Right-wing terrorism

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Oktoberfest memorial at the site of the right-wing terrorist attack that killed 13 people in 1980. (2008)

As right-wing terrorism is a particularly violent oriented part of the right-wing designated who consciously pursue the aims planned and executed bombings , killings or other forms of terrorist violencebegins. There is no generally accepted definition; Common action-related features define this terrorism as “forms of politically motivated use of violence, which are carried out by non-governmental groups against a political order in a systematically planned form with the aim of psychological effects on the population and the possibility of non-violent and legal action for this purpose as an option for action and ignore the appropriateness, consequential effects and proportionality of the agent used. "

Germany

State definition

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Today the designation is used by German constitutional protection authorities to “create a nationalist, folk-oriented state, among other things. by attacks on the life, limb and property of other people ”. "One of the hallmarks of terrorism is the perpetration of these crimes by groups that are organized according to the division of labor and operate in principle undercover."

history

1919-1945

The beginning of right-wing terrorist activities in Germany can be stated with the murder of Bavarian Prime Minister Kurt Eisner in 1919. One of the most active, Germany ramified terrorist groups was between 1920 and 1922, the Organization Consul (OC) resulting from the essential to the Kapp Putsch involved Marine Brigade Ehrhardt had emerged. Parts of the organization were involved in building the SA . Subgroups of the OC, for example, murdered the central politician Matthias Erzberger (1921) and the then Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic Walther Rathenau (1922). After the Consul organization had been banned by the Republic Protection Act of 1922, the Bund Wiking , a kind of paramilitary "military sports group" of the 1920s, was founded as a successor organization. Overview of right-wing extremists committed in the first five years of the Weimar Republic up to 400 " political assassinations ", among the victims of often volunteer corps organized perpetrators were mainly Social Democrats and Communists. These crimes have rarely been solved. The few perpetrators who were charged were punished comparatively mildly by the judiciary in the Weimar Republic, as the statistician Emil Julius Gumbel already demonstrated in the early years of this first German republic. Armed organizations involved in the clashes at the time included the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten and the Wehrwolf (military association) . For other organizations, see Paramilitary Organization (Weimar Republic) .

1931 and 1935 came at the Berlin Kurfürstendamm to anti-Semitic mass actions of the SA , known Kurfürstendamm riots.

When the National Socialists came to power in 1933, right-wing terrorism became state policy. In this context, the SA (Sturmabteilung) and the SS (Schutzstaffel) played central roles. But the Wehrmacht and especially the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the SD were responsible for atrocities. (see Wehrmacht exhibition )

In the end of the war the werewolf organization played a controversial role to this day.

1948-1960

As far as known, the activities of old and new Nazis in the FRG remained on armaments, paramilitary training, the formation of structures and planning such as the Bund Deutscher Jugend founded in 1950 - as a stay-behind organization supported by the Gehlen organization , the Counter Intelligence Corps and the CIA -, which was founded in 1950 Jugendbund eagle , which was founded in 1950 party all-German bloc / League of expellees and Deprived of Rights , which was founded in 1951 HIAG , which was founded in 1951 steel helmet - combat federation for Europe , which was founded in 1951 breastfeeding Help Prisoners of war and internees , the Wiking-Jugend founded in 1952 , the comradeship ring of national youth associations founded in 1954 and the Federation of Heimattreuer Jugend founded in 1957 in Franconia .

In the period between 1948 and 1959 the anti-communist group against inhumanity existed , tolerated and financially supported by Western secret services , supported by “people with, in some cases, considerable closeness to NS” and with connections to the Bund Deutscher Jugend . She committed acts of sabotage and attacks in the GDR.

Since the 1960s

After the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) narrowly missed entry into the Bundestag in 1969 , the right-wing extremist camp split into splinter groups. During this time there were around 100 right-wing extremist associations and 40 publishing houses and book services. The new Ostpolitik associated primarily with the name Willy Brandt , the consequence of which was the recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line and the recognition of the two German states, met with considerable rejection in the right-wing extremist scene. Attempts by the Aktion Resistance to take up this rejection in order to overcome internal conflicts failed. A number of militant right-wing extremist organizations emerged from the resistance campaign. Active were Manfred Roeder German action groups , the NSDAP organizational structure , Michael Kuhnen Action Front of National Socialists / National Activists who Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann . Friedhelm Busse founded the People's Socialist Movement in Germany / Labor Party (VSBD / PdA) and the Neumann Group . The right-wing extremist scene became increasingly militarized.

From the late 1970s onwards, these groups posed a considerable threat to internal security.

In the 1980s, right-wing terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany reached its peak with a series of attacks and murders that resulted in numerous deaths. These include:

From 1979 the aid organization for national political prisoners and their relatives (HNG) , which had only been banned since 2011, supported terrorists from the right-wing extremist camp during and after their imprisonment.

The Federal Ministry of the Interior reacted to the increasing violence by banning the military sports group Hoffmann (WSG) on January 16, 1980, the VSBD / PdA on January 14, 1982 and the National Socialists / National Activists (ANS / NA) on November 24, 1983 .

