Reich Citizens Movement

Reich Citizens' Movement is a collective term for an organisationally and ideologically very heterogeneous scene made up mostly of individuals, less often sect-like small and very small groups, who deny the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany as a legitimate and sovereign state and reject its legal system . The ideologies represented by so-called Reich citizens often include the rejection of democracy , ideological elements of monarchism , right-wing extremism , historical revisionism and, in some cases, anti-Semitism or the denial of the Holocaust . They share an attitude of rejection of an open and pluralistic society and refuse, among other things, to pay taxes and fines or to obey court orders and administrative decisions . "Classic" citizens of the Reich claim that, in their opinion, the German Reich continues to exist instead of the Federal Republic , either within the borders of the German Empire or in those of 1937 , according to their ideology . This is represented as an organization by a "provisional Reichsregierung" (KRR) or the like, whose powers the often competing groups claim for themselves. The so - called self - administrators , who increasingly appeared in the 2010s and claim to be able to withdraw from the Federal Republic and its legislation by unilateral declarations , are also assigned to the scene . However, they do not necessarily refer to the German Empire.

The interior authorities refer to the entire scene as "Reich citizens and self-administrators". Self-designations are, for example, “Reich Citizens”, “Reich Government”, “Self-Administrators” or “Natural Persons”; Foreign names are "Reichsbürger" scene or followers of the "Reich ideology" or Reich ideologues .

The "Reichsbürger" scene emerged in the 1980s and has been increasingly appearing since 2010, individual actors since 2013 with militancy . The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) added more than 19,000 people to the spectrum. Of these, 950 people are right-wing extremists (as of July 10, 2020). In 2018, the BfV, the state authorities for the protection of the constitution and the Federal Criminal Police Office estimated that between 2015 and mid-2017 over 10,500 crimes were committed by "Reich citizens".

Protest by "Reich citizens" who invoke Article 146 of the Basic Law (in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin 2013)

Basic assumptions and conspiracy theories

The German Reich continues (instead of the Federal Republic)

The conspiracy theories of the Reich Citizens Movement usually assume that the German Reich will continue to exist, since the Weimar Constitution of 1919 was never abolished (see continued validity of the constitution after 1933 ). The Federal Republic is not identical with the German Reich, but illegal under international and constitutional law and de jure does not exist. Only the German Reich as an organization continues to exist in a legally valid manner. Various actors in the scene are of the opinion that there is a government in the form of a “provisional Reich government”, which is usually formed by them and does not yet have de facto state authority, but legally carries out government and official affairs for Germany. Laws , courts and the taxes levied in the Federal Republic, however, are unlawful.

These proven false assertions of fact are based on legal discussions and political interests that arose from the occupation and the subsequent division of Germany (see also German Reich: Constitutional issues after 1945 ). After the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht , the Allies initially jointly assumed power over Germany. In 1949, both the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and the constitution of the German Democratic Republic were passed. Both with the claim to represent “Germany” alone and to treat the citizens of the other country as citizens. The Federal Republic assumed that it was the (spatially partially identical) continuing German Reich. The assumption of an identity under international law between the Federal Republic of Germany established as a West German state and the Reich excludes the simultaneous assumption of the continued existence of a German Reich as a subject under international law that is separate from the Federal Republic . Since the existence of the GDR was in contradiction to this continued existence, the Federal Republic did not recognize this until the signing of the Basic Treaty of 1972. The GDR, on the other hand, initially saw itself as identical to the German Reich, but later defended the thesis of its downfall and saw itself solely as its legal successor . Since the accession of the GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany and the (re-) attainment of full sovereignty is the unified Germany - the enlarged Federal Republic - also in relation to its spatial extent international law fully identical (subject identical) with the German Reich. Approaches developed in literature, according to which the German Reich finally perished due to a lack of effective state authority and a new state emerged on its territory , were not able to convince.

One of the main arguments bases for these groups is a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court (ff BVerfGE 36, 1). From 1973 - mind long before the German reunification in 1990 and the resulting consequences for the whole of Germany with regard to the "normative power of Factual ”( Jellinek ) - which primarily concerned the question of the legality of the basic treaty between the Federal Republic ( West Germany ) and the GDR. As part of this decision, the court also outlined the problems under international law that had arisen after the end of the Second World War due to the division of Germany with regard to the German state (“ as a whole ”) . The most important sentences of the judgment for the imperial ideologues are:

“The Basic Law - not just a thesis of international law and constitutional law! - assumes that the German Reich survived the collapse of 1945 and did not go under either with the surrender or the exercise of foreign state authority in Germany by the allied occupying powers; this follows from the preamble , from Art. 16, Art. 23 , Art. 116 and Art. 146 GG. This also corresponds to the constant jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court , to which the Senate adheres. The German Reich continues to exist (BVerfGE 2, 266 [277]; 3, 288 [319 f.]; 5, 85 [126]; 6, 309 [336, 363]), still has legal capacity, but is a state as a whole unable to act due to a lack of organization, in particular due to a lack of institutionalized bodies. […] With the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany, a new West German state was not founded, but part of Germany was reorganized (cf. Carlo Schmid in the 6th session of the Parliamentary Council - StenBer. P. 70). The Federal Republic of Germany is therefore not the 'legal successor' of the German Reich [...]. "

Various "Reich governments" considered themselves the missing organs according to the Federal Constitutional Court and claimed that through their existence they would make the German Reich capable of acting again on the basis of what they believed to be the still valid Weimar Constitution or had already made it. In addition, they rely on the statement that the Federal Republic is not the legal successor to the German Reich. Therefore, according to the "Reichsregierungen", they have no authority to act for the German Reich. It is noteworthy that the last sentence of the passage cited above goes a little further and is complete (cf. additionally the Federal Constitutional Court decision of 1987 (Az .: 2 BvR 373/83 = BVerfGE 77, 137 ff.)):

"The Federal Republic of Germany is therefore not the 'legal successor' of the German Reich, but as a state is identical to the State of the 'German Reich' - with regard to its spatial extent, however, 'partially identical', so that in this respect the identity does not claim exclusivity."

When using this argument, “citizens of the Reich” get entangled in the self-contradiction that they are assuming the legal validity of the judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court, whose legitimacy as the constitutional organ of the Federal Republic of Germany they actually reject.

The Federal Republic has no (valid) constitution

Another line of argument of many "Reichsbürger" results from the repeal of Article 23 of the Basic Law of 1949 in the context of German reunification. The article regulated the scope of the Basic Law against the background of the division of Germany and enabled other parts of Germany to join this scope. According to the decision of September 12, 1990 (declared in the two-plus-four treaty ), the article was found to be obsolete, since the accession of the GDR would unify Germany within its final borders. With the entry into force on October 3, 1990, Art. 23 GG was repealed in its old version. Some “Reich Citizens” refer to oral statements made by Foreign Ministers James Baker and Eduard Shevardnadze ; these would have repealed Article 23 on July 17, 1990 during the two-plus-four negotiations in Paris. This resulted in a general expiry of the Basic Law, since it no longer had a defined area of application since that day. Without a valid constitution, Germany can no longer be regarded as a sovereign state. On the one hand, this argument overlooks the fact that foreign ministers' contributions cannot override the constitution of a third country. In addition, the Unification Treaty (Art. 3) clearly defines the scope of the Basic Law:

"When the accession takes effect, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany [...] comes into force in the states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia as well as in the part of the state of Berlin where it was previously not applicable [...] in force."

At the same time, Article 4 No. 1 of the treaty stipulated the new preamble to the Basic Law and in particular its validity for the whole of Germany:

“The Germans in the states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia have Germany's unity and freedom are completed in free self-determination. This basic law applies to the entire German people. "

The preamble also represents a legally effective part of the law, so the repeal of Art. 23 GG by the Unification Treaty (Art. 4 No. 2) never resulted in the situation of an unclear or nonexistent scope of the Basic Law. Apart from that, the assertion on which this argument of the Reich supporters is based is already false, namely that laws without an expressly stated scope are ineffective:

“As a rule, laws and ordinances apply [d. H. Ordinances ] have for the whole area of the body, any legislative or regulatory adopt them. If an exception is made to this rule, the area for which a special provision is set must be specified in the law. "

- German administrative gazette

After all, according to current state theory, a constitution or a basic law is not a decisive criterion for a possible statehood.

Another argument of some “Reichsbürger” is their reference to the wording of Article 146 of the Basic Law, according to which the Basic Law loses its validity if a constitution adopted by the people comes into force. The “Reichsbürger” derive from the different terms “constitution” and “basic law” that the latter is not a state constitution. This interpretation is wrong, the Parliamentary Council had the express task of drawing up a constitution, the name "Basic Law" was only a symbolic political concession to a hoped-for imminent reunification, which should not be tarnished by the adoption of a "constitution".

Various imperial ideologues also claim that the Basic Law has no direct democratic legitimation because it was passed without a plebiscite at the behest of the victorious powers of World War II. However, democratic legitimation is not necessary for a constitution. In addition, the members of the Parliamentary Council were delegates of the previously democratically elected German state parliaments .

The Federal Republic is an organization under private law

A more recent approach within the scene is to use a wide variety of arguments to claim that the Federal Republic is not a state , but an organization under private law from which one could leave or which has no sovereign powers over the "Reich citizens".

With reference to UN resolution A / RES / 56/83, so-called “self-administrators” in particular try to establish their own state sovereignty with the help of a supranational legal norm , but fail to recognize the content of this UN resolution. The wording of the provision to which they refer can be found in Article 9 of the resolution:

"The behavior of a person or group of people is to be assessed as an act of a state within the meaning of international law, if the person or group of people exercises de facto sovereign powers in the event of the absence or failure of the state authorities and the circumstances require the exercise of these powers."

However, the document is an assembly resolution . Even for the member states of the United Nations, this is only a recommendation. H. it is not legally binding and does not provide any legal basis because it is fundamentally not legally binding. At its core, the UN resolution by no means grants the right to self-government, but rather describes the responsibility of persons who exercise quasi-state power in an area in which there is no state authority. With their reference, the “Reichsbürger” presuppose (unspoken) that the Federal Republic no longer exists or has no legitimate government or administration.

In addition, "Reichsbürger" argue that the Federal Republic of Germany does exist, but it is not a state, but a GmbH ("BRD GmbH"), i.e. a company, and its citizens are only its "staff", which is proven by the existence of an identity card would. In the identity card conspiracy theory spread by the Reich citizens, however, they disregard the fact that the 'identity card' was already published in the Reichsgesetzblatt from 1916 in issue no. 143, law no. 5291, pp. 601–609, “Announcement, regarding implementation regulations for the passport ordinance”, on p. 603 mentioned as “passport substitute” and on p. 609 the corresponding template was shown.

They also refer to the Federal Republic of Germany - Finanzagentur GmbH , located in Frankfurt am Main , a financial services company owned by the Federal Republic of Germany . The Federal Republic therefore has no sovereignty , the Chancellor is only a kind of manager , and above all it is possible to leave this GmbH at any time.

Germany is still occupied

Various "Reichsbürger" groups claim that Germany is still occupied by the Allies and that it is still at war. For this reason, the Allies in this country would have to proceed according to the rules of the Hague Land Warfare Regulations (HLKO) due to Germany's lack of sovereignty . It is not uncommon for “Reich ideologues” to regard the Basic Law as a measure under Article 36 of the Hague Land Warfare Regulations, which must be repealed after 60 years at the latest. This claim is nonsensical, since neither the HLKO nor any other international treaty contains such a requirement. Moreover, the Federal Republic since the entry into force of the Germany treaty no longer occupied in 1955, and the reunified Federal Republic of Germany a sovereign state since the Two Plus Four Treaty 1990th

With reference to the Hague Land Warfare Regulations, "Reichsbürger" threaten various authorities who order fee notices or foreclosures with the death penalty . The notices are referred to as “looting of the civilian population prohibited under international law”, which is prohibited under Art. 47 HLKO. The death penalty is not mentioned in the HLKO, however, penalties are defined by the individual states themselves. Some “citizens of the Reich” also tried unsuccessfully to claim maintenance payments, since Art. 7 HLKO provides for war pay for the alleged occupiers as part of maintenance.

Further allegations

According to the findings of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), the claims made by “Reich citizens” and “self-administrators” are quite different. In justifications, for example, the reference to a historical German Empire appears or conspiracy-theoretical argumentation patterns are used. A self-defined natural law is also sometimes cited. "Reichsbürger" and "Selbstverwalter" argue that with the repeal of the Introductory Act to the Administrative Offenses Act 2007, the Administrative Offenses Act itself would have become ineffective, which is why all related fines are null and void. However, since the Introductory Act of 1968 only regulated transitional provisions, it was obsolete and could therefore be repealed without further legal consequences, the validity of the Administrative Offenses Act was not affected.

