English Defense League

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
English Defense League logo
Logo of the English Defense League: A curved Georgskreuz in front of a white and black divided background, surrounded by the lettering English Defense League and In hoc signo vinces

The English Defense League ( German  English Defense League , shortly EDL) is a political organization in the UK . She developed out of the British hooligan scene in 2009 , to which she is still associated. At the same time, there are contacts to the right-wing populist UK Independence Party (UKIP), the far-right British National Party (BNP) and comparable parties and organizations in other European countries, such as the German Defense League . Since its inception, the EDL has enjoyed great popularity and is one of the most important organized groups on the right-wing spectrum in the United Kingdom. The main figures of the EDL are the millionaire Alan Lake and Stephen Yaxley-Lennon alias Tommy Robinson.

The EDL takes the position of criticizing Islam and wanting to prevent the spread of " Islamism , Sharia and Islamic extremism" and rejects allegations of racism . This is countered by newspaper reports, scientific studies and court rulings that attest the EDL radical Islamophobia and right-wing extremism .

history

Origin and foundation

Various predecessor organizations were active there even before the English Defense League was founded in Luton . The earliest forerunner of the EDL consisted of a loose, violent group that regularly took part in demonstrations against an Islamist splinter group called Ahl al-Sunna wa-l-Jama'a , which in turn demonstrated against the British military operation in Iraq and British soldiers. An incident occurred on March 10, 2009 in which returning soldiers were insulted by around 15 Islamists as "baby killers" and "butchers", whereupon the bystanders attacked them. The event drew a lot of media attention and prompted James Yeomans, a member of the affected army regiment, to organize a protest march to demand respect for the British troops. The anti-Islamic blogger Paul Ray then organized support from anti-Islam groups from outside Luton independently of Yeomans and without his knowledge. Most of these groups - such as the Welsh Defense League (WDL), March for England (MfE) or the United British Alliance (UBA) - came from the hooligan milieu and consisted primarily of football fans and army veterans. When Yeomans was made aware of this by anti-fascist activists, he immediately canceled the protest march.

Ray then wanted to hold a St. George's Day parade as a substitute, but was refused by the local authorities because he was being investigated for Incitement to Racial Hatred . As a result, there was an unauthorized demonstration on April 13, 2009 by around 150 participants who identified themselves as the United People of Luton (UPL); it was immediately broken up by the police. As a result, there were further demonstrations by the UPL, from which MfE increasingly distanced itself. The UPL and Ray joined forces with the hooligan group Casuals United (CU) for their actions. On May 24, 2009, both groups held a protest march in which shops and cars were vandalized. The number of participants in these demonstrations increased steadily; on June 27, 2009, the participating groups joined forces to form the English Defense League.

Establishment and dispute over direction

Shortly after the EDL was founded, it caught the attention of established right-wing extremist parties such as the National Front (NF) or the British National Party (BNP). While the EDL was careful from the outset to distance itself from these parties (for example, because of the similarity to the name of the BNP, it rejected the self-designation "British Defense League"), the BNP in particular tried to gain influence within the EDL despite official distancing . In fact, she succeeded in doing this in some places where BNP members performed important functions in the EDL. When the EDL set up a demonstration for August 8, 2009, Paul Ray announced his departure: The date of August 8 was chosen based on neo-Nazi symbols, at the instigation of active members of Casuals United and the BNP who "hijacked" the EDL. Ray first founded his own EDL department, then released it from the EDL and finally emigrated to Malta after he was threatened with prosecution in Great Britain and, according to his own statements, had received death threats from Islamists.

From this leadership dispute , Stephen Yaxley-Lennon emerged strengthened as the new head of the EDL. Yaxley-Lennon calls himself Tommy Robinson (after the author and member of the hooligan group Luton Town MIGs ) and kept his identity a secret from the public. He always appeared masked, yet he was photographed unmasked in April 2010 and identified in June. This resulted in his former membership in the BNP and a 12-month jail sentence that he served for an attack on a police officer. Yaxley-Lennon, on the other hand, claimed that his real name was Robert Harris, which created additional public confusion.