The number of right-wing terrorist activities had already risen between 1980 and 1985, and the authorities have assessed their danger as higher again since 1992. Christian Worch openly threatened terrorist attacks at the time; The US-based NSDAP / AO of Gary Lauck distributed a four-volume guide to guerrilla struggle and improvised bombing, led by “revolutionary cadres”.

Right-wing terrorist activities, especially in the form of arson attacks on residential buildings (state asylum shelters and private houses where displaced persons are supposed to be housed), increased sharply in 2014 and 2015. Background research at the time reports more than 200 attacks in 2015 alone.

Baden-Wuerttemberg
  • On February 21, 1980 there was a bomb attack by the German action groups on an exhibition about Auschwitz in the Esslingen district office .
  • On April 18, 1980 there was a bomb attack by the German action groups on the house of the Ostfilderer district administrator Hans-Peter Braun, who was responsible for the Auschwitz exhibition.
  • On August 6, 1980, the German action groups carried out an arson attack on a hotel in Leinfelden-Echterdingen , where asylum seekers were staying.
  • On August 17, 1980, there was a bomb attack by the German Action Groups on an asylum seeker accommodation in Lörrach , injuring two women.
  • On July 7, 1992, neo-Nazis attacked a workers' accommodation in Kemnat (Ostfildern) , Esslingen district. Sadri Berisha was killed and his colleague Sahit Elezay survived seriously injured. The main offender was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court found the guilt to be particularly serious because the murder was done for base motives. To this day there is no place of memory of Sadri Berisha in Kemnat.
  • On October 1, 2000, the right-wing extremist organization European White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Schwäbisch Hall , which was probably dissolved at the end of 2002. The grouping came after the disclosure of the legal terrorist NSU 2011 in the headlines when it became known that this and the undercover agent Corelli had been members of the Federal Office for State Protection and two of Baden-Wuerttemberg police. It is noticeable that the two officers belonged to the same police unit as Michèle Kiesewetter, who was murdered in 2007 . Entanglement with the case has not yet been proven (as of mid-2017).
  • On April 25, 2007, there was a police murder in Heilbronn , during which a police patrol was attacked in a parking lot on the Heilbronn Theresienwiese . The police officer Michèle Kiesewetter died, her colleague suffered life-threatening injuries and the officers' weapons were stolen in the act. The act is attributed to the NSU, since the stolen weapons were found in November 2011 on the bodies of Uwe Mundlos and Uwe Böhnhardt . According to a statement by Beate Zschäpe in the NSU trial , they committed the act in order to get at the officers' weapons. However, the authorship of the three known NSU perpetrators was repeatedly questioned in the course of the investigation. The right-wing extremist motive for the act seems certain, but it cannot be ruled out that the act was committed by other, unknown persons from the NSU environment.
Bavaria
  • On July 30, 1980 the "German Action Groups" carried out a bomb attack on the "Federal Assembly Camp for Asylum Seekers" in Zirndorf .
  • The Oktoberfest attack on September 26, 1980 was a right-wing terrorist attack in Munich. 13 people died in a bomb explosion at the main entrance of the Oktoberfest, 211 were injured, some seriously.
  • On December 19, 1980, Shlomo Levin and his partner Frida Poeschke were murdered in Erlangen by a member of the right-wing extremist military sports group Hoffmann .
  • On June 25, 1982, the 26-year-old Helmut Oxner , a supporter of the military sports group Hoffmann, shot three people in downtown Nuremberg and seriously injured others. First he shot in a disco frequented mainly by African-Americans, only to target foreign-looking people on the street. He called to the police: "Don't worry, I only shoot Turks". Injured by police bullets in an exchange of fire, Oxner shot himself at the scene.
  • On January 7, 1984, the Ludwig group carried out an arson attack on the Liverpool sex discotheque in Munich's Schillerstrasse. Eight of the thirty guests were injured, and the 20-year-old bar girl Corinna Tatarotti died at the end of April from severe burns.
  • On the night of December 16-17, 1988, the 19-year-old trainee Josef Saller, a member of the neo-Nazi organization Nationalist Front , set fire to a house in downtown Schwandorf , where mainly Turks lived , for racist reasons . In court, the 19-year-old perpetrator said: "I hate foreigners." Four people lost their lives in the arson attack. The worker Osman Can (49), his wife Fatma (43), his son Mehmet (11) and the acoustician Jürgen Hübener (47) burned or suffocated.
  • On June 23, 1999, a pipe bomb that had been built into a flashlight exploded in the Sonnenschein pub on Scheurlstrasse in Nuremberg . A cleaner found this lamp in a toilet and turned it on. The device then made a humming noise and exploded. The man suffered only minor injuries because the bomb was incorrectly designed. This case has only been attributed to the NSU since June 2013, when the accused and witness Carsten S. testified before the Munich Higher Regional Court that one of the two Uwes had mentioned at a personal meeting that they had left a flashlight in a "shop" that " Project «but would not have worked. Stefan Aust and Dirk Laabs consider this statement to be credible, as this attack was only reported regionally and it was not known to the nationwide public. Since the end of June 2013, the Federal Prosecutor's Office has been investigating Beate Zschäpe because of this bomb attack on a restaurant in Nuremberg. The owner of the restaurant was of Turkish origin.