Another line of argument used by the "Reichsbürger" in the new federal states is the claim that there are no valid state and local constitutions and that the eastern German states and municipalities therefore lack the legal basis for levying duties, fines and taxes. For justification, reference is made to the Land Introduction Act of the People's Chamber of July 22, 1990, which stipulated the reintroduction of countries in the GDR on October 14, 1990. However, this never became legally valid, as the Unification Treaty of August 31, 1990 stipulated that the GDR would join the GDR on October 3, 1990. However, this argumentation ignores Art. 1 of the Unification Treaty, in which, with reference to the Land Introduction Act, the formation of the five new Länder was brought forward to the date of reunification.

Estimates of the following

With regard to the number of people who feel they belong to the “Reichsbürger spectrum” or who are assigned to the group, the federal government was unable to provide any information after a small inquiry in 2012. It was assumed, however, that “the extremist part” is a “lower three-digit number”. Another small question with the participation of essentially the same questioner, the same question title and detailed questions with the same or similar names as in the case of the previously mentioned question (including the estimated number of people) was answered in July 2016 as follows: "Due to the fragmentation and heterogeneity there are no reliable total figures on the potential of persons available for the 'Reich Citizens' Scene'. "

Only since the murder of a SEK officer and various other serious acts of violence against police officers in 2016 has the scene been uniformly monitored and counted nationwide by the Federal Office and the state authorities for the protection of the constitution: Since autumn 2016, supporters of the so-called Reich citizen and self-governing scene have been identified by the BfV as " anti-state movement ”and since December 1, 2016“ Reich citizens and self-administrators ”have been in the sights of the federal and state governments as a so-called collective observation object and are therefore under intensified observation.

According to the state authorities for the protection of the constitution, the number of "Reich citizens" recorded by the authorities increased to around 15,600 nationwide by January 2018. Their number has risen by 56 percent within a year. A large part of this increase, however, results from the fact that the "Reichsbürger" have only been systematically counted nationwide since 2016, since then, above all, the existing dark field has been gradually clarified.

In response to a request from Die Linke , the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) announced in May 2018 that there were no regulations for the Federal Police , the Federal Customs Administration and the Federal Criminal Police Office , according to which the submission of fantasy documents typical of the scene of the "Reichsbürger" had to be recorded and documented. This only takes place in connection with any criminal offenses. It is currently assumed that there are around 18,000 members, other estimates give around 19,000 followers.

Activities and goals

Sign at the house entrance of a supporter of the Reich Citizens' Movement
( with abbreviations of fantasy names: BRdvD = "Federal Republic of United Germany"; JOIe = "Justice Victim Initiative"; ESt-RJA = "Registration office for BRdvD government crime, judicial crimes and abuse of office" )

Issuance of bogus documents and money making

One of the main activities of the “Reich governments” is based on absurd theories and absurd legal argumentation to issue all sorts of “official” papers for sometimes exorbitantly high remuneration, such as “Reich driving licenses”, “Reich building permits” or “Reich trade certificates”, but above all “Reich personnel - ”or“ personal identity cards ”(sometimes also referred to as“ Reich passports ”). They show the buyers of these papers that they can evade the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Germany and thus ignore fee notices, court decisions, etc. This is a pure fantasy passport , so that criminal liability for falsification of documents is out of the question as long as the papers issued by the “Reich governments” “in no way give the appearance of official documents”. However, this does not mean that, depending on the situation, criminal liability for forgery of documents would not be possible, e.g. B. when attempting to open an account by presenting a "Reich ID card". As a rule, “Reich documents” do not constitute forged documents, as they are fantasy documents. At most, depending on the design and purpose of the “Reichsausweis”, there may be an administrative offense according to Section 124 OWiG due to unauthorized use (“improper use of the federal eagle ”).

In addition to the source of income from the issuing of fantasy papers for a fee, the self-proclaimed "Reich governments" finance themselves by collecting contributions to members and sympathizers, which are known as "Reich taxes". Various merchandising products such as tie pins and stickers are also sold.

Avoiding fees, fines and court orders

Numerous supporters of the scene try to sue for social benefits with reference to the Hague Land Warfare Regulations , to evade motor vehicle tax or to dispute the legal force of fines , fees or tax notices on the grounds that the Federal Republic is not entitled to levy a tax or to impose sanctions To carry out criminal and administrative fine proceedings . In such cases it is not always possible to differentiate whether the reference to the arguments of the “Reichsbürger” is motivated by the wish to avert the payment in principle or by good faith. Employees in courts and authorities are threatened with the death penalty, which, given the allegedly ongoing state of occupation, would provide for the Hague Land Warfare Regulations in the event of looting . Legal proceedings are dragged out by detailed pseudo-legal arguments, and employees of local government are unsettled with the demand to present the “founding deed ” of the respective community .

In some cases, actors in the scene create their own threats in response to demands for money from the authorities and in return demand “fees” and “penalties” from their employees. They argue that the claims made against them are based on contracts under private law, which the "Reichsbürger" could simply reject. You then threaten to prove that you have made further demands with self-conceived "contractual penalties" in considerable amounts against the employees of the authority. The “citizens of the Reich” then enter these imaginary punishments in the register of the American Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (where the claims are not legally checked). Then they assign their "claims" to a Malta- based debt collection company , which finally applies for a payment order from the local district court against the official employee (see " Malta debt collection "). However, the competent court authorities have so far rejected such claims as unfounded.

Crime and Militancy

In a management report from April 2018, the BfV and the BKA estimated that between 2015 and mid-2017 more than 10,500 crimes were committed by “Reich citizens”. After the majority of the crimes and administrative offenses initially committed by supporters of the scene, such as For example, refusing to pay fines and driving without a license was perceived as a nuisance by the authorities, this assessment changed with the increasing militancy of parts of the scene in the 2010s. In 2012, "Reichsbürger" who had come together in a civil service-like organization, the so-called German Police Relief Organization, prevented foreclosure from one of their members by trying to tie up a bailiff and preventing them from escaping. In addition, members of the group harassed employees of various tax authorities. In August 2016, a “self-administrator” threatened a SEK with a gun during a raid on his property and slightly injured one of the officers. Two months later, a member of the scene, also during a raid, shot and killed a SEK police officer. Around five percent of the scene is described in the 2018 report on the protection of the constitution as having an affinity for weapons.

Environment manager

So-called milieu managers are protagonists of the scene who, for selfish reasons, have an interest in a decrease in support for the political system of the Federal Republic . You have been exploiting political crisis situations such as the euro crisis or the war in Ukraine since 2014 and are specifically looking for the public to earn money by selling legal and tax advice, seminars, investments, books and other media. Popular media for your public relations work are the Internet or e.g. B. the " Monday demonstrations ". They are not necessarily right-wing extremists and often pursue a deliberately legalistic strategy. An example of such representatives is the conspiracy theorist Jo Conrad , who tried in 2012 with his project "Aufbruch Gold-Rot-Schwarz" (GRS) and his so-called "Germany Project" to encourage the unstructured "Reichsbürger" milieu for a "reorganization of Germany" to win.

Right-wing extremism and tendency towards irrational views

Reich ideologists are mainly involved in conspiracy theories and partly in the right-wing extremist scene . In addition to these, there is a large number of competing clientele : self-appointed victims of justice , troublemakers or otherwise behavioral problems can hide behind them. It also includes a large number of followers of esoteric , sectarian and fantastic ideas who close themselves to the strictly logical structure of legal argumentation. For example, Ingrid Schlotterbeck , the self-proclaimed Foreign Minister of the original KRR group, is the publisher of the magazine Magazin 2000plus, which deals with para-scientific topics . The original "Reichsregierung" was after information u. a. According to the Thuringian State Newspaper of February 11, 2004, the Berlin State Office for the Protection of the Constitution ascribed it to the right-wing extremist milieu, an assessment that the Lower Saxony and Thuringian constitutional protection agencies also share with regard to the government in exile . But there are also state authorities for the protection of the constitution - so initially in Berlin - to whom the KRRs appear at the very most suspicious and not worthy of observation: In the Tübinger Tagblatt of February 21, 2002, it was read that the Berlin constitution protection "they are not for right-wing extremist , but harmless, because stupid "hold.

The actual influence of the government in exile in the right-wing extremist scene in this Annual Report 2005 of the Protection of the Constitution Niedersachsen considered low. "Some of the so-called Reichsbürger are just a little crazy, some are clearly right-wing extremists," said Winfriede Schreiber, head of the Brandenburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution and former police chief of Frankfurt (Oder) .

Self-governing

A heterogeneous group of individuals who are close to the “Reichsbürger spectrum” and who are convinced that they are no longer subject to the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany are called “self-administrators”. “Self-administrators” see themselves as completely autonomous beings and believe that they are not bound by any state or municipal restrictions, which means that they can decide at their own discretion whether or not to recognize notifications. In contrast to the Reich ideologues, their political orientation is not necessarily focused on the German Reich. What they have in common is the use of almost identical argumentation patterns. However, “self-administrators” often refer to a judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of July 31, 1973 and the continued existence of the German Reich. You often describe yourself as a "natural person within the meaning of Section 1 of the German Civil Code ". Sometimes they see themselves as a separate state with a constitution . B. should apply within five meters of the "self-administered person".

Some of these people refer to UN resolution A / RES / 56/83 ("State self-government [according to UN Resolution A / Res / 56/83 ]"). However, this resolution describes an expression of will and not a binding right. Others refer to the German Reich, of whose continued existence they are convinced, yet others claim that they can leave the Federal Republic by means of a declaration, or that this does not even exist. The arguments used for this are mostly congruent with those of the imperial ideologues; Some authors therefore also count “self-administrators” among the “Reich citizens”.

The corresponding arguments first appeared in the Reich Citizen scene in 2009. In contrast to the “Reich governments”, which are mainly represented in West Germany, “self-administrators” are particularly widespread in East Germany . Compared to other “Reich citizens”, right-wing extremism is less represented among them. Her main motivation here seems to be to react to political dissatisfaction and to “solve” personal financial problems. According to an internal picture of the situation, the BKA assesses the “self-administrators” as tending to be more dangerous and with a higher potential for escalation. Because unlike the “Reich citizens”, who are characterized by an authoritarian understanding of the state, “self-administrators” completely reject (foreign) state paternalism and are in some cases prepared to defend their autonomy with armed force. Examples of "self-administrators" who put this into practice are the perpetrator who shot and killed a police officer in a raid on his property in Georgensgmünd in October 2016 , as well as Adrian Sorge , who was evicted in August 2016 in his self-administered mini " State of Ur ”shot a police officer in Reuden and was seriously injured in the shooting himself.

Another well-known proponent of these theories has been its founder Peter Frühwald since the “ Putsch ” in the Republic of Free Germany , who set up the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Staatliche Selbstverwaltung (so-called StaSeVe ; also Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Staatliche Selbstverwaltungen ... , for short StaSeVe-ARGE or ARGE StaSeVe ) Theories developed and offered for download on the Internet. Rainer Wink, who was elected to the city council of Bad Kreuznach in 2014 for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) , who also ran for the office of mayor of Bad Kreuznach as a non-party member in 2011 and 2014 , claimed in a letter to the city council in the year of his election, that there has not been a German state since 1990 and that is why he himself cannot be a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany. He therefore claimed “state self-government” for himself, and he only recognized the “imperial constitution from 1850” and the legal system before January 1, 1914. Wink was then expelled from the city council.

Dealing by state authorities with "Reich citizens" in general

After it had happened more and more often that letters from "Reich governments" or "Reich citizens" were sent to administrative authorities or police stations, individual state constitutional protection offices have published various advisory brochures on how authorities should deal with such letters. This advises the real authorities not to engage in discussions with citizens who make such arguments. The official correspondence with such citizens should be limited to what is necessary. Proclamations submitted by bogus states or bogus governments should not be responded to. In addition, any contradictions or similar written pleadings that contest the legality of the Federal Republic of Germany are to be rejected immediately as unfounded.

Individual "Reichsdeutsche" also try again and again to pursue their ideas in court by denying the validity of the German Basic Law and thus the validity of the entire federal German legislation , which is answered succinctly in that they are accused of " ideologically based delusions " . In the judgments issued by German courts, such objections were always rejected as unfounded by "Reich Germans". In such cases, the courts usually expressly state that the Federal Republic of Germany is the current German nation- state within the borders of 1990 (after reunification ) and that there is no other German state or other German legislation.

In January 2016, the Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice (demos) , based in Potsdam , published the publication “Reichsbürger” - a handbook that is intended to give administrative employees recommendations for dealing with “Reichsbürger”. Several of the authors, such as Michael Hüllen and Heiko Homburg, are employees of the Brandenburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution .

