Waldeck Castle (Hunsrück)
| Waldeck Castle | ||
|---|---|---|
_(1).JPG) Waldeck Castle in the Hunsrück: ruins of the upper castle with modern new buildings by the Nerother Wandervogel |
||
| Creation time : | 1189 | |
| Castle type : | Höhenburg, spur location | |
| Conservation status: | ruin | |
| Standing position : | Ministeriale | |
| Place: | Dorweiler | |
| Geographical location | 50 ° 8 '58.2 " N , 7 ° 25' 59.5" E | |
| Height: | 248 m above sea level NHN | |
|
||
Waldeck Castle is the ruin of a spur castle at 248 m above sea level. NHN in the area of the village Dorweiler , a district of the municipality Dommershausen , in the Rhein-Hunsrück district in Rhineland-Palatinate . As the “Rheinische Jugendburg ” and the venue for the “ Waldeck Festival ”, it achieved international fame in the 20th century.
The Ganerben castle was the ancestral home of the Hunsrücker ministerials gender of the von Waldeck. In particular, the Boos von Waldeck family branch was able to gain importance and influence over the centuries and, in the early modern period, secure imperial territory in the vicinity of the castle, the rule of Waldeck . It existed until the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by the French revolutionary troops at the end of the 18th century.
The medieval castle itself was destroyed in 1689 during the War of the Palatinate Succession . In the middle of the 18th century, the ruins were leveled and a summer palace was built on the site. In 1813 the castle was auctioned and partially demolished in 1833.
Since the 1910s, the castle and its foreground have been a popular meeting place for the youth of the Bund , especially the Nerother Wandervogel (who is now the owner of the castle grounds) and the Waldeck Castle Association .
location
Waldeck Castle is located on a mountain spur in the Baybachtal in the Vorderhunsrück . In the middle area of the Baybach near the castle, the valley narrows to a gorge, slopes wooded with oak and hornbeam border directly on the stream.
history
Castle and chateau
The first reliable mention of a "von Waldeck", which can be associated with the Hunsrück castle of this name, is from 1189 and names an Anselm vom Waldeck. It can be assumed that a castle or a fortress house already existed at that time , after which Anselm named himself.
The first documentary mention of the castle itself (in the area of today's castle ruins) dates from 1243. The knights Heribert, Udo, Bosso and Winand von Waldeck gave their castle to the Cologne elector Conrad von Hohenstaden as a fiefdom . This feudal mandate is to be seen in the context of a comparison and extensive exchange of goods between the Archbishops of Cologne and the Count Palatine , who thus temporarily put an end to their decades-old struggle for supremacy in the Moselle and Middle Rhine region. Against this background, it seems likely that Waldeck Castle was previously owned or influenced by the Count Palatine.
Below, in the direction of the valley, the lower castle was laid out in the following decades - probably as the castle houses of Ganerbe. The information that attributes the construction of the lower castle to Rudolf (Udo) von Waldeck around 1250 may be correct. However, the two parts of the castle are clearly proven on the basis of a document from 1285. Only in recent years has the remains of this lowest part of the castle been rediscovered during prospecting in the area and identified as the lower castle mentioned in the documents of the 13th century.
Although the Cologne electors were the highest feudal lords of the castle for the next more than 200 years due to the above-mentioned fiefdom - the last renewal of the Cologne fief is from 1469 - the castle or parts of it subsequently became fiefdoms for other territorial lords transferred, e.g. B. the Elector of Trier , the Sponheimers and the Count Palatine.
Is especially significant in this context in the 14th century, the Eltz feud (1331-1336) of the Common of castles Waldeck, Schoneck , Ehrenburg and Eltz against the Archbishop of Trier and Elector Baldwin and his territorial policy. After the defeat against Baldwin and the conclusion of peace, the commoners of the four castles of Kurtrier became dependent on feudalism. In the case of Waldeck, Trier's feudal dependency hardly survived the death of Elector Baldwin.