  • On August 15, 1999, Carlos Fernando was so physically attacked and beaten for racist motives in Kolbermoor near Rosenheim that his head fell on a curb. On September 30, 1999, he died in hospital from his injuries. The perpetrator is sentenced to ten years in prison for bodily harm resulting in death. Carlos Fernando came to the GDR as a contract worker from Mozambique and lived in Bavaria after the fall of the Wall. A plaque in the cemetery in Kolbermoor reminds of him, but the political background of the crime is not an issue.
  • Enver Şimşek , owner of a flower shop in Schlüchtern , wasshot eight times from two pistolson September 9, 2000 on the edge of an arterial road in Nuremberg - Langwasser , where he had set up his mobile flower stand in a parking bay ( location ). He died in the hospital two days later. Şimşek was 38 years old. He cameto Germanyfrom Turkey in 1986, initially working in a factory, opening a flower shop and finally a wholesale business with affiliated shops and stands. He was considered a successful businessman. In addition to the Česká 83, which was used in all cases, the murder weapons were a Bruni model 315. Şimşek normally only delivered the flowers, but this Saturday he was in charge of the stand as the seller, who was usually present, was on vacation. Şimşek became the first victim of the Ceska series of murders carried out by the terrorist cell of the National Socialist Underground .
  • On June 13, 2001, Abdurrahim Özüdoğru was killed with two head shots in a tailoring shop in the southern part of Nuremberg ( Lage ) . He was 49 years old, worked as a shift worker at Siemens and helped out in the shop part-time. The forensic investigation revealed that the Česká 83 used in the murder of Enver Şimşek was also used here; the further investigations also remained inconclusive.
  • Habil Kılıç , owner of a fruit and vegetable trade, 38 years old, was shot dead in his shop ( location ) in Munich - Ramersdorf on August 29, 2001 . As things stand, he is the fourth victim of the Ceska series of murders . In contrast to the three previous crimes, the investigators found no cartridge cases at this or any other crime scene .
  • In 2003 an attack on the newly opened Munich synagogue was thwarted. In 2005 the “ protection group ” of the right-wing extremist Action Office South was banned as a terrorist organization.
  • İsmail Yaşar , owner of a doner kebab snack bar, was killed on June 9, 2005 in his sales container in Nuremberg's Scharrerstrasse ( Lage ) with five bullets in the head and upper body. He was 50 years old and came from Suruç . Witnesses noticed two abnormally behaving men with bicycles near the crime scene, so that phantom images were made. According to current knowledge, the murder of Yaşar is part of the Ceska series of murders of the terrorist cell of the National Socialist Underground . İsmail Yaşar is considered the sixth murder victim.
  • Theodoros Boulgarides , co-owner of a locksmith, wasshot deadon June 15, 2005 in his shop in Munich- Westend ( Lage ). He was 41 years old and Greek and left a wife and two daughters. He only opened the store on June 1, 2005. According to current knowledge, he is the seventh victim of the Ceska series of murders.
  • On July 22, 2016, David Sonboly (Ali Davoud Sonboly) shot and killed nine people at and in the Olympia Shopping Center (OEZ) in the Moosach district of Munich. He shot five others injured.
  • On October 19, 2016, Wolfgang Plan, an activist in the Reich bourgeoisie , shot and killed a police officer in Georgensgmünd (Bavaria) and seriously injured three others when they tried to search their homes for illegal possession of firearms.
Berlin
  • On April 11, 1968, Rudi Dutschke was critically injured in an assassination attempt by Josef Bachmann in West Berlin and died of consequences 11 years later. Bachmann had contact with neo-Nazis in Peine, Lower Saxony, from whom he acquired the murder weapon.
  • In 1968 the Hengst military sports group shot at the office of the German Communist Party (DKP).
  • On November 7, 1970, the neo-Nazi Ekkehard Weil (21) shot a Russian guard at the Soviet memorial in Berlin-Tiergarten and seriously injured him. Slogans on the pavilion such as “Smash the Red Corruption” and “Resist the Sellout of Germany” were signed with “ European Liberation Front ”. Weil belonged to the extreme right-wing “ Association of German Youth ” from 1964 to 1966 and then to the “ Bund Heimattreuer Jugend ”, which still exists today . After his imprisonment, in 1977 he carried out an arson attack on the office of the executive committee of the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin .
  • On February 19, 1997, the neo-Nazi Kay Diesner injured a bookseller in Berlin with a pump gun. While on the run there was a firefight with police officers, in the course of which Diesner fatally injured 34-year-old police chief Stefan Grage and seriously injured another officer.
  • In September and December 1998, two bomb attacks were carried out by unknown perpetrators on Galinski's grave in the Jewish cemetery in Heerstrasse in Berlin-Westend . The tombstone was almost completely destroyed. A right-wing extremist background is assumed, but the perpetrators could not be identified.
