU): Western Europe is at the beginning of a " culture war ". In their hearing of witnesses, Norwegian neo-Nazis backed his theses that Norway was “at war” and “ Balkanized ”.

Breivik's defense attorney Geir Lippestad pleaded for formal reasons for acquittal , since Breivik had pleaded “not guilty” , but he shared the opinion of the public prosecutor that Breivik had committed a “cruel act of terror of almost unimaginable maliciousness” and referred to him in his plea as “ Terrorists ”.

Anders Behring Breivik's mother had originally been summoned as a witness, but the court waived her personal appearance after a medical certificate had been presented . Instead, the psychiatrist Torgeir Husby read from the transcript of a conversation he and his colleague Synne Sørheim had with Breivik's mother. Details regarding the family's stay at the Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SSBU) were not made public. Child psychiatrist Per Olav Næss, who observed the family in 1983, was not released from his duty of confidentiality . In a press conference, however, he agreed with the statements of the psychiatrist Ulrik Malt, who had said that Breivik could suffer from Asperger's syndrome .

judgment

On August 24, 2012, Breivik was declared unresponsive by the Oslo District Court, contrary to the prosecution's request , and sentenced to 21 years in prison with subsequent preventive detention for the murder of 77 people. The verdict was unanimous. Prosecutors Svein Holden and Inga Bejer Engh announced that they would not appeal the verdict. In their reasoning they stated: “It was important to us that the relatives of the dead get a quick conclusion of this procedure.” When asked by the court whether he wanted to contest the verdict, Breivik said: “I recognize the court as a representative of multiculturalism not to and therefore I cannot comment on the judgment. "

Breivik's defense attorney Geir Lippestad informed the court that Breivik was waiving an appeal against the conviction. On September 7, 2012, Breivik's waiver of appeal became final.

After the trial

After his arrest, Breivik was held in the maximum security prison Ila in the municipality of Bærum near Oslo. After his conviction, he went to prison there. He was not allowed to have contact with fellow inmates. In November 2012, Breivik complained in a letter of complaint to the prison administration about what he saw as "inhuman" prison conditions. He was constantly monitored, did not receive all letters addressed to him and was not allowed to use a computer. According to his lawyer, Tord Jordet, the conditions of detention violate human rights . In detention Breivik wrote a letter to a member of the terrorist group National Socialist Underground , Beate Zschäpe , in which he called on them to make their process a political issue. The letter was confiscated by the German investigative authorities.

After his mother's death in March 2013, Breivik renounced the inheritance because, according to his lawyer, he did not want to cede it to the Norwegian state.

In August 2013, Breivik was transferred to Skien Prison (Skien Fengsel).

After Breivik's application for a degree in political science at the University of Oslo was initially rejected due to insufficient qualifications, he was allowed to complete individual modules of this degree by distance learning in September 2013. Ole Petter Ottersen , the rector of the university, explicitly defended this decision.

In the fall of 2015, Breivik distanced himself from Christianity in a letter to the AUF, stating that he had never been a Christian, that he considered Jesus and his message to be pathetic and that his God was Odin .

In March 2016, Behring Breivik sued the Norwegian state for violating human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. Behring Breivik believed that his isolation violated the law. Among other things, he asked for internet access and contact with other prisoners. His lawyer said that no prisoner in Norway had been isolated for so long and that Breivik showed significant insulation damage. According to prosecutor Marius Emberland, however, it is in the sense of the measure that a long prison sentence is uncomfortable. At the beginning of the trial, Breivik appeared with a shaved head and showed the " Hitler salute ". In the judgment published on April 20, 2016, the court concluded that Behring Breivik's human rights had been violated while in isolated prison, but not in relation to the control of his correspondence. The prison administration interprets the verdict as not having to relax the prison system. The Norwegian Ministry of Justice has ordered the prosecutor to appeal the judgment. On May 20, 2016, the public prosecutor submitted the appeal in which they questioned both the application of the law and the assessment of evidence by the first instance. The appeal hearing took place from January 10th to 18th 2017 before the Higher Court of Borgarting lagmannsrett ; The venue was Skien Prison. As with the trial in the first instance, Breivik showed the "Hitler salute" at the beginning of the trial. On March 1, 2017, the appellate court announced its judgment in which it changed the judgment in the first instance, dismissed all of Breivik's charges and found that Breivik's human rights had not been violated. Breivik immediately announced that he would appeal the judgment. On June 8, 2017, the Supreme Court ( Høyesterett ) announced that the appeal would not be allowed. The judgment of the court of appeal, which dismissed all of Breivik's charges, is now final. He has brought an action against this decision to the European Court of Human Rights . On June 21, 2018, he announced that the action would be dismissed; an objection to this decision is not possible.