Meanwhile, the British media identified the London millionaire Alan Lake as the financier of the EDL. Lake had been introduced to the organization by Paul Ray and was more intellectual and moderate than Yaxley-Lennon. He had already agitated against Islam before his involvement with the EDL and was strongly influenced by anti-Islamic authors such as Robert Spencer and Daniel Pipes . After Lake initially appeared as the ideological leader of the EDL and had proposed an alliance with the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), he withdrew increasingly into the background from May 2010.

organization

Management structure

The English Defense League has no well-developed formal organizational structures, for example there is no official membership. However, there is a governing body that in June 2010 included Yaxley-Lennon, Trevor Kelway, Jeff March, Jack Smith, Joel Titus and Richard Price. At the end of July 2010, Yaxley-Lennon named his cousin Kevin Carroll as a "joint leader", that is, as a leader of the same rank. The EDL's inner leadership continued to consist of Smith, Marsh, and Kelway. Alan Lake does not appear as an official representative, but limits his activities to the ideological background work and funding of the EDL.

On October 8, 2013, the Quilliam Foundation announced that Tommy Robinson and Kevin Carroll wanted to leave the organization. Tim Ablitt was elected as the new chairman at the end of 2013.

Organizational structure

The EDL is structured on the one hand according to regional and on the other hand according to thematic aspects in so-called divisions. Regional divisions with a Division Leader exist locally in many cities in England. In October 2010, the EDL stated the number of these local divisions to be over 90. They are grouped into regional associations - North West, North East, Eastern Midlands, West Midlands, East Anglia, South West, South East, South East Central and Greater London - each of which has been headed by a regional organizer since summer 2010. The function of the regional organizer was introduced in order to integrate the complex structures of the EDL departments more effectively and to organize them more effectively. According to the EDL Code of Conduct, members of the departments subordinate to the Regional Organizers and Division Leader must follow their instructions.

In addition to the local divisions, there are also divisions aimed at specific groups. The first of these groups was the LGBT division, which was formed in March 2010. It is - like divisions for Sikhs , people with disabilities, Jews or women - interpreted by observers as an attempt to co-opt non-Muslim minorities against Islam and Muslims, to represent themselves as representatives of their interests and outwardly as pluralistic, cosmopolitan and to present it tolerantly and thus counter the suspicion of right-wing extremism. In addition to those divisions specifically aimed at minorities within the EDL, there are also divisions for army veterans and young people.

Communication and coordination

The English Defense League does not have its own magazine. The majority of internal communication takes place via the company's own website and the associated forums of the individual divisions as well as via social networks on the Internet such as Facebook and the Twitter platform . According to Nigel Copsey , this type of communication has several advantages for the EDL: It is not particularly expensive, combines a large range with interactivity and, last but not least, guarantees its participants anonymity. The preparation of actions via Facebook strongly involve the participants, generate a group identity and fuel expectations of demonstrations and other protest actions. This integration effect is reinforced by EDL's online merchandise shop.

Membership structure

It is difficult to make statements about the number of EDL members. According to its own information, EDL 2010 had 22,000 Facebook friends in July 2010 , although a large number of these are likely to be supporters on paper. There is no membership that goes beyond participating in Facebook discussions or registering on the EDL website. Accordingly, no membership fees are charged. The number of active supporters of the EDL at demonstrations varies and is occasionally several thousand demonstrators. The "Homecoming March" organized by the EDL in Luton was able to mobilize around 4,000 participants in February 2011.

Among the supporters of the EDL there are especially young men who come from industrial working environments and who are also active in or around hooligan groups. Most of them come from Central England , where there is high unemployment due to the decline of traditional industry and where people with a migration background from the former British colonies in South Asia make up a high proportion of the population in many cities. Both the white underclass and groups discriminated against on the basis of their religion, skin color or origin are in precarious social circumstances, but have little contact with one another. Both, Jon Garland and James Treadwell , say , contribute to the radicalization of communities and to mutual hostility among them. Such attitudes have been further encouraged by the anti-terrorism rhetoric of British politics, planned and implemented Islamist terrorist attacks and increasingly restrictive immigration regulations. The EDL has also become attractive for young people from these white milieus because it offers joint activities, violent confrontations and the alleged fight against Islamism as an overarching goal. While the football hooligan scene is suffering from increased admission prices and stadium bans, the EDL, Garland and Treadwell say, allow them to physically face off in a replacement arena. Conversely, hooligans are an important target group for the EDL, as they show a high willingness to demonstrate and take action and are easy to mobilize. Alan Lake expressed the EDL's stance this way:

“These people are ready to demonstrate and they are already there because a game is going on. It's a dirty, unsightly, difficult fight, and you have to work with what is available. "

- Alan Lake

The proportion of Jews, Sikhs, women or other groups whose advocacy claims the EDL is very low. The EDL makes little effort through its external presentation to integrate marginalized groups into its supporters. Attacks by white EDL supporters on Sikhs or Hindus because they consider them to be Muslims also cause difficulties. The following is also largely limited to England. This is mainly due to the differences between football fans in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Scottish hooligans, for example, refuse to join the Scottish Defense League, which is largely made up of Glasgow Rangers fans. The same applies to the divisions or organizations related to EDL in Wales and Northern Ireland. In some cases there were even clashes between English and Welsh fans during demonstrations.

Forms of action

Demonstration of the EDL in Newcastle 2010

The EDL organizes rallies and demonstrations against planned and existing mosques. Since 2007 the construction of a new mosque has been planned in Dudley . There were public protests against the project, among other things, 50,000 signatures against the construction were collected in two petitions . The EDL also took part in the protests. The project was finally abandoned in May 2010.

EDL members traveled to New York in mid-September 2010 to take part in a demonstration against the controversial Ground Zero mosque project, in which Geert Wilders also took part. A banner displayed by the EDL carried the motto “The more Islam, the less freedom”. The alleged EDL leader Stephen Yaxley-Lennon ("Tommy Robinson") was allegedly detained and turned away by US authorities on arrival.

In November 2010 the EDL held a rally against the “Islamization of England” in Preston . The EDL said Preston was only the next major city on the list of venues. However, a demonstration against the expansion of the Preston mosque had been called on a Facebook page.

The EDL also demonstrated in front of grocery stores and restaurants that offer food according to Islamic regulations ( halāl ), for example in front of a restaurant in Blackburn . The EDL planned a (later canceled) demonstration against the offering of "Halal" school meals in Harrow on January 15, 2011 .

The EDL is also trying to uphold conspiracy theories directed against Muslims. In 2003 a 14-year-old girl disappeared in Blackpool . During the police investigation, there were indications that the girl had been abused by the Muslim operators of a snack bar and then dismembered. Although the investigations were later discontinued due to a lack of usable evidence and an investigative commission recognized procedural errors, the EDL presents the act as proven and explains that the Islamic religion motivated the perpetrators. The EDL, together with the hooligan group Casuals United, calls for demonstrations in Blackpool, "against Muslim sex gangs, against the politicians who cover them, and against the religious scriptures that inspire them." On May 28, 2011 arrived at the seaside resort of Blackpool , which was well attended this weekend due to a bank holiday , brought together 1,500 to 2,000 right-wing extremists for a demonstration against alleged child abuse by migrants.

Alliances and relationships with other groups and organizations

Supporters of the EDL and a police officer during a demonstration

The EDL originally emerged from a network of soccer fans and hooligan groups. Most British media accuse this environment of being racist and violent. There are personal connections to the right-wing extremist British National Party (BNP), although both organizations distance themselves from each other. For example, a website for the EDL was set up by Chris Renton, who is considered a BNP activist. Alan Lake, alleged financier and key EDL strategist, has et al. a. advised the nationalist Swedish party “ Sverigedemokraterna ”. "Tommy Robinson", occasionally named as the head or founder of the EDL, is the alleged BNP member Stephen Yaxley-Lennon, according to British media.

According to information from the British press, the EDL seeks the proximity of groups from the football, hooligan and skinhead scene , such as the Casuals United , a British hooligan group considered to be right-wing extremist. Demonstrations were planned to coincide with football games to allow football hooligan "firms" to participate in the demonstrations.