The Federal Chairman of the German Police Union , Rainer Wendt , stated in August 2016 that there was an increasing propensity for violence on the part of self-proclaimed “Reichsbürger”, which would pose a threat to civil servants in everyday life: “Publicly employed persons who come into contact with Reichsbürger have to do with massive resistance and expect violence ". Bailiffs are particularly at risk .

On October 19, 2016, during a police operation in Georgensgmünd and an attempt by a special task force of the Bavarian police to confiscate the 31 weapons stored in the house from a "Reichsbürger" after the weapon possession card was withdrawn , three police officers were injured and one died from his injuries. Right-wing extremism expert Birgit Mair classified the gun owner as "extreme right". The fatal shot changed the security authorities' entire perception of the Reich Citizens and Self-Governing Movement.

In the period that followed, the interior ministers of the federal states agreed to withdraw their weapons permits from so-called Reich citizens and in this way deny them legal possession of weapons. If someone aggressively rejects the legal system of the Federal Republic of Germany and at the same time denies the binding force of its laws for himself, there is no longer any guarantee that he will properly handle weapons and ammunition in accordance with the provisions of the Weapons Act , which is why he is not considered reliable in terms of weapons law within the meaning of § 5 WaffG is to be considered. A so-called Reich citizen can also have his driving license withdrawn if he turns to the driving license authority with extensive, confused pleadings and thus justifies the suspicion of a mental disorder. However, the order of a fitness to drive test cannot generally be based on the fact that the person concerned belongs to the Reich Citizens Movement.

As a result of these and other incidents, the Federal Ministry of the Interior considered a nationwide observation of the Reich citizen scene by the BfV: “In particular, incidents like in Saxony-Anhalt and Bavaria , when Reich citizens became violent and used weapons, show that observation by the BfV can be useful. “Until November 21, 2016, the scene was observed in some federal states, but not as a whole in the federal government. In particular, it should be checked, with the involvement of the federal states, whether the previous assessment (“heterogeneous and fragmented”) can be retained. As early as August 2016, efforts were made to “ensure that the constitutional protection and weapons authorities of the federal states cooperate even more closely in withdrawing the weapons permits from right-wing extremists”. The Administrative Court of Giessen decided in June 2018 that “Reich citizens” may have their gun license withdrawn; the decision is not yet final.

As a result, the authorities exchanged information about who should be classified as a citizen of the Reich. The Gera Administrative Court had already recognized in September 2015 that simple expressions of sympathy for allegations made by Reich bourgeoisie alone did not lead to unreliability in terms of weapons law under Section 5 of the Weapons Act. However, it is consistent case law that the courts assume that there is a certain residual risk with the weapons that are classified as dangerous, but that this only has to be accepted if it can be assumed that the owner will also handle weapons and ammunition responsibly, in particular to comply with the legal requirements Keep guidelines for storage. The latter in particular is not to be assumed among supporters of the Reich Citizens' Scene, as they only decide on a case-by-case basis whether a law applies to them or not. Therefore, people who aggressively reject the German legal system of the Federal Republic of Germany can in principle be assumed to be unreliable in terms of weapons law.

The Higher Administrative Court of Rhineland-Palatinate decided on December 3, 2018 that Reich citizens were “unreliable in terms of weapons law” and had to hand over their weapons and ammunition.

Also, Reich citizens cannot hold the office of lay judge, they also lack the reliability required for a pilot's license to operate aircraft.

The stubborn denial of the validity of a number of laws, the insistence that the Reich citizen withdrew from the current system, and the repeated demand for compensation in the form of troy ounces of gold can lead to the presumption of a mental disorder with traffic law relevance within the meaning of number 7 of the annex 4 to the FeV. If the citizen of the Reich refuses to participate in the MPU, his driving license must be withdrawn. Completely diffuse perceptions of the existing legal system revealed massive doubts about the suitability to drive in the sense of a possible psychosis and justify the ordering of an MPU by the authorities. If the "Reich Citizen" refuses to participate, his driving license must be withdrawn.

Individual groups of citizens of the Reich and actors

The Reichsbürger scene is inhomogeneous, i. H. it is not a movement in the narrower sense, because organizationally and ideologically it is extremely heterogeneous and complex. There is no dominant group. Quite a few "imperial governments" do not recognize one another, some cooperate with one another. There are often internal disputes among the activists of a self-proclaimed "Reich Government" group, which often results in the establishment (split off) of a new Reich ideological group.

According to the Bavarian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution , only about 10 percent of the members of the scene are organized in groups and organizations.

Manfred Roeder

The lawyer and later right-wing terrorist Manfred Roeder (1929-2014) played an important role in spreading the imperial ideology in the 1970s. As a student of party-affiliated educational institutions under National Socialism and influenced by the Volkssturm , he devoted himself to denying the Holocaust and restoring the German Reich's ability to act in the 1960s and 70s . He founded the German Reich Freedom Movement and claimed that National Socialism and the German Reich would continue to exist, but were unable to act, as there was only a ceasefire and no peace treaty . The Dönitz government was still lawful, never resigned and was only arrested by a criminal act. Roeder contacted Karl Dönitz , but could not convince him of his arguments and in 1978 proclaimed himself " Reichsverweser ". A professional ban as well as various fines and imprisonment, among other things for denigrating the memory of the deceased , the dissemination of propaganda material by unconstitutional organizations and the denigration of the state prompted Roeder to flee underground. Roeder later acted as the ringleader of the German Action Groups , which carried out seven explosives and arson attacks on asylum seekers' accommodation in 1980, and was arrested in 1982. After his release from prison in 1990, Roeder continued to agitate until the 2000s, spreading Holocaust denial, anti-Semitism and the ideology of the Reich.

Acting Reich Government (KRR)

The Commissary Reich Government (KRR) refers to one of the formative groups of the Reich Citizens' Movement and countless independent successor organizations. Sometimes the term is also used synonymously with Reich Citizens' Organizations in general. The provisional Reich government is to be distinguished from the earlier executive Reich governments that existed before the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany .

The railroader Wolfgang Gerhard Günter Ebel (1939–2014) founded the so-called Commissary Reich Government in 1985 as one of the first known groups of citizens of the Reich . The KRR is considered to be the origin of today's manifestations of the "Reichsbürger" scene. Ebel, a West Berliner , had worked for the Deutsche Reichsbahn as a dispatcher in Berlin-Halensee until the Reichsbahn strike in 1980 . As a result of the strike, Ebel was dismissed and initiated various legal proceedings for the purpose of his financial security. The experiences of his trials shaped Ebel's later imperial ideological agitation. According to Ebel, the KRR was founded on behalf of the Allied High Command, whose envoy had asserted to him that the German Reich continued to exist, but was occupied and had neither a peace treaty nor political leadership. Ebel described himself as the "Chancellor of the State of the German Empire". The usurped he borrowed the title and the name of his organization the official organ designations of the national government in the period before the 1945th

He based his so-called 21 theses closely on Roeder's theories and only changed them in nuances. Ebel and his group offered paid courses on their view of the legal situation and sold self-produced “Reich documents”. Legal proceedings against Ebel for presumption of office , abuse of title and death threats had to be discontinued for incapacity .

Although Ebel expressed himself negative to National Socialism , the political scientist Jan Rathje recognizes elements of right-wing extremist ideology in the demands of the KRR. The KRR is calling for a “2nd German Reich” within the borders of December 31, 1937, thereby violating the Oder-Neisse border in a historical revisionist way . Ebel also formulated conspiracy theories with anti-Semitic connotations, e.g. B. claimed and implied that Helmut Kohl was a Freemason and of Jewish faith, and that the Federal Republic was viewed as the cover of a "Jewish-Masonic" conspiracy.

German College, Völkische Reichsbewegung, Horst Mahler

The German College and the Völkische Reichsbewegung were the first larger, serious groups in the Reich Citizens' Scene. The right-wing extremist Horst Mahler and his former partner, the convicted Holocaust denier Sylvia Stolz , are among the best-known activists among the “Reich citizens”. Their stated goal is to restore the "ability of the German Reich to act ". The aim is given to free the German people from the "bondage" of a " Jewish world conspiracy ". To this end, Mahler, together with Uwe Meenen and Reinhold Oberlercher, got involved in the racist elite training center Deutsches Kolleg founded by Oberlercher in 1994 , which he also headed for many years. This propagates an anti-Semitic militant ideology and glorifies the National Socialist dictatorship . The group describes the anniversary of Hitler's seizure of power as the anniversary of the "German Revolution". Mahler also founded the similarly oriented so-called Reich Citizens' Movement , which later merged into the so-called Völkische Reichsbewegung , which was founded as a collection movement for like-minded people . Both groups and the German College are pursuing a “ Fourth Reich ” and the elimination of parliamentary democracy . They declare that the Federal Republic has been "spiritually beheaded" and demand that it be "physically beheaded". In the event of the fall of the Federal Republic, the German College proclaims sole state power for itself. This includes the right to enforce self-made judgments and "militarily take enemies of the Reich under resolution and fire".

Currently, both groups have lost their importance within the Reichsbürger scene, the German College has been inactive since 2004.

Free State of Prussia

A group founded in 1995 with its headquarters in Verden (Aller) and an independent group of the same name that was founded in 2012 in Niederkrüchten in North Rhine-Westphalia operate under the name of Freistaat Prussia . The Verden group is the publisher of the anti-Semitic magazine “ Voice of the Reich” . The right-wing extremists Rigolf Hennig and Ursula Haverbeck were sentenced to prison terms for sedition because of texts published in this magazine . The group has appeared under criminal law not only through sedition, but also through falsification of documents, insults, procuring false official IDs, denigration of the Federal President, presumption of office, denigration of the state and its symbols, resistance to law enforcement officers and driving without a driver's license.

A group with this name is active in Brandenburg, which claims that the Federal Republic of Germany does not have a valid constitution and is not a sovereign state. Since there was no peace treaty, there was still a state of war. After the Second World War, Prussia was dissolved in violation of international law, while Prussia's own Free State was sovereign. The group sells fantasy papers such as B. a so-called "citizenship card". A prerequisite for membership is a so-called “proof of ancestry”, which goes back to 1913 and proves that the father came from a Prussian family. The Brandenburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution definitely sees links between the group and classic right-wing extremist ideology. The group writes on their homepage that they “can't write much” about the Third Reich . “Most of the books” would “reproduce history in a very one-sided and falsified way”, the National Socialists would not have “taken power 'in contrast to a dictatorship”, on the contrary, “Adolf Hitler [...] would be free from the German people in free self-determination [ …] has been chosen. "So there can hardly be any talk of a Nazi dictatorship."

In June 2017, law professor and AfD politician Ralph Weber had a “Reichsbürger” from the environment of the Free State of Prussia give a lecture at an additional event to his lecture at the University of Greifswald , which he used to spread conspiracy theories and anti-Semitic polemics. In his defense, Weber stated that he had no knowledge of the ideological background of the speaker who had been recommended to him.

Government in exile of the German Empire

The so-called government -in- exile of the German Reich was founded on May 8, 2004 in Hanover as a split from Ebels KRR around its “Reich Chancellor” Norbert Schittke. The group is decidedly right - wing extremist . This includes the rejection of the role of the Allies after the Second World War (as a result, one's own legitimation is no longer derived from the Allied High Command, because the former occupation law should not be overridden by the principle of popular sovereignty ) and the demand for the re-establishment of the German borders from 1914 and non-recognition of the Versailles Treaty . The group is classified and observed by the protection of the constitution in Brandenburg, Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt as right-wing extremist. The “unrealistic pronouncements of the 'government in exile'”, judges the Thuringian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution, “must not hide the fact that pseudo-legal meticulousness is being tried to create a social sounding board for right-wing extremist ideas and that there are some personal overlaps with other right-wing extremist groups ".

In 2012, a large part of the activists of the German Reich government in exile split off and founded the almost identically named German Reich government in exile . According to the Brandenburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution, it is the largest group in Germany in terms of numbers in the Reich citizen milieu. The group rejects the existing political order as fundamentally bad and wants to replace democracy with a more traditional, monarchical state model . It postulates a community order based on ethnic identity and spreads National Socialist diction and xenophobic, anti-Semitic and racist allusions on its website. So "the German people [...] should not continue to exist as before." Properties are taken from a "people by lowering the level of education and racial mixture and thus genetic crossbreeding." In addition, the group warned of an impending world domination of "political Zionism " and spoke With regard to the issue of migration , the fact that the “Holocaust against the German peoples” has achieved a new quality.