In June 2017 his lawyer announced that Breivik had changed his name to "Fjotolf Hansen". He used this name as early as 2009 in connection with founding a company. He had used the company called Geofarm as a cover to buy large quantities of fertilizer to build a bomb.

reception

Arts and Culture

In January 2012, before the start of the trial, the Danish theater director Christian Lollike and the actor Olaf Højgaard announced that they would transform parts of Breivik's 2083: A European Declaration of Independence into a stage version. The project met with widespread criticism and brought death threats to the initiators. Protests were also communicated by the survivors of the victims in Norway who tried to prevent the text from being performed publicly. Nevertheless, the monologue under the title Manifest 2083 premiered on October 15, 2012 at the small Café Teatret in Copenhagen . The piece was not completely rejected by the critics, but was generally received with caution. The largest Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten , wrote that the drama discussed interesting questions but did not "affect or upset the audience". On October 27 and 28, 2012, the piece was shown as a guest performance in Oslo.

A monologue evening entitled Breiviks Statement , which should have taken place in October 2012 at the German National Theater in Weimar , also sparked discussions . The Swiss author and director Milo Rau wanted the German-Turkish actress Sascha Soydan to read Breivik's speech that the assassin gave on April 17, 2012 at the beginning of the trial at the Oslo district court. Rau aimed to make clear through the public lecture that "80 to 90 percent of the Western European population would subscribe to what Breivik says". However, he had to move the reading to a cinema in Weimar because the management of the theater decided at short notice not to want to “offer a podium” to Breivik's statements. On October 27, 2012, Breivik's Statement was presented as part of a monologue festival in the Berlin theater discounter.

In February 2018 Erik Poppe's film Utøya was premiered on July 22nd as part of the Berlin International Film Festival. Also in 2018 was the film July 22, directed by Paul Greengrass , in which Breivik is portrayed by Anders Danielsen Lie.

Imitators

On the fifth anniversary of the attacks, July 22, 2016, 18-year-old David Sonboly shot a total of nine people in Munich . It is believed that the date of this act was chosen deliberately by Sonboly. He also pledged to worship Breivik.

Brenton Tarrant , the attacker in the terrorist attacks on two mosques in Christchurch , referred to Breivik positively in his manifesto. He described Breivik as a “freedom fighter” who campaigned against “ethnic and cultural genocide”. Tarrant further claimed that Breivik was the main inspiration for his attack and that the two had briefly been in contact.