Joel Titus, youth functionary of the EDL, is said to come from the environment of Casuals United and the hooligan scene around Arsenal FC . Groups such as “ Blood and Honor ” and “ Combat 18 ” are said to have taken part in EDL demonstrations .

British MP Jon Cruddas wrote in a column that the EDL was "a far greater threat than the BNP" and brought together "a dangerous cocktail of football hooligans, far-right activists and pub racists." Former Home Secretary David Blunkett made a similar statement .

The Welsh EDL descendant, the Welsh Defense League, was founded by an ex-football hooligan , according to a report by the BBC . According to a British judge, the Welsh Defense League's actions are "mindless, racist and serve to incite racial hatred."

symbolism

The symbol of the EDL is the Georgskreuz in different variations, either in the shape of the English flag or in a curved shape like on the logo of the EDL. Jon Garland and James Treadwell attribute this to the negative connotation of the Union Jack as a symbol of British racism and colonialism, from which the EDL wanted to break away. At the same time, the George Cross is also a symbol of crusaderism , with which the EDL reminds us of an anti-Muslim tradition and creates an image of British society as essentially Christian and thus inaccessible to non-Christian groups. The logo - a red cross on a black and white background - is an allusion to the Beauceant , the main banner of the Knightly Order of the Templars , which stood out above all in the fight against Muslim armies during the Crusades.

criticism

Violence

During EDL demonstrations there are regular clashes with other groups, both with members of Islamic groups as well as with the organization Unite Against Fascism (UAF) and with police forces, for example on August 8, 2009 in Birmingham and on October 10, 2009 in Manchester on October 31, 2009 in Leeds , January 23, 2010 in Stoke-on-Trent and March 20, 2010 in Bolton . In May 2009, riots broke out after a demonstration in Luton in which dozens of demonstrators attacked Asian shops, demolished vehicles and threatened passers-by. Police officers, politicians and journalists see the blame primarily on the EDL, which provokes violence by their behavior. John Denham , UK Secretary of State for Local Authorities and Local Affairs, said it was "very clear" that the EDL's tactics of targeting and language selection were intended to be "provoking, engaging and inciting violence". Denham compared the EDL's tactics to those of the British Union of Fascists in the 1930s. In Bradford , participants in an EDL demonstration sang songs of mockery at victims of the 2010 Pakistan flood . In late September 2010, Gateshead police arrested EDL supporters after burning a Quran . EDL supporters allegedly attacked participants in a left-wing event, according to the same source. The alleged leader Yaxley-Lennon was arrested on November 11, 2010 during a demonstration in London for assaulting a police officer. Participants in EDL demonstrations are said to have repeatedly threatened and attacked press representatives. In particular, Joel Titus is accused of hitting a photographer during a demonstration in front of the cameras.

In July 2010, 7 people, including 6 EDL members, were arrested in Bournemouth on suspicion of preparing a bomb attack on the mosque there. However, no charges were brought against the individuals.

In September 2010 the Leicester Police Department received information that the EDL was planning to attack a mosque in the city in a planned elevator on October 9th.

According to a senior police officer, it can be observed that the activities of the EDL lead to radicalization and serve Islamic extremism. The EDL rejects these allegations.

In 2011, EDL boss Stephen Yaxley-Lennon denied claims by Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik that he had extensive contacts with the EDL and that he had taken part in one of their demonstrations in Bradford . He referred to Breivik in a documentary as a "monster", but at the same time stated that he shared his ideologies.

Anti-Muslim orientation

At a pro-Israel demonstration by the EDL in front of the Israeli embassy in London, the Orthodox American rabbi and conservative politician Nachum Shifren , who recommended the support of the EDL to the Jewish communities in Great Britain and referred to Muslims as "dogs", spoke . Shifren said the EDL will begin in Britain “to free us from the oppressors of our two governments and the left fifth column , the Quisling press.” However, the EDL's wooing has met with opposition in British Jewish circles. The EDL is "unable or unwilling to differentiate between Islamists and [...] Muslims." The EDL's interest in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict seems to be primarily intended to irritate the Muslim enemy. A senior member of a Jewish self-help organization said the EDL was trying to intimidate entire Muslim communities in order to create tension and fear. Comparisons have been made with the intimidation of Jewish communities in Europe. According to Jon Benjamin, executive director of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , the