As early as the 60s of the 14th century, the castle came under the influence of the Count Palatine again. Due to disagreements - and probably also encroachments by the Waldecker commoners on the possessions of the Palatinate - Count Palatine Ruprecht , the later Roman-German King , besieged the castle in 1398 and took it. He then became the commoner of the castle, bought several buildings and built a new "tower on the neck". He also secured the right of first refusal on all parts of the castle, which is why there were disagreements with the Boos von Waldeck.
With the new construction of the Palatinate's tower, the castle now consisted of three parts: a new tower that had been built above the previous two castles (now called Oberburg) and two lower castles: the old upper (now called lower castle) and the old Lower castle. The members of the Boos von Waldeck family subsequently became hereditary officers of the Obergondershausen district of the Electoral Palatinate.
In 1689, the castle was burned down and destroyed by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession .
In the middle of the 18th century, the owner, Baron von Boos-Waldeck, built a hunting lodge on the ruins of the old castle. Extensive leveling work was probably carried out, which destroyed most of the medieval remains.
During the so-called French era , the castle was expropriated by the French state and auctioned off by the French administration in 1813. The buildings were partially demolished in 1833. The stones were used to build a yard in the Petershausen settlement near Zilshausen. The castle building then fell into ruin.
Modern use
1910 to 1933
The Wandervogel used this space as early as 1910 . In 1920 the Oelbermann brothers and their friend Nauke (Kurt Lorenz) discovered the castle for the new boys' association " Nerother Wandervogel ". Under federal leader Robert Oelbermann , the Waldeck became a center of adventure and travel from 1922. The ambitious settlement and construction project "Rheinische Jugendburg" was started and promoted.
The groups from near and far developed a song culture that was respected throughout the German-speaking area and was associated with the name Waldeck. Writers also lived here. During his Wandervogel time, Werner Helwig created his own songs in a self-built hut at the foot of the medieval castle ruins and set poems by Bertolt Brecht to songs that are still sung today.
Trip groups of the Nerother Wandervogel set off from here on unusual, adventurous journeys in Europe, Africa, South America and on a world trip. Not only did they bring songs in many languages. You also made films that were popular with UFA as cultural films . In turn international visitors arrived in the lonely Hunsrück as the French writer Romain Rolland or 1930, the Indian poet, philosopher, educator and Nobel Prize carrier Rabindranath Tagore .
1933 to 1945
After the National Socialists came to power , Waldeck Castle was occupied by HJ, SA and SS on June 18, 1933. The boys' association "Nerother Wandervogel" was forced to dissolve itself at the end of 1933. The sponsoring association "Federation for the establishment of the Rhenish Youth Castle " changed in 1934 to the more neutral " Arbeitsgemeinschaft Burg Waldeck ", which however also had to be dissolved in 1935. The houses were confiscated and Robert Oelbermann, the main character among the founders, was murdered in 1941 in the Dachau concentration camp . His twin brother, co-founder Karl Oelbermann , evaded the National Socialist "annihilation of the remains of the Bund" by internment in South Africa.
post war period
.JPG)
After the Second World War, the survivors came back to "their" castle. The disaster that was overcome set new premises. According to the will of the re-founded association “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Burg Waldeck eV” (ABW), the Waldeck should no longer be the construction site of a romantic knight's castle, but a place of lived tolerance and international youth encounters.
At the same time, active groups of the Nerother Wandervogel continued to exist in part in an unbroken tradition, who also saw the Waldeck as “their” castle and wanted to put it in the service of the young in the sense of the original Wandervogel.