Imperial Movement - New Community of Philosophers

The Reich Movement - New Community of Philosophers (NGvP) was first active in 2005 and sent right-wing extremist and especially anti-Semitic propaganda at irregular intervals. She referred positively to the assassinations of the mass murderer Anders Breivik in Oslo and Utøya and called for the formation of "Free Imperial Forces". It became known primarily through death threats sent to Jewish and Islamic communities and private individuals by letters and published on the Internet in 2012. She addressed her appeal to “all foreigners in Germany who are alien to the area, nature and culture, especially Turks, Muslims and Negroids”. The addressees were asked to leave Germany by August 1st of the year, otherwise “their security could not be guaranteed” and those who remained should be “ shot dead ” after the start of a postulated future war between Russia and NATO . The perpetrators have not yet been identified, but no cases have been identified in which these threats have been implemented.

According to their own information, the group is pursuing the founding of a “Reichsbewegung” whose goal is the “resurrection of the German Empire” of 1871, and claims that the Federal Republic of Germany is a company that is governed by a “Jewish-Masonic puppet government”, which in turn is governed by the Allies had been commissioned.

People's Federal Council and People's Reichstag / German Health Fund

The so-called People's Federal Council and the People's Reichstag were founded by the individual activist Erhard Lorenz, a former member of the German Reich's government in exile . In addition, for more business reasons, he runs the virtual Deutsche Reichsanzeiger and the Deutsche Reichszeitung as well as various Internet sites that promote “self-administration” such as the community of interests for people with common goals . In addition, Lorenz, as the self-proclaimed “State Secretary of the German Reich”, administers more than 18 fantasy offices from Kaarst , including a “Reich Treasury” and even the “Reich Police”. He claims that the constitution of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 still applies today, and that all subsequent governments were set up by a foreign administration. In order to become a member of his "kingdom", interested parties must z. B. Buy “Reichs-Personenausweis”, “Reichs-Driver-Permits” or “Reichs-Gewerbeanmblies" for 20 to 30 € each from him. With his “Reichsdruckerei”, Lorenz earned a six-figure sum by selling the fantasy ID cards popular in the scene.

Lorenz also tried, together with other actors in the scene, in April 2017 to found the so-called Deutsche Gesundheitskasse (DeGeKa) based in Dresden , a separate health insurance company for “Reich citizens”. According to its own information, Degeka offers services for doctor, dentist and hospital treatments as well as for treatments by naturopaths and the reimbursement of naturopathic treatments. As a business area it describes "all of Germany in its external borders, as they existed on July 31, 1914". Degeka only accepts “legally competent nationals”. One becomes one if one recognizes that "Reich laws take precedence over state laws and that FRG laws do not show any scope". The Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) warned against the health insurance company, as it is suspected of conducting unauthorized insurance business. On August 30, 2017, BaFin requested the fund to cease and process its unauthorized insurance business. In 2020, Lorenz 'Deutscher Reichsanzeiger published further legislation relating to the German Health Insurance Fund.

Interim Party Germany (IPD)

In 2006 the “Reichsbürgern” became the party Interim Party Germany DAS REICHT! (IPD) founded. The IPD is a nationwide party with regional associations in Baden-Württemberg, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. It makes use of the arguments of the Reich Citizens Movement that the German Reich would continue to exist because no peace treaty was concluded with Germany after the Second World War. The party is assessed by the constitution protection of Schleswig-Holstein as right-wing extremist. Founder and chairman until the beginning of 2010 was the Holocaust denier Edgar Romano Ludowici, who died in the same year (according to other sources "Ludovici"), who also called himself "Count von Roit zu Hoya", a lawyer, doctor or also as "First Mayor of the Free State of Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg ”. In the state elections in Schleswig-Holstein in 2009 , the party received less than 0.1% of the valid second votes .

During the Christmas holidays in 2008 it became known that the non-party mayor of the small Mecklenburg town of Warin , Hans-Peter Gossel, was being threatened by suspected right-wing extremists and had therefore been placed under police protection. The background is the intention of the city to make use of its right of first refusal and thus to prevent the acquisition of a property by the IPD.

Germanites / State of Germanitien / Ethnic group Ringvorsorge / Justice-Victim-Aid

In 2007, some people in the village of Westerheim founded the pseudo-state Germanitien . You see yourself as a citizen of a supposedly sovereign state and issue “sovereign” documents. One of the group's players was exposed as a fraudster who, with the Nuremberg-based company GFE, stole large sums of money from investors. The company allegedly invented a rapeseed oil engine for combined heat and power plants . Cheated customers finally reported the company. In 2014 the “diplomat” was sentenced to five and a half years in prison.

There are close ties between the Germanites and the Reich Citizens' Group - Ringvorsorge . Its members see themselves as “victims of justice” in the “clutches of the FRG's judiciary” who would be systematically defeated, disenfranchised and expropriated by “arbitrariness and perversion of the law”. The group describes itself as a "world view community" and understands by this to deny the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany. This has only the Basic Law, but no constitution, and is therefore " free of human rights ". The group advises "leaving" the Federal Republic of Germany and offers a declaration of exit. Their supporters bombard the authorities and courts with pages of pamphlets in order to evade obligations towards them.

A predecessor organization of the Germanites is the so-called Justice Victims Help , JOH for short , based in Löhne (according to its own account in Rinteln ). It is active nationwide and advises and supports its members for a fee against government measures with the aim of discontinuing or at least paralyzing administrative procedures. The group has up to 60 members with high fluctuation.

Stateless

The stateless group (also STAATENLOS.INFO eV ), which belongs to the “self-administrators”, claims based on various conspiracy theories in “Reich Citizenship” that the Third Reich would continue to exist. In contrast to other Reich citizens, however, she is of the opinion that this is the case in the form of the Federal Republic, which acts according to National Socialist laws, which she rejects as self-proclaimed "anti-fascists". The head office of the group is in Berlin. The group invokes the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and propagates the supposed duty of the Germans to “liberate” the Federal Republic from the Basic Law. The group also makes use of anti-Semitic ideological fragments. Stateless assumes a secret world government under the leadership of a certain "Tothschild", which would have organized the First and Second World Wars and, with the help of his "puppet" Adolf Hitler, the Holocaust. In addition, "Tothschild" controls the Rothschild family , which has the banks under control.

When their members appear in court, there are usually disruptions, wrangling and verbal abuses. Stateless has been demonstrating for several years with an information booth in front of the Reichstag building for the goals of the group. B. for “Heimat und Weltfrieden”, “against arbitrariness of justice [...] and the establishment of the fascist dictatorship in Germany” or for the “liberation of Germany from fascism and Nazism”. The main actor in Stateless is the former NPD functionary Rüdiger Hoffmann (born Klasen, * 1967), who was convicted of an arson attack on an asylum seekers' home . He was fined in 2016 for speculating in letters about an alleged Nazi past of the family of a district court director.

Principality of Germania

In February 2009, Michael Freiherr von Pallandt, Jessie Marsson, Jo Conrad and other people founded the so-called Principality of Germania as a "grassroots democratic church state" in a former manor house known as a "castle" in Krampfer, Brandenburg, municipality of Plattenburg . Representatives of the “Reichsbürger” concept also joined this initiative, and their ideas were incorporated into the “constitution” of the fictitious state. However, the project came to an end after just three months, when the building was cleared and sealed by the police due to serious violations of building regulations .

European action

The European Action (EA) is an umbrella organization of various Holocaust deniers and right-wing extremists in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, but also Great Britain and France with contacts to like-minded people in other European countries. It was founded in 2010 by Bernhard Schaub under the name “Bund Free Europe” at the time. The German chairman is the NPD politician and " Free State of Prussia " chairman Rigolf Hennig .

The aim of the EA is the establishment of a European Confederation of strong, largely independent nation states with a common foreign and defense policy under the leadership of the "German Reich", which is to be aligned according to the Führer principle . Ideologically she represents racist, anti-Semitic and National Socialist positions. She calls for an exit from the euro and calls for sections of the population who are not “racially” domiciled in Europe, especially “mixed race” and their relatives, to be deported by military means after they have come to power. The EA describes itself as a "movement for the political and cultural renewal of all of Europe" and is directed against the " American way of life " including the " Pax Americana " and political correctness .

The EA declares Germany and Austria to be historical revisionist states that the Allies established in violation of international law. Various of their protagonists demand the recognition of the supposedly continued German Reich within the borders of August 31, 1939. The EA has been criminally exposed through property damage , sedition , violations of the Assembly Act and propaganda offenses .

German Police Aid Organization (DPHW)

In April 2012, Volker Schöne, a former functionary of the German Police Union of Saxony eV , founded the German Police Aid Organization (DPHW) . Shortly before, he had been dismissed from the union because he had published an open letter on their homepage in which he claimed that the German laws were not valid because they were not in scope. Schöne claims to want to tackle police violence and failure of the authorities with the vigilante DPHW . Members of the DPHW appeared as "substitute police officers" in deceptively real fantasy uniforms and advised people on court cases .

The investigating police spoke of around 100 active members. Although the group presented itself in public and to many of its "simple members" as a law-abiding addition to the official state organs, right-wing extremism experts and representatives of the authorities assign the DPHW to the Reich Citizens' Movement due to ideological overlaps. Several of the founding members were previously active in other groups of citizens of the Reich or distribute ideological content on their private homepages. Several leaders of the DPHW also met for a coordination meeting with protagonists of the “ Republic of Free Germany ”. The political scientist Jan Freitag classified the DPHW as the greatest danger emerging from the Reich citizens' scene, as it actively intimidates those who think differently and tries to deter the authorities from their work through threats. In addition, it was considered the only armed and appropriately trained group on the scene at the time.

Members of the DPHW tried in a publicity campaign in November 2013 to handcuff a bailiff during a foreclosure and prevented him from escaping. Between December 2015 and March 2016, the district court of Meißen imposed prison sentences of between ten and 30 months in first instance judgments , almost without exception without parole , against a total of 13 people involved in the action against the bailiff. No actions by the DPHW have become known in Saxony since the convictions. The DPHW existed until the end of June 2013 when it announced its presumed dissolution on its website.

Republic of Free Germany (RFD)

The pseudo-state Republic of Free Germany was proclaimed on May 1, 2012 by Peter Frühwald in Leipzig . The RFD sees itself as the only legitimate legal successor to the German Reich in place of the “State Simulation Federal Republic”. Frühwald claimed that a trust administration according to the Hague Land Warfare Code camouflaged the continuing rule of the Allies. Together with Israel, they would gag and “milk” Germany while exercising press censorship . On September 17, 2012, Frühwald was deposed as "Acting President" by his colleagues. Frühwald referred to this as a “putsch”, announced that it would continue to run the republic as Free Germany without the addition of “republic”, and has since appeared as “Peter Frühwald self-administration”. The remaining "putschists" continued the "government" of the "Republic of Free Germany". The supporters of the RFD came mainly from the new federal states . They put up signs reading “Republic Free Germany Territory” on their property, hoping to gain immunity from bailiffs and other law enforcement officers.

This led to confrontations with the real authorities, in particular the arrest of the demolition manager Daniel S. in Berlin. He had committed himself to the RFD and hoarded hundreds of pyrotechnics on his property. The case of a forwarding company in Malschwitz has also become known , the owners of which, citing the Republic of Free Germany, did not pay taxes and tolls for a long time until the authorities finally initiated the company's insolvency .

The group also did significant business in the sale of its own identification documents. According to the police, payments of 32,000 euros flowed into the “state treasury”. Some judgments on imprisonment and fines for commercial falsification of documents, some of which were suspended in 2017, are not yet final.

Kingdom of Germany (KRD)

In September 2012, the trained cook, martial artist, operator of an esoteric shop and author of esoteric books Peter Fitzek founded the so-called Kingdom of Germany on a former hospital site in Wittenberg and was crowned "King of Germany" and "Imperator Fiduciary". According to its own statement, this “kingdom” sees itself as a separate state that has arisen through secession in the area of the German Empire, which continues to exist under international law. This area is only administered temporarily by the Federal Republic, which Fitzek calls "occupation construct" or "company of the allies" or "Germany GmbH". In the event of an expansion of its legal system, the KRD proclaimed the complete legal succession of the German Reich. Before that, Fitzek was one of the co-founders of the New Germany Association , whose aim was to rebuild the German Empire within the borders of 1937 and to regain Germany's allegedly lost sovereignty. Fitzek returned his official driver's license because, according to his own statements, he no longer needed it because he was now in possession of a driver's license from the Kingdom of Germany .

As a result, Fitzek set up several health insurance-like institutions and organized paid pseudo-legal seminars on the subjects of citizenship and the constitution of his “kingdom”, but also alternative healing methods or free energy .

He also founded his own bank with the so-called “Royal Reichsbank”, in which several hundred of his supporters invested almost three million euros, with which he stated that he would realize his projects. In the course of an anti-Semitic interest rate criticism, Fitzek also created his own alternative and regional currency "Engel", with which he also paid his followers for their work in his "kingdom".