literature

Web links

Commons : Anders Behring Breivik  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ "Breivik pronounces its own name"
  2. ^ Aftenposten, February 15, 1979, page 10
  3. ↑ a b Stefan Schultz: The assassin justifies the bloody act with crude human hatred. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved June 24, 2012 .
  4. ↑ Suspect makes confession. ( Memento from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau.de, accessed on July 24, 2011
  5. ↑ Gerald Traufetter: A narcissist exposes himself. In: Spiegel Online , April 16, 2012.
  6. ^ The indictment against Breivik , Welt Online, April 10, 2012
  7. ↑ Norway Killer Is Ruled Sane and Given 21 Years in Prison . In: The New York Times , August 24, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2017. 
  8. ↑ Anders Behring Breivik has changed names. In: Verdens Gang (Norwegian)., Accessed on June 21, 2017
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Report from July 22nd , on: www.regjeringen.no , August 13th, 2012, accessed on August 26th, 2012
  10. ↑ Anders Behring Breivik - fra fødsel til 22 July In: Verdens Gang , 22 October 2011
  11. ↑ Aage Storm Borchgrevink, En norsk tragedie. Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya , Oslo 2012, p. 38.
  12. ↑ a b Voldsom, lunefull og full av uventede innfall ( Memento from June 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Aftenposten, June 14, 2012
  13. ↑ Aage Storm Borchgrevink, En norsk tragedie. Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya , Oslo 2012, p. 49 f.
  14. ↑ Rettspsykiatrisk explanation - Anders Behring Breivik, November 29, 2011 at: www.document.no, accessed on November 22, 2012
  15. ↑ Psykolog i 1983: Ideelt sett burde han vært i et stabilt fosterhjem Verdens Gang, 23 December 2011
  16. ↑ Hilda Nyfløt, Arnhild Aass Kristiansen: Jeg har mislyktes som far In: Dagbladet , December 21, 2011
  17. ↑ Hatet “Stoltenberg-jugend” and cold Gro “landsmo (r) their” Dagbladet, 23 July 2011
  18. ↑ Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk , VG Nett of July 23, 2011 (Norwegian). Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  19. ↑ Aage Storm Borchgrevink, En norsk tragedie. Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya , Oslo 2012, p. 150 f.
  20. ^ Inspired by Wikipedia In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , April 18, 2012
  21. ↑ Aage Storm Borchgrevink, En norsk tragedie. Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya , Oslo 2012, p. 153 f.
  22. ↑ a b c d e Her er hele dommen mot Anders Behring Breivik Aftenposten, August 24, 2012
  23. ↑ Moren hvitvasket penger for Breivik NRK, April 1, 2012
  24. ↑ Gerald Traufetter: Psychogram of a mass murderer In: Spiegel Online , August 9, 2011
  25. ↑ Aage Storm Borchgrevink, En norsk tragedie. Anders Behring Breivik og veiene til Utøya , Oslo 2012, p. 185 f.
  26. ↑ a b Entry in the commercial register of Brønnøysund brreg.no (accessed on July 25, 2011)
  27. ↑ July 22nd Commisjonen vil Styrke Kontroll med kunstgjødsel Nations, August 13th 2012
  28. ↑ Police set explosives on Breivik farm. , on: tagesschau.sf.tv, July 27, 2011
  29. ↑ Frp: Breivik har vært medlem og har hatt verv i ungdomspartiet. Aftenposten, July 23, 2011.
  30. ↑ The Norske Frimurerorden. Official website of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons with an English-language explanation on the exclusion of Breivik, accessed on May 20, 2013
  31. ↑ Statements of the United Grand Lodges of Germany and the Grand Lodge of Norway ( memento of October 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Reactions of the Grand Lodges on the Grand Lodge's website “To the Three Worlds”, July 24, 2011
  32. ↑ Den terrorsiktede var ingen aktiv frimurer Official website of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons, accessed on August 1, 2011
  33. ↑ Press release, July 2011, om terrorangrepene 22 / 7-2011. (No longer available online.) Oslo Pistolklubb, July 22, 2011, formerly in the original ; Retrieved on November 29, 2011 (Norwegian, website of the Oslo Pistolklubb): "Oslo Pistolklubb can be confirmed at Anders Behring Breivik has been changed from Oslo Pistolklubb from 2005 to 2007 and from June 2010. Breivik has been excluded from the Oslo Pistolklubb virkning. […] Breivik has the medlem deltatt på tretten organized fellestreninger and competitor siden june 2010 uten at han har gjort seg noted i forhold til politiske standpunkt eller på annen måte som kan ha gitt et forvarsel til de dypt tragiske hendelsene "
  34. Jump up ↑ Terrorism medlem på nazistforum. expo.se, accessed on July 23, 2011.
  35. ↑ Dette mener Anders Behring Breivik. Aftenposten, July 23, 2011