  • In March 2002, strangers threw a metal bottle with explosives over the wall at the entrance to the Jewish cemetery in Berlin-Charlottenburg. Property damage occurred, among other things, to the mourning hall. The police offered a reward of 5000 euros. Witnesses reported a dark car that is said to have driven in the wrong direction through a one-way street shortly after the attack. But the perpetrators were never caught. An anti-Semitic motive is suspected. Ongoing investigations are also considering a perpetrator on the part of the NSU .
  • 2009 to 2013: neo-Nazi arson attack series
  • 2014/2015: Arson attack series of the "German Resistance Movement"
  • since 2016 neo-Nazi arson attack series in Berlin-Neukölln
Hamburg
  • On April 27, 1980, the "German Action Groups" carried out a bomb attack on the Janusz Korczak School .
  • The two Vietnamese Nguyễn Ngọc Châu and Đỗ Anh Lân were killed in an attack on a refugee shelter in Hamburg on August 22, 1980 by members of the neo-Nazi terror organization German Action Groups .
  • Süleyman Taşköprü , a fruit and vegetable dealer, was killed on June 27, 2001 in Hamburg-Bahrenfeld in his father's shop ( Lage ) with three shots from two different weapons. He was 31 years old, from Afyonkarahisar, and had a three-year-old daughter. The pistols used could be identified as those already used in the murder of Enver Şimşek in Nuremberg, alongside the Česká also the Bruni model 315. According to current knowledge, Taşköprü is the third victim of the right-wing extremist series of Ceska murders .
Hesse
  • On December 24, 1980, the Frankfurt VSBD terrorist Frank Schubert shot dead the customs officer Josef Arnold and the police officer Walter Wehrli and seriously injured two other people on a trip to Switzerland with Walter Kexel to procure ammunition .
  • In 1982, the Hepp - Kexel group carried out a series of attacks on American barracks in Frankfurt , Darmstadt , Butzbach and Gießen , which had initially been assigned to radical left-wing terrorists, although the lack of letters of confession spoke against the participation of radical left groups. In 1983 five members of the Hepp-Kexel group were arrested and later sentenced to long prison terms.
  • On August 23, 1992, the cloakroom lady Blanka Zmigrod , a Holocaust survivor, was executed on the street in Frankfurt am Main with a shot in the head. Swedish right-wing terrorist John Ausonius was sentenced to life imprisonment in February 2018 for the murder of Zmigrod.
  • Halit Yozgat , operator of an internet café ( Lage ), waskilled by two headshotson April 6, 2006 in his shop in the Kassel district of North Holland . He was 21 years old and of German Turkish descent. He had just opened the café a short time before with money borrowed from his father. He also attended evening school to do his Abitur. Yozgat found himself in his business unplanned, he should have already been replaced by his father, who was late. At the time of the crime, Andreas Temme, an employee of the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Hesse , was present, who was at times considered a murder suspect and was arrested and whose phone was therefore monitored by the police. Despite the investigations against Temme, multiple interrogations of him as a witness in the Munich NSU trial and in various parliamentary investigative committees , the arrival of Yozgate's father shortly after the crime and the precise reconstruction of the time of death by the police, the attack has not yet been clarified. Yozgat is considered the ninth and final victim of the Ceska series of murders .
  • On March 5, 2010 activists of the right-wing extremist Anti-Antifa Wetzlar threw a Molotov cocktail at the front door of a residential building of a Protestant pastoral officer who was actively involved against neo-Nazis. The perpetrators were sentenced to long prison terms for attempted murder in February 2011.
  • On June 2, 2019, the Kassel District President Walter Lübcke was murdered. ( Walter Lübcke murder case ).
  • On February 19, 2020, a right-wing terrorist killed ten people and himself in Hanau .
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
  • On February 25, 2004, Mehmet Turgut was killed with three headshots at a kebab snack ( location ) in the Rostock district of Toitenwinkel . Turgut was 25 years old, came from Turkey and was staying illegally in Germany. He was visiting a friend in Rostock, for whom he spontaneously took over the task of opening the snack bar in the morning. He had lived in Hamburg until ten days before the crime. According to current knowledge, Turgut is the fifth victim of the NSU's Ceska series of murders .
  • On November 7, 2006 and January 18, 2007 a branch of the Sparkasse in Stralsund was attacked twice. Both attacks are now attributed to the Nazi underground terror cell , which allegedly used the booty from their attacks to plan and carry out right-wing extremist attacks.
Lower Saxony
  • In 1979, in the so-called Bückeburg Trial , members of one of these right-wing extremist groups were convicted as terrorists for the first time.
  • On August 28, 2015, a right-wing extremist offender threw a Molotov cocktail at a refugee home in Salzhemmendorf and hit the nursery of an 11-year-old boy from Zimbabwe who, however, slept in the next room with his mother that night. The perpetrators were sentenced to several years in prison.
North Rhine-Westphalia
  • In early 1979, the police in Stahle and Albaxen in the Höxter district raised a military sports group.
  • In 1979, Peter Naumann , right-wing terrorist and now a politician of the NPD, blew up two broadcasting masts of the ARD in the Hunsrück and Münsterland during the broadcast of the introductory documentary Final Solution , in order to prevent the broadcast.