In 1950 Karl Oelbermann came back to the castle from forced emigration in South Africa. A short time later he was offered the leadership of the boys' union, which had been re-established by Wilhelm Sell in his absence . In the mid-fifties, differences arose about the course to be taken. Karl Oelbermann, at the same time honorary chairman of the ABW and federal leader of the "Nerother Wandervogel" (later "Federation for the Establishment of the Rhenish Youth Castle Nerother Wandervogel Burg Waldeck eV") claimed the sole ownership and house rights to Waldeck Castle for the Wandervogelbund and rejected the new, more open, international one Orientation of the ABW. Since the ABW u. a. rejected the “Führer principle” laid down in the “Weistümern” of the Nerother Wandervogel after the experiences of National Socialism, a dispute arose over the basic orientation and from the end of 1957 a lawsuit over landed property, which ended after twenty years in favor of the ABW, which as Legal successor to the National Socialist compulsory ABW of 1934 was fully recognized. The association " Nerother Wandervogel - Association for the Establishment of the Rhenish Youth Castle" has property in the immediate vicinity on the ruins of the castle, so that today two interest groups with historically the same roots exist on the original Waldeck site.
In 1954, the expansion of the youth castle by the Nerother Wandervogel, which had stalled due to the ban, began again. The pre-war plans that could no longer be financed were reduced to a feasible level. In 1970 the federal government celebrated the topping-out ceremony for the “Diensthaus”, in 1986 for the “Jugendbleibe”, and in 1998 the castle chapel was completed, which underlines the basic Christian orientation of the two twin brothers Robert and Karl Oelbermann.
Instead of the large youth castle that Nerother Wandervogel was striving for, various youth groups built their own homes and huts in the 1950s under the direction of ABW. Their new culture built on tradition, but developed it decisively further. Questions of the time were critically reflected, including the traditional songs. One opened up to new influences, e.g. B. from the American student, folk and civil rights movement, and rediscovered buried or discriminated German traditions such as the Yiddish cultural world with the songs of the destroyed Eastern Jews, the songs of the German democrats from the failed revolution of 1848, the songs of the tramps, Berbers and Travelers. The Jungschafter , Waldeck singer and song researcher Peter Rohland , who died in 1966 at the age of 33, is to be mentioned here as a pioneer together with Hein & Oss Kröher.
The idea for a “ Bauhaus des Liedes” was born, and from it the first Waldeck Festival in 1964, Chanson Folklore International , which was followed by other festivals up to 1969 . Waldeck, where from 1964 the upheaval of 1968 was announced in songs, chansons , cabaret and discussions, is also called the "German Woodstock ". The careers of artists such as Franz Josef Degenhardt , Reinhard Mey , Walter Moßmann and Hannes Wader have their origins on the Waldeck, and Hanns-Dieter Hüsch also performed there. From here spiritual and cultural impulses went into the youthful and intellectual scenes of the whole republic. Wolfgang Niedecken and many of his colleagues from critical text and song therefore acknowledge their Waldecker roots. To this day, radio and television broadcasts repeatedly confirm this long-range effect. The series of festivals up to 1969 led to the renaissance of the committed German-language song. In April 1974 the AG Song (working group of songwriters from the Federal Republic and West Berlin) was founded on the Waldeck.
Previously this was unthinkable in the shadow of Nazi culture, as Franz Josef Degenhardt sang on the Waldeck:
Our songs are dead,
our old songs.
Teachers
chewed them up , short hats clenched them, screamed
brown hordes to death,
stamped boots in the dirt.
After the exertion of the festivals, everyday life returned to the Waldeck itself. Not that spectacular, but always creative. Workshops for dance, theater, cabaret or song and chanson always produce remarkable results. For example, the theater group from the University of Essen came here in the 1990s to rehearse their new pieces. Discussions and seminars interpret the course of time. A new column house and a stage pavilion were built.
The Nerother Wandervogel lives on in its tradition to this day. Ride, fire and song, as the catchphrase of the wandering bird, are still used today.
investment
_(4).JPG)
Today the system is divided into two parts:
The actual castle is the property of the Nerother Wandering Bird, who built new buildings in a historicizing style on the ruins of the upper castle, which serve as the federal center. He has created a grove of honor for the youth movement on the hillside above the Oberburg, in which memorial stones stand for important personalities from the Wandervogel, youth movement and German scouting.
The Burg Waldeck Working Group uses its building above the ruins as a youth education center . In the outdoor area, which is also used as a campground, there is an open-air stage.