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  37. ^ A b Frank Patalong : The assassin and the hate blogger. In: Spiegel Online , July 24, 2011.
  38. ↑ German: Sigurd, der Kreuzfahrer , nickname of Sigurd I. (Norway) Police probe Breivik's links abroad by Nina Berglund in Views and News from Norway , July 26, 2011
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  40. ^ Gordon Rayner: Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik emailed 'manifesto' to 250 British contacts , Telegraph. July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011. 
  41. ↑ Video ZDFzeit: Germany in danger?  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on January 25, 2014. (offline)
  42. ↑ Official Statement - Anders Breivik ( Memento of November 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) by BigJay
  43. ↑ a b Video ZDF-heute: 21 years imprisonment for Anders Breivik (7 p.m.)  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on August 24, 2012. (offline)
  44. ↑ Ville strupe videre rekruttering til Arbeiderpartiet Dagbladet, 25 July 2011
  45. ↑ Assassination attempt on Norway's king planned Berliner Morgenpost, July 31, 2011
  46. ↑ "landesmo (r) haben" as Paronomasie from Norwegian "landesmoderen" (country mother) and "landesmorderen" (country murderer)
  47. ↑ Per Hinrichs: He admits the deeds, but not the guilt . In: Die Welt, July 26, 2011
  48. ↑ Police correct the number of dead significantly downwards Neue Zürcher Zeitung, July 25, 2011
  49. ↑ Hendrik Ternieden: Stepbrother of Princess Mette-Marit among murder victims. In: Spiegel Online , July 25, 2011.
  50. ↑ Kjørte Breivik med ferje over til Utøya adressa.no 24 July, 2011.
  51. ↑ Extremist "inspired" Breivik . n-tv. July 29, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
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  53. ↑ Anders (32) in Oslo ble pågrepet etter bombe and massedrap | TV 2 Nyhetene . Tv2.no. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  54. ↑ Named: The Blond Norwegian, 32, Arrested over 'Holiday Island Massacre' and Linked to Oslo Bomb Blasts, Which Killed 7 People and Injured Many More. . In: Daily Mail , July 22, 2011. 
  55. ↑ Pågrepet 32-åring kalte seg selv nasjonalistisk - VG Nice . Vg.no. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  56. ↑ Prime minister: Norway still 'an open society' despite 'the horror' - CNN.com
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  58. ↑ Jörg Diehl: Breivik recreates his manhunt. In: Spiegel Online , August 14, 2011.
  59. ^ Breivik manifesto 'details chilling attack preparation . In: BBC News , July 24, 2011.
  60. ↑ Florian Flade: Breivik's Manifesto reveals evidence of confidants. In: Die Welt , July 25, 2011.
  61. ↑ Calling a "Knight Templar". In: The West , July 25, 2011.
  62. ↑ Holger Schmale, Damir Fras: Krude theses and specific instructions . In: Berliner Zeitung , July 26, 2011.
  63. Jump up ↑ Terror: Suspect planned "civil war" in Europe . In: Die Presse , July 24, 2011.
  64. ^ Article by Behring Breivik from September 7, 2010 document.no (accessed October 4, 2011).
  65. ↑ Scott Shane: Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in US . In: The New York Times , July 25, 2011.
  66. ^ William S. Lind (Ed.): "Political Correctness:" A Short History of an Ideology . Free Congress Foundation , November 2004 (accessed January 15, 2013).
  67. ↑ Scholars Respond to Breivik Manifesto . In: National Association of Scholars . July 28, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  68. ↑ Anne-Catherine Simon, Christoph Saiger and Helmar Dumbs: The world as Anders B. Breivik sees it . In: The press . July 29, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  69. ↑ Konrad Lischka : Worldview of the conspiracy. In: Spiegel Online , July 26, 2011, accessed July 29, 2011.
  70. ↑ Azriel Relph and Michael Isikoff: Norway attacks focus attention on US right-wing extremists ( Memento from October 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: MSNBC , July 25, 2011.
  71. ↑ Ryan Lenz: Christian Crusader . In: Southern Poverty Law Center , Intelligence Report, 2011, No. 143.
  72. ↑ Anders B. Breivik: This is what the alleged assassin from Oslo wrote about Angela Merkel . In: focus.de , July 25, 2011.
  73. ^ Marwan Chahine: "2083 - Une déclaration européenne d'indépendance" or le petit manuel du neo-croisé . In: Liberation.fr , July 25, 2011.
  74. ↑ If Only He Had Read The Brussels Journal . In: TBJ , July 27, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. 
  75. ↑ Wilders distances himself from Breivik . In: voxeurop.eu. July 27, 2011, accessed July 25, 2016.
  76. ↑ Marwan Chahine: "2083, Une déclaration européenne d'indépendance" or le petit manuel du neo-croisé . In: Liberation , July 25, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2012. 