  • The Sauerland Action Front (SAF), founded in 1991, was an important right-wing extremist group in the 1990s, which was particularly active in the Siegen , Olpe and Hochsauerland districts . You were assigned several members who later became known as right-wing terrorists, including the police murderers Kay Diesner and Michael Berger and the triple murderer Thomas Adolf .
  • On October 3, 1991, three neo-Nazis threw incendiary devices on a home in Hünxe inhabited by war refugees and hit a room in which the children of a Lebanese refugee family were sleeping. Four children were injured, two six- and seven-year-old girls sustained life-threatening burns.
  • On May 29, 1993 there was an assassination attempt in Solingen , in which a group of neo-Nazis threw Molotov cocktails at a two-family house inhabited by Turkish families in Untere Wernerstraße 81. Two women aged 27 and 18 and three girls aged twelve, nine and four died as a result of the fire. A six-month-old baby, a three-year-old child and a 15-year-old boy were rushed to hospital with life-threatening injuries. In addition, 14 other people were burned.
  • On June 14, 2000, the Dortmund neo-Nazi Michael Berger killed the police officers Matthias Larisch von Woitowitz (35), Yvonne Hachtkemper (34) and Thomas Goretzki (35).
  • On July 27, 2000 , a pipe bomb filled with TNT exploded at the Düsseldorf Wehrhahn train station , injuring ten people, some of them life-threatening, and a woman who was five months pregnant lost her unborn child. The victims all came from CIS countries and were of Jewish faith. A right-wing extremist or anti-Semitic motive was assumed on the basis of a confessional video, but the investigations did not lead to any reliable result. On January 31, 2017, a right-wing extremist suspect was arrested. On July 31, 2018, the suspect was acquitted of all charges by the Düsseldorf Regional Court. The verdict is not yet legally binding.
  • On January 19, 2001, there was an explosive explosion in a grocery store in Cologne, in which the then 19-year-old German-Iranian daughter of the company owner was seriously injured. Assuming he wanted to go shopping, a man who appeared as a customer hid a Christmas stollen tin with more than a kilogram of black powder under the goods. There are references to the crime in the two NSU confessional videos that were discovered. The Federal Public Prosecutor therefore holds the terrorists responsible for this attack. According to a phantom image, an undercover agent for the protection of the constitution in North Rhine-Westphalia could have been involved in the act.
  • On October 7, 2003, the 45-year-old neo-Nazi Thomas Adolf shot the Mechthild Bucksteeg, Hartmut and Alja Nickel family of three with a pump gun in Hartmut Nickel's law firm in Overath . In the past, the lawyer had brought an eviction action against Thomas Adolf. Even though the crime was overlaid with a personal motive, the perpetrator described it as “a measure I carried out myself for the recovery of the German people”, which was “more than necessary”. Thomas Adolf considered himself to be the head of an "SS Götterdämmerung division", which presumably only had himself as a member. He said that the organization had given him a death list with the task of killing various politicians, media representatives and lawyers. The perpetrator was sentenced to life imprisonment with subsequent preventive detention. This was necessary because the judge found that the defendant "intends to continue the armed struggle after his release from prison". The North Rhine-Westphalian Ministry of the Interior does not classify the act as politically motivated to this day, but the perpetrator was close to National Socialist ideas.
  • On June 9, 2004, 22 people were injured in the nail bomb attack in Cologne , four of them seriously. It was not until November 2011 that the attack was assigned to the National Socialist underground .
  • On April 4, 2006, Mehmet Kubaşık was killed in the kiosk ( location ) he ran in the north of Dortmund . The kiosk was located near the then neo-Nazi meeting point Deutscher Hof . Kubaşık was 39 years old, of German-Turkish descent and a father of three. Kubaşık was the eighth victim of the right-wing extremist Ceska series of murders against Turkish small businesses. His daughter stated that the family always adopted a right-wing extremist background.
  • On October 17, 2015 , a right-wing extremist attacked Henriette Reker , a non-party representative and later mayor of Cologne, as well as another bystander with a knife and seriously injured both of them. He justified the act with racist and Islamophobic statements. The Düsseldorf Higher Regional Court sentenced the perpetrator to 14 years imprisonment on July 1, 2016, for attempted murder and dangerous and negligent bodily harm.
  • On October 31, 2015, a xenophobic firefighter in Altena carried out an arson attack on a house inhabited by Syrian refugees.
  • In November 2017 a man attacked the mayor of Altena , Andreas Hollstein, with a knife and seriously injured him out of expressed frustration at the local refugee policy .
Rhineland-Palatinate
Saarland
  • On March 9, 1999, a bomb attack was carried out on the Wehrmacht exhibition of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research in Saarbrücken , during which a bomb exploded on the back of the exhibition building. The right-wing extremist scene protested against the exhibition in advance. The building of the adult education center that housed the exhibition, as well as a neighboring church, suffered property damage of several hundred thousand marks. The police suspected a right-wing extremist background, but could not identify the perpetrator despite an alleged letter of confession. In the meantime, a perpetrator of the NSU is suspected and examined.