For unauthorized deposit taking in his "Reichsbank" the Federal Financial imposed penalty payments against Fitzek. In March 2017, Fitzek was sentenced to three years and eight months imprisonment for embezzlement of the funds deposited at his bank and unlawful banking transactions, and then to two years and six months imprisonment in the appeal hearing on August 10, 2017 for fraud and repeated driving without a license . On May 15, 2017, the former hospital grounds on behalf of BaFin was evicted to the imposed penalty payments to be paid in the millions.

New order

In February 2013, Report Mainz reported , in the context of the death of Jörg L., on the Reich Citizens' Group New Order around Meinolf Schönborn , the former leader of the " Nationalist Front ", which was banned in 1992 . The group observed by the Brandenburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution is openly neo-Nazi : It propagates a xenophobic and racist worldview and pursues an idea of a “ national community ” based on National Socialism . It invokes the so-called "Reich thought" and proclaims resistance to "neglect" and "land grabbing by migrants and foreign rule". She recommends joining shooting clubs, martial arts schools and participating in orientation marches to acquire skills for self-protection. According to its own statements, it wants to be an “effective and tightly organized movement” in which “an elite is prepared for the decisive battle”. The "New Order" makes use of classic arguments from citizens of the Reich and does not recognize the Federal Republic. This is an occupation construct, the aim is to restore the "empire's ability to act".

State Ur / Adrian cause

Adrian Cause was the first "Reichsbürger" who defended himself against a police measure by force of arms. In 2014 he proclaimed the so-called State of Ur on his property with its own flag based on the Reichsflagge . When a bailiff wanted to evict his house in August 2016, this was prevented by the cause and up to 120 supporters from the right-wing extremist and Reich citizens' scene, who had previously been mobilized by him via the Internet. Among them was the "Reichsbürger", who shortly afterwards murdered a SEK official in a raid . The cause also threatened the bailiff publicly with death. The following day, a total of 200 police officers, including a SEK, arrested the cause. His supporters threw bottles and stones at the officers and injured a police officer with bites. The cause threatened the officers with a revolver and was seriously injured by gunfire by the police. A SEK officer was slightly injured by a bullet when he was arrested. Because of his arrest, the cause rose to become a hero of the Reich citizen scene and experienced broad solidarity within the scene. In 2019 cause u. a. Sentenced to seven years in prison for attempted murder.

Home parish Chiemgau

The group covered by the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution was founded in 2015 in the Upper Bavaria area and, according to the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, comprises around 20 members from around 300 sympathizers. The group rejects the Federal Republic of Germany as a state and regards many government institutions as GmbHs registered in international company registers, which are subject to commercial law . The “home parish” rejects the federal German legislation and sees itself exclusively committed to the Bavarian laws of 1914. Members of the group use self-issued identity cards and non-official license plates . The suspension of the first police chief inspector and seminar leader in the police training institute in Ainring because of his commitment to the group generated a certain amount of media coverage .

State of Bavaria

The Federal State of Bavaria group was founded in December 2015 with its headquarters in Landsham near Munich, consists of around 30 people (as of April 2017) and is mainly active in Upper Bavaria. She has been monitored by the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution since October 2016. It refers to a “valid legal status” at the time of “2 days before the outbreak of World War I”. The aim of the group is the "reorganization of the federal state of Bavaria" with reference to a self-written "constitution of the federal state of Bavaria" with 88 articles. Bavaria is assigned to the German Empire as a republic. The “administrative government” of the group sent an “order” to public institutions in November 2016, in which “FRG employees” were threatened with penalties if they were to pursue sovereign administrative acts in Bavarian territory. The Munich Public Prosecutor's Office investigated the group on the basis of the urgent suspicion of falsification of documents and official presumption committed by a gang and on a commercial basis, and in February 2017 initiated house searches nationwide in which, in addition to relevant documents, weapons and ammunition were seized. The Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution assumes that at least some of the activists in the group are latently willing to use violence. The perpetrator, who shot and wounded three SEK officers during an operation in Georgensgmünd in October 2016, one of whom later died, is a supporter of the group. The Americanist Michael Butter evaluates the Georgensgmünd shooting as evidence for the thesis that belief in conspiracy theories can have serious effects and that these are fundamentally dangerous.

Free community of voters United Germany

The small party Free Voting Association United Germany , based in Chemnitz and nationwide, was founded in January 2017. It denies the status of the Federal Republic of Germany and its sovereignty under international law and strives for the continuation of the empire and the application of its law as of October 27, 1918. This nationwide active group of Reich citizens claims that the certificate of abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II is a forgery and therefore assumes that the German Bundestag is set up under private law and that the Federal Republic is a non-governmental organization . Its protagonists openly and anti-Semitically claim that the First World War was planned by the “ Rothschilds ” to “ buy Jerusalem from the English ” or “to build a satanic temple there”. The group complains about “ lodge felt ” and claims that National Socialism would find its “illegal continuation” today in “National Zionism ”. The Federal Constitutional Court refused the association “United Germany” from participating in the 2017 Bundestag election on the grounds that there had been no party conference resolution on the party program submitted.

United German peoples and tribes

The United German Peoples and Tribes (GdVuSt) and the offshoot of the Osnabrück Landmark were a racist and anti-Semitic association of Reich citizens around the scene-wide known Heike Werding. The activists were formally organized as a registered association. He denied the existence of the Federal Republic, saw it as a company, threatened and denigrated its representatives and wanted to establish a "natural state" according to their understanding. With the nationwide ban on GdVuSt in March 2020, Federal Interior Minister Horst Seehofer took action for the first time in this far-reaching form against a group of the Reich Citizens' Movement . The GdVuSt existed at least since 2016.

Similar groups in other countries

In other countries - based on the United States - there are similar groups such as the Freemen on the Land or One People's Public Trust . The latter is particularly active in the German-speaking area in Austria , where the “state objectors” of the State Union of Austria can also be found.

literature

Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Through the Wild Absurdistan - or: How “Reich Citizens” want to prove the continued existence of the German Reich. In: Landes- und Kommunalverwaltung (LKV) , 22nd year (2012), issue 12, pp. 529-537 ( PDF; 274 kB ).

Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: “I make the world the way I like it” - “Reich Citizen” in the actually existing Federal Republic of Germany. In: Landes- und Kommunalverwaltung, Volume 27 (2017), Issue 1, pp. 1–9.

Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Jahrbuch Extremismus & Demokratie , 26th vol., 2014, ISBN 978-3-8487-1925-9 , pp. 155–172.

Jan Friday, Michael Hüllen, Yasemin Krüger: Development of the ideology of the “Reich Citizens” . In: Uwe Backes / Alexander Gallus / Eckhard Jesse (eds.): Jahrbuch Extremismus & Demokratie (E & D) , Volume 29 2017, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-4634-7 , p. 159-174.

Tobias Ginsburg : The Journey into the Reich. Among imperial citizens. Verlag Das Neue Berlin, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-360-01331-6 .

Ralf Neugebauer: What kind of country do we actually live in? With ideas for citizens of the Reich through Absurdistan. In: Skeptiker , issue 2/2017, pp. 80–85.

Jan Rathje: Reich citizens, self-administrators and sovereignists. On the madness of the threatened German (= unrest transparent; vol. 17). Unrast Verlag, Münster 2017, ISBN 978-3-89771-141-9 .

Jan Rathje: “Reichsbürger” - conspiracy ideology with German specifics. In: Knowledge creates democracy - Open Access series of publications by the IDZ, 1st year (2017), pp. 238–249 ( PDF; 175 kB ).

Jan Rathje: "We're back". The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action. Funded by the Federal Ministry of the Interior as part of the federal program “Cohesion through participation”. Amadeu Antonio Foundation , Berlin 2014 ( PDF; 1.2 MB ).

Sven Rebehn: Defensive Justice , NJW -aktuell, issue 10/2018, p. 16.

Andrea Röpke : "Reich Citizens" - ignored for too long. In this. (Ed.): 2018 yearbook right-wing violence. Background, analysis and the events of 2017. Chronicle of hatred. Knaur eBook, ISBN 3-426-44434-8 , p. 102 ff.

Christoph and Sophie Schönberger (ed.): The Reich Citizens. Constitutional enemies between denial of the state and conspiracy theory. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2020, ISBN 978-3-593-51227-3 . (Review by Marlene Grunert in the FAZ on March 11, 2020)

Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-86153-958-2 .

Dirk Wilking (Ed.): "Reich Citizens". A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos in cooperation with the Brandenburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution , 3rd edition, Potsdam 2017, ISBN 978-3-00-055980-8 ( PDF; 5.7 MB ).

Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (ed.): "Reich Citizens" and "Self-Administrators". Public enemies, profiteers, conspiracy theorists . Cologne December 2018 ( verfassungsschutz.de [PDF]).

Web links

Private law

Kai Biermann, Astrid Geisler, Reichsbürger: One people, many rich, even more leaders , Zeit Online , April 20, 2016
Kristian Frigelj: What the citizens of the Reich really believe , Die Welt from May 16, 2015
Kai Funkschmidt: Reich Citizens Movement , in: Lexicon of the Evangelical Central Office for Weltanschauungsfragen , November 2016
Katharina Iskandar: Right-wing extremists "Reich Citizens": Loyal to the state within the borders of 1937 , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of July 21, 2013
Gabriela Keller: Essay on citizens of the Reich: Bullerbü for adults , article on taz.de , December 3, 2016
Marvin Oppong : “Commissary Reich Governments”: Dangerous Crazy , in: taz, 15 May 2008
Steve Przybilla: Citizens of the Reich: Der Staat im Staate , Stuttgarter Nachrichten of November 12, 2014

Government agencies

Right-wing extremists, "Reich Citizens" and "Reich Governments" , State of Brandenburg - Protection of the Constitution (April 12, 2012)
Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the State of Saxony-Anhalt : Reich Citizens in Saxony-Anhalt - What needs to be done? As of December 2016

Public broadcasts / broadcasts

Vanja Budde: The "Reichsbürger" - The difficult way to deal with the disaffected state , Deutschlandfunk - background from October 1, 2016
Claudia van Laak and Bastian Brandau: Reichsbürger - When extremism moves from the fringes to the center of society , Deutschlandfunk - Background from September 7, 2018
Claudia van Laak: Refuse your own currency and taxes - The self-proclaimed "Reichsbürger" deny Germany , Deutschlandfunk - Dlf-Magazin from November 7, 2013

Individual evidence

↑ Glossary: Reich Citizens Movement , Federal Agency for Civic Education / bpb, February 3, 2014.
^ For example, the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Brandenburg. For the distinguishing features cf. Jan Rathje, “We're back”. The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action , 2014, p. 4 u. 11; see. also Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, pp. 203–224, in particular pp. 212, 214; see. furthermore "Reich ideologues" consider the Federal Republic to be illegitimate , right-wing extremism 3, State Office for the Protection of the Constitution Baden-Württemberg , 2013.
^ Constitutional Protection Report 2019: Facts and Trends. Brief summary. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs, 2019, accessed on July 10, 2020 .
↑ See Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How "Reichsbürger" want to prove the continued existence of the German Empire. In: Landes- und Kommunalverwaltung (LKV), 22nd year (2012), issue 12, p. 529 ff., Here p. 531: “There is no end to the Reich for the 'Reichsbürger'.”
This., Avg Wild Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A handbook , Potsdam 2015, p. 93 ff., Here p. 120.
^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff : "Reichsbürger": Yes, the German Reich really went under , Welt Online , October 20, 2016.
↑ ^a ^b Christa Caspar / Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How "Reichsbürger" want to prove the continued existence of the German Empire , in: LKV 12/2012, pp. 529-531.
↑ Georg Dahm , Jost Delbrück , Rüdiger Wolfrum : Völkerrecht , Vol. I / 1, 2nd edition, Berlin 1989, p. 149; see also Christa Caspar / Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How “Reichsbürger” want to prove the continued existence of the German Reich , in: LKV 12/2012, pp. 529-531.
↑ Klaus Stern : The constitutional law of the Federal Republic of Germany , Volume V: The historical foundations of German constitutional law (The constitutional development from the Old German Empire to the reunified Federal Republic of Germany). CH Beck, Munich 2000, p. 1964; on the reference to the Reich Citizens Movement and its "territorial revisionism towards the EU neighboring countries" cf. German Bundestag: Subject of international law “German Reich” , Foreign Affairs / Answer (hib 340/2015), June 30, 2015.
^ Cf. Werner Weidenfeld , Peter M. Wagner, Elke Bruck: Foreign policy for German unity. The decisive years 1989/90 (= history of German unity , volume 4). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-421-05093-7 , p. 811.

↑ Cf. Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when "Reichsbürger" and public administration meet , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): "Reichsbürger". A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, pp. 93–171, here p. 106 f., On the “self-administrators” p. 120; Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, pp. 203–224, here p. 212 f.