“The EDL's alleged 'support' for Israel […] hypocritical. It stands on a foundation of Islamophobia and hatred that we completely reject. [...] The overwhelming majority will not allow themselves to be drawn into this transparent attempt to manipulate a tense political conflict. "

Countermovements

The activities of the EDL have provoked various counter-movements since its early days, for example from Unite Against Fascism , a British anti-fascist association. EDL demonstrations are usually accompanied by counter-demonstrations and a large police presence, often leading to riots and arrests. There is also a website that observes, publishes and comments on the activities of the EDL. The Daily Star , a tabloid closely linked to the right-wing UK, gave up official support for the EDL in early 2011.

Sources and References

literature

Web links

Commons : English Defense League  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Right-wing National Party must open up to non-white members. Der Standard, February 15, 2010, accessed February 6, 2014 .
  2. ↑ Paraic O'Brien: Under the skin of the English Defense League. BBC , October 12, 2009, accessed October 25, 2010 .
  3. ↑ a b Garland & Treadwell 2010 , p. 20.
  4. ↑ Copsey 2010 , p. 9.
  5. ↑ Copsey 2010 , p. 10.
  6. ↑ Patalong 2011 . Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  7. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 12-13.
  8. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 13-14.
  9. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 15-16.
  10. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 17-18.
  11. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 18-19.
  12. ↑ quilliamfoundation.org
  13. ↑ ibtimes.co.uk
  14. ↑ a b Copsey 2010 , p. 19.
  15. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 20-21.
  16. ↑ a b Treadwell & Garland 2011 , p. 622.
  17. ↑ a b Copsey 2010 , p. 20.
  18. ↑ Garland & Treadwell 2010 , p. 25.
  19. ↑ Treadwell & Garland 2011 , pp. 626-627.
  20. ↑ Garland & Treadwell 2010 , p. 27.
  21. ↑ Tweedie 2009 . Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  22. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 23-24.
  23. ↑ Copsey 2010 , pp. 19-20.
  24. ↑ Heather Loat: Dudley mosque plan is scrapped. Express & Star, May 3, 2010, accessed January 11, 2011 .
  25. ↑ Plans scrapped for £ 18m 'mega mosque' in West Midlands. Daily Mail, May 4, 2010, accessed January 11, 2011 .
  26. ^ Robert Booth: English Defense League members attend New York mosque protest. The Guardian, September 12, 2010; accessed January 11, 2011 .
  27. ^ Troublemakers warned over Preston rival protests. BBC News Lancashire, November 26, 2010, accessed January 11, 2011 .
  28. ↑ Nafeesa Shan: EDL targets Blackburn KFC chicken in protest over Halal. Lancashire Telegraph, October 4, 2010, accessed January 11, 2011 .
  29. ↑ Jack Royston: EDL cancel Harrow protest over Halal school menus due to 'Tommy's court case'. Harrow Times, November 30, 2011, accessed January 11, 2011 .
  30. ^ Russell Jenkins: Girl's body 'put in mincing machine'. The Times, June 22, 2007, accessed May 3, 2011 .
  31. ↑ a b Demonstration call on the EDL homepage , accessed on May 2, 2011
  32. ^ A b c d Robert Booth, Matthew Taylor, Paul Lewis: English Defense League: chaotic alliance stirs up trouble on streets. The Guardian, September 12, 2009, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  33. ↑ a b c Billy Briggs: This is England: Masked like terrorists, members of Britain's newest and fastest - growing protest group intimidate a Muslim woman on a train en route to a violent demo. Daily Mail, January 2, 2010, accessed January 10, 2011 .
  34. ↑ Nick Lowles: Businessman bankrolls 'street army'. (No longer available online.) Hope Not Hate, archived from the original on March 8, 2013 ; Retrieved February 14, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Quoted from Searchlight Magazine October 2009 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hopenothate.org.uk
  35. ^ A b Neil Tweedie: The English Defense League: will the flames of hatred spread? The Telegraph, October 10, 2009, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  36. ^ The BNP past of the EDL leader. (No longer available online.) Hope Not Hate, archived from the original on March 8, 2013 ; Retrieved February 14, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Quoted from Searchlight Magazine June 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hopenothate.org.uk