Saxony
  • The right-wing extremist terrorist cell, the National Socialist Underground , operated in Saxony from 1998 to 2011 . The perpetrators Uwe Böhnhardt , Uwe Mundlos and Beate Zschäpe are said to have been involved in eight attacks in Chemnitz and three in Zwickau between 1998 and 2006 . The raids were targeted at supermarkets and bank branches, and the booty from the raids was allegedly used to finance the group's attacks. On November 4, 2011, after the NSU was blown up, Beate Zschäpe blew up the terrorist cell's hideout at Fruehlingsstrasse 26 in Zwickau-Weißenborn.
  • In April 2016, the FTL / 360 vigilante group, a right-wing terrorist group in Freital , was accused of several attacks in refugee accommodation, a residential building and a party office. The investigation extended to the attempted murder.
  • On the evening of September 26, 2016, two bomb attacks were carried out in Dresden , with a Molotov cocktail on the entrance door of the Dresden Fatih Mosque and on the grounds of the International Congress Center Dresden . Video surveillance cameras filmed a person wearing a motorcycle helmet , and the Public Prosecutor's Office launched a public search on September 30 with the publication of the video material .
Saxony-Anhalt
  • Attack in Halle (Saale) : On October 9, 2019, the German right-wing extremist Stephan Balliet tried to storm a synagogue in Halle during the Yom Kippur service in order to commit mass murder of around 50 believers. After the perpetrator, who was heavily armed with self-made firearms and explosives, failed to break into the synagogue, he threw explosives over the wall of the property and shot a passerby who spoke to him during the act. He then stormed a kebab shop, shot a guest and engaged in a shootout with the police. The perpetrator previously published a manifesto on the Internet in which he stated that he had also considered a mosque or a socio-cultural anti- fascist center as targets, but hoped that the attack on a synagogue would have a greater impact, since in his worldview Judaism is the root of all problems. The perpetrator streamed his act live on a gaming platform and used conspiracy-theoretical terminology and jargon from the subculture of right-wing imageboards .
Schleswig-Holstein
  • Assassination attempt in Mölln : On November 23, 1992, the neo-Nazis Michael P. and Lars C. threw Molotov cocktails at two houses inhabited by migrant families. One house burned down completely, and the ten- and fourteen-year-old girls Yeliz Arslan and Ayşe Yılmaz and their 51-year-old grandmother Bahide Arslan died in the flames.
  • In the arson attack on a refugee home in Lübeck on the night of January 18, 1996, ten residents of the asylum seekers' home at Hafenstrasse 52 died and 55 other people were injured. Investigations led to a right-wing extremist group of offenders from nearby Grevesmühlen , but there were investigative breakdowns and the investigations were finally closed.
  • After injuring the 63-year-old bookseller Klaus Baltruschat with a gun three days earlier in Berlin, the neo-Nazi Kay Diesner came into a police check on February 23, 1997 in the parking lot on the A 24 in the Duchy of Lauenburg . He opened fire on the police officers, where he fatally hit the 34-year-old police chief Stefan Grage. Another officer was seriously injured in the exchange of fire.
Thuringia
  • The right-wing extremist Udo Albrecht from Thuringia was involved in various terrorist machinations.
  • The members of the terrorist organization National Socialist Underground , which became known in November 2011, came from Jena in Thuringia . The role of the Office for the Protection of the Constitution in monitoring the group, particularly the Thuringian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution and its former President Helmut Roewer , is the subject of a broad political and media debate. There are still numerous inconsistencies, questions and suspicions due to the numerous mishaps that happened in the vicinity of the NSU observation.
  • The last two robberies by the NSU took place in Thuringia. Two branches of the Sparkasse were attacked, initially in Arnstadt on September 7th, 2011. On November 4th, 2011 Mundlos and Böhnhardt rode their bikes to the branch of the Wartburg-Sparkasse in Eisenach and attacked them masked at 9:30 am and fled with 70,000 euros Loot on bicycles to their motor home parked some distance away. The day before, residents near the crime scene noticed a white mobile home with a license plate from the Vogtland district . After the attack, the police immediately launched a manhunt, erected road blocks and used helicopters without finding the perpetrators. They stowed the bikes in their mobile home, which seemed unusual to a passerby. He informed the police, who then searched for a mobile home. Mundlos and Böhnhardt drove their mobile home to the residential street Am Schafrain in the nearby Eisenach district of Stregda . When officials approached the suspicious mobile home around 11:30 a.m., they were shot at or heard gunshots. A little later the vehicle caught fire. After the fire brigade had put out the flames, the corpses of Mundlos and Böhnhardt were found inside. In addition, several weapons were found there - including the service weapon of the policewoman who was killed in Heilbronn in 2007 and that of her seriously injured colleague - and around 110,000 euros in cash. According to current knowledge, the NSU used the booty from its robberies to finance its series of murders and explosive attacks.