^ Teso decision of October 21, 1987 .

↑ BVerfGE 36, 1 - Basic Agreement - Paragraph No. 78-79 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Jan Friday: “Reich Citizens”. A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 167.

↑ Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 107 f .; Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 160 f.

↑ Peter Schwacke, Guido Schmidt: Staatsrecht , W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2007, p. 78 ff.

^ Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt (DVBl.) 1964, pp. 147–150, here p. 150.

↑ Jörn Ipsen: German Constitutions 1849-1949 . Hüthig Jehle Rehm, 2012, p. XIV.

↑ Gerhard Schumacher, Forward to the Past: Looking through some “imperial ideological” smoke screens , JMB Verlag, 2018.

↑ ^a ^b Cf. Jan Rathje, "We're back". The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action , 2014, p. 14.

↑ See Jan Rathje, “We're back”. The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action , 2014, p. 19.

↑ Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Sixth Committee (A / 56/589 and Corr. 1)] (PDF)

↑ ^a ^b ^c MDR Aktuell : For “Reich citizens” the German Reich still exists ( memento from January 26, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), background report, August 6, 2016.

↑ Cf. Caspar / Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How “Reichsbürger” want to prove the continued existence of the German Reich , in: LKV 12/2012, p. 534.

↑ Eckart Klein / Stefanie Schmahl , in: Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum , Alexander Proelß (Ed.): Völkerrecht , 7th edition, 2016, marginal no. 138 f.

↑ Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 119 f.

↑ On this, Jan Rathje, “We're back”. The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action , 2014, pp. 11, 20.

↑ Cf. Antonia Kleikamp: Conspiracy Theory: Help, does the German Reich still exist? , Welt Online, July 7, 2015.

↑ Reichs-Gesetzblatt 1916, No. 143, Law No. 5291, p. 603 . Retrieved August 3, 2020.

↑ Reichs-Gesetzblatt 1916, No. 143, Law No. 5291, p. 609 . Retrieved August 3, 2020.

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 163; Trystan Stahl and Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison in terms of ideology and potential dangers . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 212 f.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Jan Rathje: “We're back”. The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action (PDF), Ed. Amadeu Antonio Foundation , 2014.

↑ Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 115 f.

^ "KRR" -FAQ on the Hague Land Warfare Regulations ( Memento from November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).

↑ Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 109.

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 163 f.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dirk Wilking (Ed.): "Reich Citizens". A manual , Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice, Potsdam 2015 (exact title of the article and page number are missing).

↑ Eckhard Stengel: "Reichsbürger" sues for prisoner-of-war pay. In: sz-online.de . February 17, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017 .

^ LTO editors : SG Bremen on the complaint of a Reich citizen: Not responsible for maintenance according to the Hague Land Warfare Regulations. In: LTO. February 16, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017 .

↑ Executive measures against "Reichsbürger" . In: BfV Newsletter No. 1/2017 - Topic 2 (as of April 2017), accessed on May 22, 2017.

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 164; Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Through the Wild Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 97 f. and 128 ff.

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 162.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Right-wing extremist tendencies in the so-called Reich Citizens' Movement. (PDF) German Bundestag - 17th electoral term, December 20, 2012, retrieved on October 21, 2016 (response of the Federal Government ( printed matter 17/11970) to the minor inquiry of November 29, 2012 , printed matter 17/11758 ).

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Right-wing extremist tendencies in the so-called Reich Citizens' Movement. (PDF) German Bundestag - 18th electoral term, July 12, 2016, accessed on February 28, 2017 (response of the Federal Government (printed matter 18/9161) to the minor question of June 21, 2016, printed matter 18/8941 ).

↑ Federal Prosecutor: Reich citizens allegedly planned partisan army , Zeit Online , April 10, 2018, accessed on June 25, 2018.

^ Paul Wellsow: No early warning system. A search for traces of the Reich citizens in reports on the protection of the constitution . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 159–178 , here pp. 159 and 177 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

↑ Right “Reich citizens” are increasingly networked via the Internet , Wiener Zeitung of January 25, 2017.

↑ Saskia Nothofer: Up to 300 followers in NRW. At least 4500 "Reichsbürger" live in Germany. In: RP Online . December 13, 2016, accessed December 13, 2016 .

↑ Current figures of the "Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators", as of March 31, 2018 , Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, April 30, 2018.

↑ Göran Schattauer: Protection of the Constitution: Reich citizens are apparently planning the army and are preparing for “Day X” , Focus Online , January 12, 2018.

↑ The number of Reich citizens has increased dramatically , FAZ from January 12, 2018.

↑ Markus Wehner: Investigations in the dark field. In: FAZ.net . January 12, 2018, accessed April 15, 2018 .

↑ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution: Current figures for "Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators". December 31, 2017, accessed April 15, 2018 .

↑ Andreas Speit: Inconsistent against Reich Citizens. In: taz of May 30, 2018, p. 6.

↑ Rosemarie Bölts: With the Reich Citizens - BRD, no thanks! , Deutschlandfunk Kultur , Zeitfragen - contribution from January 28, 2019.

↑ Caspar / Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan - or: How “Reich Citizens” want to prove the continued existence of the German Empire , in: LKV 12/2012, pp. 532, 535, 537.

↑ ^a ^b Jan Friday: “Reich Citizens”. A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 159.

↑ See Maurice Thiriet, “Reichsführererschein” not valid in Thurgau , tagesanzeiger.ch , March 11, 2009.

↑ OLG Stuttgart, decision of April 25, 2006, Az. 4 Ws 98/06 .

↑ OLG Celle, decision of October 19, 2007, Az. 32 Ss 90/07 , NStZ-RR 2008, p. 76.

↑ With a fantasy passport from the “German Empire” to Beirut? ( Memento of July 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), press release from the Federal Police Directorate at Frankfurt / Main Airport.

↑ ^a ^b Jan Rathje: "We're back". The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action. Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Berlin 2014, p. 12.

↑ Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich citizens” and public administration meet , in: Wilking (ed.), Handbuch , 2015, p. 167.

^ Governments for the "German Reich" ( memento of November 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), information from the Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia about the "Reich governments", accessed on April 13, 2014.

↑ Kristian Frigelj: Fully detached , Welt Online, May 18, 2015.

↑ Krude Theorien: How “Reich Citizens” try to make a disc out of the earth , press release no. 033/2012 of the Ministry of the Interior of Brandenburg of April 13, 2012.

↑ The great conspiracy: Of stateless persons and imperial citizens. In: Controversy - The Political Magazine . Bayerischer Rundfunk , November 12, 2014, accessed on November 25, 2017 (For legal reasons, this content is only available in Germany).

↑ Jan Rathje: "We're back". The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action. Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Berlin 2014, p. 11.

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 155 f. and 162.

^ Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Reich citizens versus public administration. Experiences and arguments in practical discussions . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 79-98 .

^ "Reich Citizens" committed more than 10,500 criminal offenses , Spiegel Online , April 13, 2018.

↑ Carsten Janz, Andreas Speit: "We are at war". Guns within the scene . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 115-132 .

↑ Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution: Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2018 . Ed .: Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home . 2019, ISSN 0177-0357 , p. 96 .

↑ See information page for right-wing extremists, "Reichsbürger" and "Reichsregierungen" - How extremists try to make a disc of the earth by the Brandenburg Constitutional Protection Agency, April 12, 2012.

↑ Jan-Gerrit Keil: Between delusion and role play - the phenomenon of the "Reichsbürger" from a psychological point of view . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, 2nd edition, Potsdam 2015, pp. 39 f., 64.

↑ Extremism: Sprüche, Kloppe, but no home - Potsdam-Mittelmarks neo-Nazis have not yet been able to form fixed structures according to experts ( memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), MAZ from November 22, 2011; see. on this, Brandenburg increases pressure on “Reichsbürger” activities , press release, Ministry of the Interior of Brandenburg, September 12, 2012.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bavarian Constitutional Protection Report 2016 , Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Transport , Munich, April 2017.

↑ ^a ^b "Reich Citizens" and "Self-Administrators" - enemies of the state, businessmen, conspiracy theorists. (PDF) In: www.verfassungsschutz.de. Accessed December 21, 2018 (brochure, as of December 2018).

↑ ^a ^{b Report on the} Protection of the Constitution 2017. (PDF) Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home Affairs, p. 90 ff. , Accessed on December 21, 2018 .

↑ Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers. In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 212.

↑ Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 120; Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers , ibid, p. 212 ff.

↑ Cf. Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when "Reich citizens" and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 118: "Reich Citizens in Self-Administration". The newsletter of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution , on the other hand, differentiates between “Reich citizens” and “self-administrators” of the scene, but summarizes both under the heading “Executive measures against“ Reich citizens ”” ( BfV newsletter No. 1/2017, topic 2 ).

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 169 f.

^ Deutsche Welle : BKA believes "Reich citizens" are capable of terrorist attacks. In: dw.com. July 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017 .

↑ Tagesschau : Right-wing extremism: BKA believes "Reich citizens" are capable of attacks. Retrieved July 23, 2017 .

↑ Thomas Pany: BKA: "Self-administrators" even more dangerous than "Reichsbürger" , Telepolis , July 23, 2017.

↑ Torsten Gerbank: Shots during evacuation attempt: police operation in the "Kingdom of Ur" escalated , in: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung of August 25, 2016; "Reichsbürger" in Saxony-Anhalt: "Mister Germany 1998" is in a shooting with SEK , Welt Online, August 25, 2016.

↑ Rüdiger Lutterbach: Former OB candidate from Bad Kreuznach because of wrong identification in the jam. In: Allgemeine Zeitung . May 14, 2016, accessed April 26, 2020 .

^ AfD city council Wink doubts the existence of a German state , in: Allgemeine Zeitung from July 31, 2014.

↑ Bad Kreuznach: Rainer Wink wants to keep his council mandate , in: Rhein-Zeitung of August 28, 2014.

↑ City council in Bad Kreuznach excludes Rainer Wink - majority sees AfD representatives as unworthy of the office , in: Allgemeine Zeitung of September 25, 2014.

^ "Reich Citizens" in Saxony-Anhalt. What should I do? , Information from the Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Saxony-Anhalt , ed. from the Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the State of Saxony-Anhalt , 2014.

↑ Assistance in dealing with right-wing extremism: dealing with “Reich governments” and “Reich citizens” , ed. from the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Hesse , May 2013.

↑ Cf. Woidke: Confusion in the “Reich Citizens' Scene” should not be underestimated , press release no. 006/2013 of the Brandenburg Ministry of the Interior, January 24, 2013.

^ District Court Duisburg, NJW 2006, p. 3577; Jurisprudence database of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Az. 46 K 361/04 .

↑ The “Reichsbürger” maltreat the rule of law , in: haufe.de/recht (online editors), Series Colors of law , December 13, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

^ Judgment of the Hamburg Finance Court of April 19, 2011, Az. 3 K 6/11

^ Judgment of the Munich Finance Court of April 14, 2015, Az. 2 K 3118/14 ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

↑ Judgment of the Münster Finance Court of April 14, 2015, Az. 1 K 3123/14

↑ Judgment of the Finance Court Berlin-Brandenburg from January 17, 2013, Az. 7 K 7303/11

^ Judgment of the Finance Court of Baden-Württemberg of November 27, 2013, Az. 4 K 3798/10

^ Judgment of the Hamburg Finance Court of May 20, 2014, Az. 3 K 94/14

↑ Handbook for administrative staff aims to remedy the situation: How “Reich citizens” burden the authorities of Brandenburg. (No longer available online.) In: rbb24. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg , January 4, 2016, archived from the original on October 10, 2016 ; Retrieved November 25, 2017 .

^ Problem for authorities - "Many citizens of the Reich are really crazy" , Märkische Allgemeine Zeitung of January 5, 2016.

↑ Vanja Budde : The “Reichsbürger” - The Difficult Dealing with the Disaffected State , Deutschlandfunk , October 1, 2016; "Reichsbürger" scene - not fundamentally oriented towards violence, very well networked , Deutschlandfunk, October 20, 2016; Radicalization of the Reich Citizens' Scene - Ideology becomes violence , Deutschlandfunk, October 20, 2016.

↑ Holger Schmidt: Constitutional protectors wanted to apologize to relatives for "NSU" , SWR , October 10, 2014.

↑ Wera Engelhardt: Car attack against police officers. Rainer Wendt warns of violent "Reich citizens" , Focus Online, 23 August 2016.

↑ ^a ^b deployment in Georgensgmünd. Police officer dies after being shot , in: Deutschlandfunk from October 20, 2016.

^ "Reichsbürger" was considered harmless , Zeit Online, October 20, 2016.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Andreas Speit: Reich Citizens - a multifaceted, dangerous movement . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 7–21 , here p. 8 ( limited preview in Google book search).