  77. ↑ In blind hatred against hatred . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 26, 2011. Accessed December 7, 2015. 
  78. ↑ Sebastian Balzter, Christoph Ehrhardt: “Crusade against cultural Marxism ”. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 25, 2011, accessed on July 25, 2011
  79. ↑ Behring Breivik copied from Unabomberen. ( Memento of October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Aftenposten, July 24, 2011
  80. ↑ Massedrapsmannen copied "Unabomberen" ord for ord . Nrk.no. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
  81. ↑ Police are still looking for victims. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
  82. ^ Nina Berglund: Helicopter delayed, Breivik bluffing / , Norway International Network. January 4, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012. 
  83. ↑ Christian Brommarius: Breivik and Broder. FR 28 July 2011.
  84. ↑ Björn Hengst: Cruel YouTube crusader. In: Spiegel Online , July 25, 2011.
  85. ↑ Julia Gronnevet: Norwegian gunman describes hunting down teenagers , AP. April 20, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012. 
  86. ↑ Mener han er tilregnelig , ANB-NTB. April 20, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012. 
  87. ↑ Breivik ville location europeisk al-Qaida Verdens Gang, April 20, 2012
  88. ^ Gibson, David (July 28, 2011). "Is Anders Breivik a 'Christian' terrorist?" Times Union . Retrieved July 29, 2011.
  89. ↑ Nicola Menzie: Norway massacre suspect manifesto rejects personal relationship with Jesus . In: Christianity Today . July 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  90. ↑ Breivik mener Jesus er “patetisk” Dagen, November 19, 2015
  91. ↑ Suspect in Norway attacks confesses; lawyer says he acted alone New York Post, July 23, 2011
  92. ↑ Volker Weiß: Right brother of the jihadists. In: Spiegel Online , July 27, 2011.
  93. ^ 'Norway attack suspect had anti-Muslim, pro-Israel views' . Ben Hartman, The Jerusalem Post , July 24, 2011
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  95. ^ "Norway massacre: Breivik manifesto attempts to woo India's Hindu nationalists" . Yahoo! News
  96. ^ Norway massacre: Breivik manifesto attempts to woo India's Hindu nationalists
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  105. ↑ My little country no longer exists. In: FAZ, July 25, 2011.
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  122. ↑ Gerald Traufetter: Mother's son and mass murderer. In: Spiegel online from December 23, 2011.
  123. ^ Ny psykologvurdering: Breivik er ikke schizofren. Verdens Gang, January 3, 2012.
  124. ^ Ny rapport om Breivik: - Er ikke psykotisk. TV 2, January 3, 2011.
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  127. ↑ Johan Falnes: Psychogram: Why Breivik Wept. In: Zeit Online , April 18, 2012.
  128. ↑ Reinhard Wolff: The assassin is insane, isn't it? In: taz , April 24, 2012
  129. ^ André Anwar: Breivik probably mentally ill - second report wrong. In: Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung , June 1, 2012.
  130. ↑ Swantje Dake: Breivik wanted to kill even more young people. ( Memento from April 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: Stern.de , April 10, 2012.
  131. ↑ july 22nd rettssaken fredag ​​june 8th. In: Aftenposten, June 8, 2012.
  132. ↑ Følg rettssaken direct. Aftenposten, June 11, 2012.
  133. ↑ Følg rettssaken direct. Aftenposten, June 12, 2012.
  134. ↑ Følg July 22nd rescue hook direct. Aftenposten, June 13, 2012.
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  141. ↑ Lars Gule: The rettsmedisinske Kommisjon he unhabil. In: Aftenposten , June 12, 2012.
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  144. ↑ Johan Falnes: The Lawyer of the Mass Murderer In: Zeit online , April 13, 2012
  145. ↑ Gunnar Herrmann: Process of Psychiatrists In: Süddeutsche.de , April 10, 2012
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  147. ^ A b Benjamin Schulz: 21 years imprisonment plus preventive detention. In: Spiegel Online , August 24, 2012.
  148. ↑ - Breivik var utilregnelig www.tv2.no, June 21, 2012
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  151. ↑ welt.de , April 17, 2012, Karl Ritter: Breivik refers in a statement to German NSU ( Breivik sees a culture war looming in Western Europe , May 1, 2017)
  152. ↑ welt.de ( dpa ), June 5, 2012: Neo-Nazi on the witness stand warns of "extermination" : "... On Tuesday you stood behind Breivik's statement that Norway was in a cultural war with Islam ..." (May 1 2017)
  153. ↑ Gerald Traufetter, Espen A. Eik, Benjamin Schulz: Defense lawyer demands acquittal for Breivik. In: Spiegel Online , June 22, 2012.