National Socialist Underground

Between 2000 and 2007, the terrorist group National Socialist Underground (NSU) murdered nine migrants and the police officer Michèle Kiesewetter . First, the Thuringian neo-Nazis Uwe Böhnhardt , Uwe Mundlos and Beate Zschäpe had sent dummy letter bombs to representatives of the city administration, police and local press in Jena. In 1998 the police found pipe bombs, explosives and propaganda material during a search of a garage they were using. The trio then went into hiding and in the following years murdered migrants in an unprecedented series , while the police were looking for a “kebab killer” and the perpetrators were mainly looking for the victims. After a bank robbery on November 4, 2011 in Eisenach , Mundlos and Böhnhardt killed themselves, whereupon Zschäpe set fire to their apartment and turned himself in to the police on November 8, 2011. Since then she has been in custody and was found guilty of nine murders and multiple attempted murders in the NSU trial in July 2018, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Four helpers from the NSU received early prison sentences. The National Socialist Underground was supported by the right-wing extremist environment with money, apartments and weapons.

Weapons finds

At the request of the parliamentary group of the party Die Linke , the Federal Ministry of the Interior spoke of 811 weapons that were confiscated from the right-wing extremist scene in 2009 and 2010. With 331 copies were slashing - and stabbing the most common seized arms. This is followed by 210 gas weapons (e.g. pepper spray ). 40 explosive devices and incendiary devices , 16 long weapons , 15 handguns and eight weapons that fall under the War Weapons Control Act (e.g. machine guns and hand grenades ) were also found among the weapons.

The following list gives an overview of the most important weapons finds in recent years:

  • In October 2015, the Bavarian police seized a large number of weapons during raids in Bamberg and the surrounding area. Eleven men and two women between the ages of 21 and 36 were then accused of planning attacks on refugee shelters and members of the left-wing scene. According to the chief public prosecutor in charge, the accused wanted to throw explosives into two Bamberg accommodation for refugees. During the searches of twelve apartments in Upper and Middle Franconia, investigators confiscated a live firearm with ammunition, as well as several non-live firearms, prohibited pyrotechnic objects, baseball bats, stabbing weapons and right-wing extremist propaganda material. According to the Bamberg police, some suspects are activists from offshoots of the Pegida movement and members of the right-wing extremist party Dierechte , including the Bamberg district chairwoman of the party, Nadine H. Individual suspects are said to have registered rallies by the Nuremberg Pegida offshoot Nügida. According to information from the Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation, one of the arrested is the Nuremberg Nügida applicant Dan E.
  • In November 2011, after the suicides of Uwe Böhnhardt and Uwe Mundlos, the two main activists of the National Socialist Underground (NSU) terror cell , the police seized the stolen service weapons from the police murder in Heilbronn .
  • Investigators found nine handguns , a rifle and a Česká type submachine gun in the burned-out apartment of Zschäpe, Mundlos and Böhnhardt (NSU) in Zwickau .
  • On January 20, 2009, extensive weapons were found during a search in the Göttingen area .
  • During a house search in Fretterode in October 2007, a machine gun was found next to a pistol and a submachine gun ( Uzi type ). Thorsten Heise , a leading Thuringian neo-Nazi on whose property the search was carried out, had illegally owned the weapons.
  • In 2005, the authorities arrested a neo-Nazi in Ohrdruf, Thuringia , who was building bombs.

Prohibitions

The list of right-wing extremist organizations banned in Germany chronologically lists those groups, parties and organizations that have been banned as unconstitutional in the Federal Republic of Germany nationwide or in individual federal states since 1949 . The prohibition authorities and prohibition dates are named. The main article right-wing extremism in the Federal Republic of Germany explains the historical background . Right-wing extremist organizations currently legal in Germany are in the list of right-wing extremist parties and organizations # Germany .

Great Britain

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History, evaluation by state institutions, positioning in the political spectrum of England, dimensions, statistics
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A nail bomb attack was carried out in 1999 on the Admiral Duncan gay bar on London's trendy Old Compton Street . Three people died and others were injured. The attack was carried out by the British neo-Nazi David Copeland , who was later arrested and sentenced to prison. He is said to have been inspired by David Myatt's pamphlet A Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution .

Italy

New Zealand

In a terrorist attack on two mosques in Christchurch on March 15, 2019, right-wing terrorist Brenton Tarrant from Australia killed a total of 51 people with firearms and injured another 50, some of them seriously. Analogous to the Norwegian mass murderer Anders Breivik, the perpetrator relied on a number of right-wing extremist and Islamophobic theories.

Norway

The Norwegian National Socialist Black Metal scene led to several church arson foundations and, through Varg Vikernes, the head of the Burzum band project, the murder of Øystein Aarseth .

During the 2011 attacks in Norway , right-wing extremist Anders Behring Breivik attacked a youth camp in Utøya and another against Norwegian government employees in Oslo . While eight dead and 209 wounded were recorded in the attack against Norwegian government employees, 69 people died and 110 were injured in the youth camp in Utøya, 32 of them shot.