  37. ^ Matthew Reville: Police arrest EDL protest's leader. The Evening Telegraph / Peterborough Today, December 22, 2010, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  38. ^ Robert Booth, Sam Jones: 'Defense league' recruiting football fans to march against Islamic extremism. The Guardian, August 11, 2009, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  39. ^ Russell Jenkins: Former football hooligans regroup in far-Right Casuals United. The Times, September 13, 2009, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  40. ↑ James Cracknell: EDL denies St George's day parade clash. Uxbridge Gazette, August 4, 2010, accessed January 10, 2011 .
  41. ^ A b Jon Cruddas: English Defense League is a bigger threat than the BNP. The Observer, October 10, 2010, accessed January 10, 2010 .
  42. ^ Bernhard Schmid: Distance, deny, threaten. The European extreme right after Oslo. Münster, Edition assemblage , 2011. ISBN 978-3-942885-09-6
  43. ↑ Welsh Defense League links with neo-Nazis are unmasked. BBC News Wales, BBC 1, December 6, 2010, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  44. ↑ Garland & Treadwell 2010 , p. 29.
  45. ↑ 48 people arrested during an anti-Islam demonstration. In: Spiegel Online . October 10, 2009, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  46. ^ Denham condemns right-wing groups. BBC News UK, 12 September 2009, accessed 10 January 2011 .
  47. ↑ Patrick Sawer: Riot police tackle missiles at the English Defense League protest in Bradford. The Telegraph, August 28, 2010, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  48. ^ EDL founder charged with assault. AOL News UK, November 12, 2010, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  49. ↑ Death threats for journalists covering far right demos. National Union of Journalists, November 2, 2009; accessed January 9, 2011 .
  50. ↑ Marc Vallée: EDL & press freedom. (No longer available online.) Marc Vallée, December 15, 2009, archived from the original on August 27, 2010 ; Retrieved January 10, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.marcvallee.co.uk
  51. ↑ Jim Durkin: EDL members arrested over Bournemouth mosque bomb plot fears. Bournemouth Echo, July 27, 2010, accessed January 11, 2011 .
  52. ^ David Maclean: Police fear protesters plan to attack Leicester mosque. (No longer available online.) Leicester Mercury, October 25, 2010, archived from the original on December 30, 2010 ; Retrieved January 11, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk
  53. ^ Phil Mackie: English Defense League demos 'feed Islamic extremism'. BBC News , November 19, 2010, accessed January 12, 2011 .
  54. ↑ Mark Hughes: The Daily Telegraph: Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik had extensive links to the English Defense League . In: The Daily Telegraph , July 25, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011. 
  55. ^ Gordon Rayner: Norway killer Anders Behring Breivik emailed 'manifesto' to 250 British contacts , Telegraph. July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011. 
  56. ↑ BigJay: Official Statement - Anders Breivik . BigJay. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  57. ↑ Video ZDFzeit: Germany in danger?  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on January 26, 2014. (offline)
  58. ↑ 'Surfer rabbi' joins EDL march against UK 'Islamification'. The Jerusalem Post, October 25, 2010, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  59. ^ Rabbi Shifren's speech at the EDL demonstration. The Jewish Chronicle, October 25, 2010, accessed January 9, 2011 .
  60. ↑ Miriam Shaviv: Diaspora Jews beware: Stay away from bigots, no matter how friendly they seem. Haaretz, June 29, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .
  61. ↑ Marcus Dysch: EDL step up recruitment Their Jewish. The Jewish Chronicle, June 3, 2010, accessed January 8, 2011 .
  62. ↑ edlwatch.com ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 10, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.edlwatch.com
  63. ↑ Jessica Elgot, Jennifer Lipman: Star no longer shines on the EDL. The Jewish Chronicle, February 17, 2011, accessed May 2, 2011 .