  154. ↑ Breivik mor slipper å vitne Verdens Gang, April 16, 2012
  155. ↑ Marie Melgård: Breivik mor - Nå gir jeg opp, han gjør så mye rart In: Aftenposten , June 14, 2012
  156. ↑ Klaus Børringbo and Arild Færaas: July 22nd rettssaken fredag ​​June 8th In: Aftenposten , June 8th 2012
  157. ↑ Breivik barnepsykiater mener han har Asperger's Aftenposten, June 8, 2012
  158. ↑ Gerald Traufetter: Judgment in the sense of the people. In: Spiegel Online , August 24, 2012.
  159. ^ Benjamin Schulz, Hendrik Ternieden: Judge stops Breivik's closing words. In: Spiegel Online , August 24, 2012.
  160. ↑ Judgment against mass murderer Breivik becomes final In: zeit.de , DPA September 7, 2012
  161. ↑ (bh): 24 square meters for the rest of life. In: Tages-Anzeiger . August 24, 2012, accessed January 15, 2013 .
  162. ↑ Jens Witte: mass murderer Breivik complains about prison conditions. In: Spiegel Online . November 9, 2012, accessed January 15, 2013 .
  163. ↑ Mass murderer Breivik wrote a letter to Beate Zschäpe . In: berliner-kurier.de/ from November 18, 2012.
  164. ↑ Breivik for everyone. In: Frankfurter Rundschau from November 19, 2012.
  165. ↑ Breivik renounces his legacy. In: Tageblatt , June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  166. ↑ Breivik flyttes fra Ila Fengsel. In: NRK, August 5, 2013.
  167. ↑ Mass murderer Breivik is allowed to study in prison. In: NZZ from September 12, 2013.
  168. ^ Breivik begins studies at the University of Oslo. BBC website of September 12, 2013.
  169. ↑ Why Anders Breivik is welcome at our University. In: The Guardian, September 12, 2013.
  170. ↑ Åsne Seierstad : How Anders Breivik became a mass murderer , Stern.de , July 21, 2016.
  171. ↑ Breivik still politically motivated. In: Dagens Nyheter . Retrieved March 13, 2016 (Swedish).
  172. ↑ Wanted to start the Aryan network from his cell. Swedish Television (SVT), accessed March 15, 2016.
  173. ↑ dpa: Breivik shows Hitler salute in court. In: FAZ.net . March 15, 2016, accessed March 15, 2016 .
  174. ↑ Breivik's detention conditions violate the human rights convention. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung.
  175. ↑ No enforcement relaxations for Breivik. In: Dagens Nyheter (Swedish).
  176. ↑ Appeal against judgment for violation of human rights In: Die Zeit .
  177. ^ Appeal letter of the state in the Breivik case completed , Aftenposten (Norwegian).
  178. ↑ Bearded Breivik showed Nazi salute , In: Verdens gang (Norwegian).
  179. ↑ Breivik's solitary confinement does not violate human rights. In: Die Zeit , accessed on March 1, 2017.
  180. ^ Judgment text (Norwegian), accessed on March 24, 2017.
  181. ↑ State receives approval in the Breivik Verdensgang case (Norwegian), accessed on March 1, 2017.
  182. ^ Supreme Court: No appeal hearing for Behring Breivik. In: Verdens gang (Norwegian).
  183. ↑ Anders Behring Breivik has changed names. In: Verdens gang (Norwegian).
  184. ↑ Norwegian mass murderer files suit with the European Court of Human Rights. , Reuters , June 29, 2017 (English).
  185. ↑ Anders Breivik fails with a lawsuit about prison conditions . In: Die Zeit , June 21, 2018.
  186. ↑ Breivik changes its name. In: Spiegel Online from June 9, 2017.
  187. ↑ Birgitte Kjær: Omstridt dramatiker: Breivik-teater er en democisk forpligtelse In: Politiken , January 19, 2012
  188. ↑ Arve Henriksen: Breivik-teater impressed ingen In: Aftenposten , October 16, 2012
  189. ↑ Wolfgang Höbel : The silence of the mistaken. In: Spiegel Online , October 19, 2012.
  190. ^ Georg Kasch: Berlin stage gives murderer Breivik a voice In: Berliner Morgenpost , October 22, 2012
  191. ↑ Utøya July 22nd | U - July 22. Retrieved February 20, 2018 .
  192. ↑ http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/wer-war-der-amokschuetze-david-s-hat-seine-tat-ein-jahr-lang-geplant/13918328.html
  193. ↑ https://www.tz.de/muenchen/stadt/amoklauf-in-muenchen-ere694995/lka-veroeffentlicht-ermittlungslösungen-nach-muenchner-amoklauf-von-david-s-7829928.html
  194. ↑ Adam Taylor: Christchurch suspect claimed 'brief contact' with Norwegian mass murderer. March 15, 2019, accessed on August 11, 2019 .
  195. ↑ Review in: The Guardian, February 26, 2015
  196. ↑ Book about Anders Breivik: "One of us". From “loser” to mass murderer , review by Carsten Schmiester, Deutschlandradio Kultur, April 28, 2016
personal data
SURNAME Breivik, Anders Behring
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Berwick, Andrew (pen name); Jorsalfar, Sigurd (pseudonym); Hansen, Fjotolf
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Norwegian right-wing terrorist mass murderer
DATE OF BIRTH February 13, 1979
PLACE OF BIRTH Oslo