Austria

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
History, evaluation by government institutions, positioning in the political spectrum of the United States, orders of magnitude, statistics
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

From 1993 to 1997 the alleged individual perpetrator Franz Fuchs carried out racially motivated bomb attacks against migrants and members of minorities in Austria on behalf of a so-called Bavarian Liberation Army (BBA). The series of attacks claimed four lives, 15 people were injured, some seriously. On 26 February 2000, the 51-year-old Fuchs committed suicide in his cell in the prison of Graz-Karlau suicide .

Sweden

On October 12, 1999 Björn Söderberg, a member of the Swedish anarcho-syndicalist union Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation , was murdered by neo-Nazis in Sätra , a district of Stockholm .

United States

Violent acts by representatives of the US white supremacy movement are part of American post-war history. It has been ideologically underpinned by the alt-right movement since the 2000s . The best-known and most influential militant right-wing extremist and Christian fundamentalist organization that is held responsible for religiously and racially motivated attacks, murders and assassinations is the Ku Klux Klan . The so-called Atomwaffen Division (AWD) is one of the younger terrorist groups . It was founded in 2013 and is mainly active in Florida . The supporters of the AWD are assigned five homicides. A propaganda video from 2018 was explicitly aimed at German right-wing extremists.

In the early 1980s, the Aryan sect-like group "The Order" carried out several serious attacks on political opponents. The organization robbed several banks to finance itself. She bombed a theater and a synagogue . It also acted as a counterfeiting ring and robbed several money transporters. They once managed to steal $ 3.8 million in Ukiah . On June 18, 1984, members of the group shot and killed the liberal radio presenter Alan Berg of Jewish origin when he was getting out of his VW Beetle in the evening .

One of the worst attacks in US history was the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City . 168 people were killed in the attack on April 19, 1995. The building, which was almost completely destroyed by a bomb detonation, served as the seat of several government agencies. The attack was an imitation of an attack against the US state described in the Turner diaries . Militant US neo-Nazis tie in with the event. The number combination 168: 1 first appeared on right-wing extremist T-shirts in the United States. This allusion is intended to contrast the 168 deaths caused by the attack with the death of the main perpetrator, Timothy McVeigh , who was executed for it on June 11, 2001 . McVeigh was in close contact with and sympathized with various right-wing extremist organizations; Right-wing extremists consider him one of their own. In 2019, after the mass murder of a right-wing terrorist, an Australian newspaper wrote that McVeigh had become the "pin-up boy" of the young right-wing extremists.

Assassins from the White Supremacy movement planned a bomb attack on Martin Luther King Day in 2011 , which was also foiled. The perpetrator Kevin William Harpham was a member of the National Alliance .

Attacks are also directed against institutions or alleged followers of non-Christian religions. These include, for example, the attack on a mosque in Oregon in November 2010 or the mass shooting by a neo-Nazi on August 5, 2012 in the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin .

On August 12, 2017, in Charlottesville, 20-year-old James Alex Fields Jr. drove his vehicle into a crowd protesting the march of right-wing extremists. The 32-year-old Heather Heyer was killed and numerous other people injured who had participated in the demonstration. The FBI classified the case as domestic terrorism.

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: right-wing terrorism  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

International

USA

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Martin Sabrow: Organization Consul (OC), 1920-1922 , in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
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  7. ^ Andreas Conrad: When Carlos and the "Libyan People's Office" bombed in Berlin. Handelsblatt, December 21, 2016
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  16. ^ Report of the arson attack ( Memento of October 6, 2002 in the Internet Archive )
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  38. ↑ a b Philipp Schnee: Gaps in memory 1980 - The terror year of the right. In: SWR2 Feature. SWR, October 28, 2020, accessed on November 21, 2020 .
  39. ^ "Brown Army Fraction" struck in 1982 in Giessen. In: Gießener Allgemeine . November 2, 2011, accessed December 11, 2014 .
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  47. ↑ Nikolaus Brender : North Rhine-Westphalia: Little Adolf and his boys . In: Die Zeit , No. 8/1979
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  54. ^ Arrest of another alleged supporter of the terrorist organization National Socialist Underground (NSU) . 47/2011. The Federal Prosecutor General at the Federal Court of Justice , December 11, 2011, accessed on May 25, 2012 .
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  56. ↑ Hartmut and Alja Nickel and Mechthild Bucksteeg , Cura Sacrifice Fund , October 7, 2003,
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  58. ↑ 2006 kiosk murder near the Nazi meeting place "Deutscher Hof" in the north of the city , Der Westen, November 17, 2011
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  68. ↑ Gotha police chief reveals details of Eisenach bank robbery. In: Thuringian General . Retrieved November 30, 2011 .
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  82. ↑ 2 Linked to Aryan groups plead guilty in plot . New York Times
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  86. ↑ 11 Friends, July 18, 2011: "A ban would be insane" ( Memento from July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
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  91. ^ What We Know About James Alex Fields, Driver Charged in Charlottesville Killing . ( nytimes.com [accessed August 13, 2018]).
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  94. ^ No bail for Charlottesville car attack suspect James Fields . In: USA TODAY . ( usatoday.com [accessed August 13, 2018]).