↑ VG Cottbus, judgment of September 20, 2016, Az.VG 3 K 305/16 , confirmed by OVG Berlin-Brandenburg on December 9, 2016 .

^ OVG Thuringia on citizens of the Reich. Most Likely Mentally Disordered , Legal Tribune Online , press release March 14, 2017, accessed March 15, 2017.

↑ Thuringian Higher Administrative Court , decision of February 2, 2017 - 2 EO 887/16 ; see. Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg , decision of January 11, 1994 - 10 S 2863/93 ( withdrawal of the driver's license if a mental disorder is suspected - provision of a medical-psychological report ).

↑ Administrative Court of Baden-Wuerttemberg, decision of 2 January 2018 Az. 10 S 2000/17 ( disqualification from driving in the Reich Citizenship ) .

↑ See Hessischer Landtag, Drs. 19/3905 (February 20, 2017) , p. 1 f.

↑ Nationwide observation of the "Reichsbürger" is getting closer , FAZ.net of November 2, 2016, accessed on December 15, 2016.

^ "Reich Citizens" are not allowed to own weapons , Spiegel Online, June 26, 2018.

↑ tagesschau.de: Court forbids gun permits for "Reich citizens". Retrieved June 26, 2018 .

↑ VG Gera, judgment of 09/16/2015 - 2 K 525/14

↑ Administrative Court of Baden-Wuerttemberg 1. Senate, Az 1 S 1470/17. VGH Munich, decision of 05.10.2017 - 21 CS 17.1300; Munich Administrative Court, decision of November 15, 2017 - M 7 S 17.1380; Munich Administrative Court, decision of July 25, 2017 - M 7 S 17.1813; VGH Munich, decision of 10.01.2018 - 21 CS 17.1339; Munich Administrative Court, decision of February 6, 2018 - M 7 S 17.2686; VGH Munich, decision of 25.01.2018 - 21 CS 17.2310; VGH Munich, decision of 9.2.2018 - 21 CS 17.1964; Munich Administrative Court, decision of February 27, 2018 - M 7 S 17.6126; Munich Administrative Court, decision of 02.03.2018 - M 7 S 17.3913; Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine-Westphalia, ruling of July 5th, 2018 - 20 B 1624/17, Hessian Administrative Court, ruling of June 20, 2018 - 4 B 1090/18; Saxon Higher Administrative Court (Bautzen) 3 B 379/18 of December 3, 2018.

↑ OVG Rhineland-Palatinate, decision of December 3, 2018, Az. 7 B 11152 / 18.OVG, press release of the OVG of December 18, 2018 .

↑ OLG Hamm 1 Ws 258/17 of June 14, 2017.

↑ VG Düsseldorf from 06.06.18 - 6 L 1452/18

↑ VG Berlin 20 L 108.11 of October 7, 2011.

↑ Thuringian OVG - 2 EO 887/16, decision of February 2, 2017.

↑ See German Bundestag : Federal Government; Unified “Reich Citizens Movement” does not exist , Interior / answer to small inquiry , hib report (today in the Bundestag) from January 14, 2013; Bavarian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution : Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators , accessed on June 26, 2017.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Johanna Holler: "Reichsbürger" -Wahn (PDF), in: Tribüne. Journal for the Understanding of Judaism , May 9, 2014.

↑ What exactly is a “provisional Reich government”? What are “Reich ideologues”? ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), in: Portal "KRR" -FAQ , June 17, 2007.

↑ Lena Deutsch: # Faktenfuchs: "Reichsbürger" in the Munich crime scene - what is the reality in Bavaria? In: BR.de. June 3, 2018, accessed September 9, 2019 .

↑ Jan Rathje: Reich citizens, self-administrators and sovereignists. On the madness of the threatened German (= unrest transparent; vol. 17). Unrast Verlag, Münster 2017, ISBN 978-3-89771-141-9 , pp. 60–63.

^ ^A ^b Jan Rathje: Reich citizens, self-administrators and sovereignists. On the madness of the threatened German (= unrest transparent; vol. 17). Unrast Verlag, Münster 2017, pp. 8–13.

↑ ^a ^b Jan Friday, Michael Hüllen, Yasemin Krüger: Development of the ideology of the "Reich Citizens" . In: Uwe Backes / Alexander Gallus / Eckhard Jesse (eds.): Jahrbuch Extremismus & Demokratie (E & D) , Volume 29 2017, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-4634-7 , p. 164.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Jan Rathje: Between conspiracy myths, esotericism and Holocaust denial - the imperial ideology , dossier right-wing extremism , bpb, October 14, 2015.

↑ Philipp Gessler: The Reich ministers threaten with death. In: taz.de . August 15, 2000, accessed April 8, 2016 .

↑ Angelika Siepmann: Rigolf Hennig sentenced to one and a half years without parole - Verdener Nachrichten. In: Weser courier . April 15, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017 .

^ NDR : A total of almost five years in prison for Haverbeck. In: daserste.ndr.de. April 21, 2015, accessed May 28, 2017 .

↑ A visit to the “Free State of Prussia”: How the “Reich Citizens” tick. In: pnn.de. February 13, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017 .

↑ Jochen Zenthöfer: Podium for a "Reich Citizen". In: FAZ. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017 .

^ Constitutional Protection Report 2010, Free State of Thuringia (PDF; 495 kB), p. 53 f., Here p. 55.

^ Constitutional Protection Report Bavaria 2019 , p. 216.

↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior warns of crimes committed by “Reich citizens”. In: Der Spiegel . December 30, 2012, accessed on April 9, 2016 (preliminary version from issue 1/2013).

^ Zoé Sona: Berlin: The "New Community of Philosophers" and the Reich Movement. In: Netz-gegen-Nazis.de. June 14, 2012, accessed April 9, 2016 .

↑ Katrin Bischoff: Reich Citizens: Now there is a house ban. In: Berliner Zeitung . February 28, 2013, accessed April 9, 2016 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Verfassungsschutz Report Land Brandenburg 2012 , Ministry of the Interior of the State of Brandenburg, Potsdam, March 15, 2013.

↑ Simon Janssen: Kaarst also has a “citizen of the Reich”. In: wz.de. October 28, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017 .

↑ Dirk Walter: Reich Citizens: The number of followers is greater than assumed. In: Merkur.de . February 17, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017 .

↑ sz-online: Health Insurance for Reich Citizens. In: sz-online.de. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017 .

↑ Katrin Tominski: Financial supervision warns of Reich Citizens Health Insurance. (No longer available online.) In: MDR.de. August 18, 2017, archived from the original on August 27, 2017 ; accessed on August 27, 2017 .

↑ Decision of the financial supervisory authority: “Reichsbürger” health insurance fund must close. In: tagesschau.de . Retrieved September 7, 2017 .

^ FRG Denier - What is the Interim Party? , in: Badische Zeitung of September 3, 2008.

↑ ^a ^b Register of the "KRR" FAQ ( Memento from September 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ).

^ How right-wing extremists cause unrest in Ahrensburg with e-mails , Hamburger Abendblatt, March 23, 2007.

^ Jan Grundmann and Björn Hengst: Calls on the Internet: Mecklenburg mayor goes into hiding after threat of death. In: Spiegel Online. December 29, 2008, accessed April 13, 2016 .

↑ Andreas Speit: Neo-Nazis rushing online: death threat for the mayor. In: taz.de. December 29, 2008, accessed April 13, 2016 .

↑ This is the Interim Party Germany. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. December 29, 2008, accessed April 13, 2016 .

^ Right-wing extremists at the edge of the forest - Großhansdorf: Party denies legitimacy of the Federal Republic , Hamburger Abendblatt of February 5, 2007.

↑ Information on the IPD in general ( Memento from September 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), "KRR" -FAQ; Report on the admission of the IPD to the state election including the result ; State election on September 27, 2009 - Preliminary results (September 28, 2009) ( Memento of February 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).

↑ Violence from the Right: Death Threats Against Mayors ( Memento from December 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Süddeutsche.de, December 28, 2008.

↑ Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when "Reich citizens" and public administration meet , in: Wilking (ed.), Handbuch , 2015, pp. 101, 121 f.

↑ Federal Republic does not recognize Germanitien , Schwäbische.de , May 13, 2011; Diplomat "Germanitien" a millionaire conman , merkur-online.de , August 1, 2012; Germanitia will not be cleared for the time being ( Memento from September 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Südwest Presse from August 31, 2011; "Germanitien" is an expensive patch , Augsburger Allgemeine from December 19, 2012.

↑ Heinz Wraneschitz: GfE process: 16 witnesses and a diplomat from "Germanitien" , Nürnberger Zeitung (nordbayern.de) of 20 August 2012 found.

↑ Long prison sentences for fraud involving cogeneration units , Süddeutsche Zeitung of February 27, 2014.

↑ ^a ^b The "Reich Citizens' Movement" in North Rhine-Westphalia , answer of the state government to the minor question 29 of July 3, 2017 of the MP Verena Schäffer (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen), Landtag North Rhine-Westphalia, printed matter 17/259 of July 31 2017.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e State Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the Free State of Saxony : Situation report “Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators in Saxony” ( PDF; 433 kB ), as of June 30, 2017.

↑ ^a ^b Jan Friday: “Reich Citizens”. A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), pp. 166–167.

^ Report of the Independent Expert Group on Antisemitism , German Bundestag, printed matter 18/11970 of April 7, 2017.

^ Constitutional Protection Report 2016 , Senate Department for Home Affairs and Sport, Department for the Protection of the Constitution, Berlin, April 2017.

↑ Right-wing extremism - Irre Reichsbürger in Berlin II. (PDF) Berlin House of Representatives - 18th electoral term, April 25, 2017, accessed on August 28, 2017 (Written question from MP Tom Schreiber (SPD) of March 30, 2017 and answer, printed matter 18 / 10942).

↑ Cf. Jan-Gerrit Keil: Between delusion and role play - the phenomenon of the "Reich Citizens" from a psychological point of view . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 39.

^ The microcosm of Reich citizen Rüdiger Hoffmann. At luebeck.systemausfall.org. Retrieved August 24, 2020.

↑ Andreas Speit: "Reich Citizens" condemned. In: taz.de. December 17, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017 .

↑ Mario Feist: The “Principality of Germania” - “Not right, not left, but in front”? , in: Dirk Wilking, Michael Kohlstruck (Eds.): Insights III. A workshop book (PDF; 3.1 MB), 2010, pp. 109–124; Gabriele Schlamann: The discussion about the “Principality of Germania” in the community of Plattenburg 2009 , in: Dirk Wilking / Michael Kohlstruck (eds.): Insights III , 2010, pp. 125-139.

↑ Götterdämmerung in Germania: "Principality" before eviction , Spiegel Online, video from May 18, 2009, accessed on March 9, 2014.

↑ Finstere Mächte , Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, April 15, 2009, accessed on September 27, 2013.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d European Action ( Memento from June 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) in the Lexicon of the Brandenburg State Center for Civic Education.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Mounia Meiborg: One, two, false police , Zeit Online, September 5, 2013.

↑ Stefan Locke: When the violence comes from the citizen. In: FAZ.net. December 16, 2015, accessed May 2, 2016 .

↑ Investigative proceedings against the group "German Police Aid Organization" (DPHW) , answer of the President of the Saxon State Parliament to the minor question from MP Kerstin Köditz, parliamentary group DIE LINKE, Drs.-No. 6/2152, Saxon State Parliament.

↑ ^a ^b Friedrich Burschel (Ed.), March through from the right - Völkischer Aufbruch: Racism, right-wing populism, right-wing terror. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, 2016.

↑ Imke Schmincke, Jasmin Siri: NSU -Terror: Investigations on the Right Abyss. Event, contexts, discourses. transcript Verlag, 2014, p. 82.

^ Citizens of the Reich - eccentricities or part of the right-wing extremist movement? Proceedings for the conference on October 8, 2014, University of Applied Sciences Police Saxony-Anhalt. Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the State of Saxony-Anhalt ( PDF ).

^ "Reich Citizens" and "Self-Administrators". Information from the Office for the Protection of the Constitution. State Office for the Protection of the Constitution Brandenburg

↑ Findings about the "German Police Aid Organization" , response of the Federal Government to the small question from MPs Frank Tempel, Ulla Jelpke, Jan Korte, other MPs and the left-wing parliamentary group, BT-Drs. 17/14049 of June 19, 2013, p. 4.

↑ Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 172.

↑ Jürgen Müller, Tobias Hoeflich: The wrong general. In: sz-online.de. March 16, 2016, accessed April 4, 2016 .

^ Meißen district court sends self-appointed police officers behind bars for 22 months. (No longer available online.) In: MDR.de. December 15, 2015, archived from the original on March 31, 2016 ; accessed on March 31, 2016 .