There are only a few historical remains on the upper castle. During excavation work in the 1960s, foundations of a central tower were found. However, these were filled in again. Thus the wall to the lower castle and the neck ditch are the only visible remains of the medieval complex.
There is more historical substance on today's lower castle. Above all, the remains of the castle from the 18th century can still be seen. It consisted of a horseshoe-shaped complex with an attached chapel. The only remaining remaining part of the medieval castle is the round tower, just before the so-called bastion. This was probably built with the castle. However, there were no cannons there, but in all probability a garden. Numerous other kennels are located further below, up to the remains of the Niederburg. The former neck ditch lies in front of the ruins of the castle towards the upper castle. As a special feature, the ditch towards the valley could be closed and used as a water reservoir (see Stahleck Castle ).
literature
- Michael Hammes: The Waldeck castle ruins in the Hunsrück . In: Abenteuer Archäologie , Jahresschrift 5, year 2003, ISSN 1615-7125 , pp. 12–15 (with further literature).
- Michael Hammes: The "nuwe Thorn uff dem Neck" ... new knowledge about Waldeck Castle . In: Abenteuer Archäologie , Jahresschrift 8, year 2006/2007, ISSN 1615-7125 , pp. 16-25.
- Kurt Hoppstädter, Fritz Langenberg: Waldeck Castle and Palace in the Hunsrück. A historical review. Ottweiler print shop, Ottweiler 1957.
- Nerohm: The last migratory birds: Waldeck Castle and the Nerother. History of a youth movement. 2nd Edition. Deutscher Spurbuchverlag, Baunach 2002, ISBN 3-88778-197-X .
- Stefan Krolle: Bündische Umtriebe: History of the Nerother Wandering Bird before and under the Nazi state; a youth association between conformity and resistance. 2nd Edition. Lit, Münster 1986, ISBN 3-88660-051-3 .
- Stefan Krolle: Musical -cultural stages of the German youth movement from 1919-1964 . Lit, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7642-X .
- Stefan Krolle: The "youth castle" Burg Waldeck , in: Franz Josef Felten (Ed.): Places of Remembrance in Rhineland-Palatinate , Mainz Lectures, Volume 19, Steiner-Verlag, Stuttgart, 2015
- Alexander Thon, Stefan Ulrich: "Blown by the showers of the past ...". Castles and palaces on the Moselle . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7954-1926-4 , pp. 154–157.
- Hotte Schneider (Ed.): The Waldeck. Songs, rides, adventures. The history of Waldeck Castle from 1911 to the present day. 2nd expanded and revised edition. Spurbuchverlag, Baunach 2015, ISBN 978-3-88778-449-2 .
- Norbert Schwarte, Stefan Krolle (eds.): “Anyone who was Nerother was outlawed ”. Documents on the occupation of Waldeck Castle and the dissolution of the Nerother Wandervogel in June 1933. Puls 20, 2nd revised and expanded edition. Publishing house of the youth movement, Stuttgart 2002, ISSN 0342-3328
- Mind: views, insights, reviews. Bulletin of the working group Burg Waldeck. Working group Burg Waldeck, Dommershausen from 1989.
Web links
- Entry on Waldeck Castle in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
- History of Waldeck Castle 1124–1850
- Working group Burg Waldeck
- Nerother Wandervogel
Individual evidence
- ↑ A. Goerz: Mittelrheinische Regesten. 4 volumes, Coblenz 1876/86, Volume 2, No. 608. (A Winandus mentioned in 1184 is not secured, Gorizia Volume 2, No. 511.)
- ↑ See Goerz, Volume 3, No. 333 and Richard Knipping u. a. (Ed.): Regesta of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages. Bonn 1909–1913, Volume 2, No. 1078.
- ↑ A. Goerz: Mittelrheinische Regesten. 4 volumes, Coblenz 1876/86. Volume 4, No. 1236.
- ↑ Detlef Siegfried: Time is on my side: Consumption and politics in the West German youth culture of the 1960s . In: Hamburg contributions to social and contemporary history . tape 41 . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-8353-0073-3 (840 pages, limited preview in the Google book search).