↑ Stefan Locke: District court in Meißen condemns "Reich Citizens". In: FAZ. January 15, 2016, accessed March 31, 2016 .

↑ Panzer Mike drives in. In: sz-online.de. February 23, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

↑ "You have targeted the state attacked". In: sz-online.de. January 18, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

↑ Another prison sentence in the Reich Citizenship Trial. In: sz-online.de. January 28, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

↑ Citizens of the Reich have to go to prison. In: sz-online.de. January 15, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

↑ Findings on the Gerstungen vigilante group , Minor question from MP Walk (CDU) and response from the Thuringian Ministry of the Interior and Local Affairs, Thuringian State Parliament, November 18, 2015.

↑ Michael Bartsch: Leipzig "Republic Free Germany": Odd state founders. In: taz.de. July 11, 2012, accessed August 22, 2017 .

↑ ^a ^b Heinz Wraneschitz: The confused career of Peter F. In: nordbayern.de. January 12, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

^ ^A ^b Sebastian Lipp: Passports from the Fantasy State. In: look to the right . August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

^ Reichsbürger hoards chemicals , in: Berliner Zeitung of January 8, 2013.

↑ Brauner Demolition Master ( Memento from October 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), in: Berliner Kurier from October 20, 2013.

↑ Chief chemist on the run , in: taz of July 24, 2013.

^ Citizens of the Reich in court ( Memento from November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), in: Sächsische Zeitung from September 1, 2015.

↑ Sebastian Lipp: Good business with fictitious ID cards? In: look to the right. July 31, 2017, accessed August 22, 2017 .

↑ The Cook and His Kingdom - Aufruhr in Neudeutschland , Spiegel TV of September 15, 2013.

↑ Kai radio Schmidt: Peter Fitzek appoints himself King of Germany. In: Evangelical Central Office for Worldview Issues - Material Service. September 16, 2012, accessed August 21, 2017 .

↑ King of Germany must be in custody , Hannoversche Allgemeine from October 17, 2013.

^ Steffen Könau: Society: 47-year-old founds his own kingdom. In: mz-web.de. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

↑ Reinhard Bingener: More than three years imprisonment for "King of Germany". In: FAZ.net. March 15, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

↑ Michael Huebner, Alexander Baumbach: Fantasy State by Peter Fitzek: Forced eviction in the "Kingdom of Germany". In: mz-web.de. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

^ "King of Germany" sentenced to imprisonment , Spiegel Online, March 15, 2017.

↑ RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (RND): Another prison sentence for "King of Germany". In: Leipziger Volkszeitung . August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

↑ Michael Hübner, Alexander Baumbach: Fantasy State by Peter Fitzek: Forced eviction in the "Kingdom of Germany" , Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, May 16, 2017, accessed on May 16, 2017.

↑ Michael Hübner: "King" Peter Fitzek: Kingdom of Germany - hospital grounds under the hammer. In: mz-web.de. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

↑ Background on the neo-Nazi organization "New Order: The Death of Jörg L. In: SWR.de , February 5, 2013.

^ ^A ^b J. Blankennagel, K. Bischoff: Neo-Nazis in Brandenburg: Right-wing extremists plan a secret meeting. In: berliner-zeitung.de. June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017 .

↑ SEK deployment with Reichsbürger Cause: Did the police act excessively? (No longer available online.) In: MDR.de. February 14, 2018, archived from the original on July 12, 2018 ; accessed on July 12, 2018 .

↑ Steffen Könau: Trial against Adrian Cause: Where does the remnant of the bullet on a policeman's scarf come from? In: mz-web.de. November 29, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2018 .

↑ Reich citizens with the police: This Chiemgauer has already been suspended. In: Merkur.de. October 22, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

↑ Matthias Köpf: "Reichsbürger" in Chiemgau cash in euros. In: Süddeutsche.de. October 21, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

↑ Reich Citizens' Movement in Bavaria , answer to the written request of the member Florian Streibl (Free Voters) of October 20, 2016, Bavarian State Parliament, printed matter 17/14596 of January 27, 2017.

↑ Anselm Schindler: "Reichsbürger" found their own "government" in Upper Bavaria. In: Süddeutsche.de. December 8, 2016, accessed August 22, 2017 .

↑ Robert Langer, Hans Moritz, Josef Ametsbichler: Raid on the citizens of the Reich: Free State against “Federal State of Bavaria”. In: Merkur.de. February 7, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

^ Constitutional Protection Report 2016 ( Memento from July 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), Federal Ministry of the Interior, Berlin

↑ Michael Butter: "Nothing is what it seems". About conspiracy theories . Suhrkamp, Berlin 2018, p. 219 f.

^ State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Saxony: Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators - Reich Citizens' Groups in Saxony , 2018.

^ Editing of “der rechts rand”: right small parties. In: magazine “the right edge”. Democratic Education and Journalism, June 19, 2017, accessed July 12, 2018 .

↑ LTO editors: BVerfG does not recognize would-be parties. In: LTO. July 27, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2018 .

↑ BVerfG, decision of July 25, 2017 - 2 BvC 4/17

↑ Sebastian Leber: Disturbing Interview in Berlin - This is where the citizens of the Reich speak. In: Der Tagesspiegel . October 28, 2017, accessed March 20, 2020 .

↑ Interior Minister Seehofer forbids "Reich Citizens" grouping for the first time. In: Spiegel Online. March 19, 2020, accessed March 20, 2020 .

↑ Stephan Löwenstein: Reich Citizens in Austria: Martial Police Force Against the Loving Grandma , FAZ.net, November 12, 2016, accessed on November 20, 2016.

↑ Angelika Benz: Undercover at "Reichsbürgern" , review in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 10, 2018.

↑ Marlene Grunert: "Planet Wolfgang" - No longer just strange.

↑ Review by Ralph Gerstenberg: Reich Citizens - Ready for Violence and Dangerous . In: Deutschlandfunk . October 23, 2017 ( online [accessed November 15, 2017]).

[1] Glossary: Reich Citizens Movement , Federal Agency for Civic Education / bpb, February 3, 2014.

[2] For example, the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Brandenburg. For the distinguishing features cf. Jan Rathje, “We're back”. The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action , 2014, p. 4 u. 11; see. also Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, pp. 203–224, in particular pp. 212, 214; see. furthermore "Reich ideologues" consider the Federal Republic to be illegitimate , right-wing extremism 3, State Office for the Protection of the Constitution Baden-Württemberg , 2013.

[3] Constitutional Protection Report 2019: Facts and Trends. Brief summary. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs, 2019, accessed on July 10, 2020 .

[4] See Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How "Reichsbürger" want to prove the continued existence of the German Empire. In: Landes- und Kommunalverwaltung (LKV), 22nd year (2012), issue 12, p. 529 ff., Here p. 531: “There is no end to the Reich for the 'Reichsbürger'.”
This., Avg Wild Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A handbook , Potsdam 2015, p. 93 ff., Here p. 120.

[5] Sven Felix Kellerhoff : "Reichsbürger": Yes, the German Reich really went under , Welt Online , October 20, 2016.

[caspar_neubauer-6] Christa Caspar / Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How "Reichsbürger" want to prove the continued existence of the German Empire , in: LKV 12/2012, pp. 529-531.

[7] Georg Dahm , Jost Delbrück , Rüdiger Wolfrum : Völkerrecht , Vol. I / 1, 2nd edition, Berlin 1989, p. 149; see also Christa Caspar / Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How “Reichsbürger” want to prove the continued existence of the German Reich , in: LKV 12/2012, pp. 529-531.

[8] Klaus Stern : The constitutional law of the Federal Republic of Germany , Volume V: The historical foundations of German constitutional law (The constitutional development from the Old German Empire to the reunified Federal Republic of Germany). CH Beck, Munich 2000, p. 1964; on the reference to the Reich Citizens Movement and its "territorial revisionism towards the EU neighboring countries" cf. German Bundestag: Subject of international law “German Reich” , Foreign Affairs / Answer (hib 340/2015), June 30, 2015.

[9] Cf. Werner Weidenfeld , Peter M. Wagner, Elke Bruck: Foreign policy for German unity. The decisive years 1989/90 (= history of German unity , volume 4). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-421-05093-7 , p. 811.

[10] Cf. Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when "Reichsbürger" and public administration meet , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): "Reichsbürger". A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, pp. 93–171, here p. 106 f., On the “self-administrators” p. 120; Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers , in: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, pp. 203–224, here p. 212 f.

[11] Teso decision of October 21, 1987 .

[12] BVerfGE 36, 1 - Basic Agreement - Paragraph No. 78-79 .

[freitag_reichsbuerger_167-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Jan Friday: “Reich Citizens”. A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 167.

[14] Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 107 f .; Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 160 f.

[15] Peter Schwacke, Guido Schmidt: Staatsrecht , W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2007, p. 78 ff.

[16] Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt (DVBl.) 1964, pp. 147–150, here p. 150.

[17] Jörn Ipsen: German Constitutions 1849-1949 . Hüthig Jehle Rehm, 2012, p. XIV.

[18] Gerhard Schumacher, Forward to the Past: Looking through some “imperial ideological” smoke screens , JMB Verlag, 2018.

[Rathje_14-19] Cf. Jan Rathje, "We're back". The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action , 2014, p. 14.

[Rathje_19-20] See Jan Rathje, “We're back”. The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action , 2014, p. 19.

[21] Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Sixth Committee (A / 56/589 and Corr. 1)] (PDF)

[mdr_aktuell_Reichsbürger-22] MDR Aktuell : For “Reich citizens” the German Reich still exists ( memento from January 26, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), background report, August 6, 2016.

[23] Cf. Caspar / Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan - or: How “Reichsbürger” want to prove the continued existence of the German Reich , in: LKV 12/2012, p. 534.

[24] Eckart Klein / Stefanie Schmahl , in: Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum , Alexander Proelß (Ed.): Völkerrecht , 7th edition, 2016, marginal no. 138 f.

[25] Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 119 f.

[26] On this, Jan Rathje, “We're back”. The "Reich Citizens": Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action , 2014, pp. 11, 20.

[27] Cf. Antonia Kleikamp: Conspiracy Theory: Help, does the German Reich still exist? , Welt Online, July 7, 2015.

[28] Reichs-Gesetzblatt 1916, No. 143, Law No. 5291, p. 603 . Retrieved August 3, 2020.

[29] Reichs-Gesetzblatt 1916, No. 143, Law No. 5291, p. 609 . Retrieved August 3, 2020.

[30] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 163; Trystan Stahl and Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison in terms of ideology and potential dangers . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 212 f.

[amadeu-antonio_reichsbürger-31] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Jan Rathje: “We're back”. The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers and Strategies for Action (PDF), Ed. Amadeu Antonio Foundation , 2014.

[32] Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 115 f.

[33] "KRR" -FAQ on the Hague Land Warfare Regulations ( Memento from November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).

[34] Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 109.

[35] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 163 f.

[handbuch-36] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dirk Wilking (Ed.): "Reich Citizens". A manual , Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice, Potsdam 2015 (exact title of the article and page number are missing).

[sz-online-615493-37] Eckhard Stengel: "Reichsbürger" sues for prisoner-of-war pay. In: sz-online.de . February 17, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017 .

[lto-102216-38] LTO editors : SG Bremen on the complaint of a Reich citizen: Not responsible for maintenance according to the Hague Land Warfare Regulations. In: LTO. February 16, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017 .

[39] Executive measures against "Reichsbürger" . In: BfV Newsletter No. 1/2017 - Topic 2 (as of April 2017), accessed on May 22, 2017.

[40] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 164; Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Through the Wild Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 97 f. and 128 ff.

[41] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 162.

[antwort_rechtsextreme_Tendenzen_12-42] Right-wing extremist tendencies in the so-called Reich Citizens' Movement. (PDF) German Bundestag - 17th electoral term, December 20, 2012, retrieved on October 21, 2016 (response of the Federal Government ( printed matter 17/11970) to the minor inquiry of November 29, 2012 , printed matter 17/11758 ).

[antwort_rechtsextreme_Tendenzen_16-43] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Right-wing extremist tendencies in the so-called Reich Citizens' Movement. (PDF) German Bundestag - 18th electoral term, July 12, 2016, accessed on February 28, 2017 (response of the Federal Government (printed matter 18/9161) to the minor question of June 21, 2016, printed matter 18/8941 ).

[44] Federal Prosecutor: Reich citizens allegedly planned partisan army , Zeit Online , April 10, 2018, accessed on June 25, 2018.

[45] Paul Wellsow: No early warning system. A search for traces of the Reich citizens in reports on the protection of the constitution . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 159–178 , here pp. 159 and 177 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[46] Right “Reich citizens” are increasingly networked via the Internet , Wiener Zeitung of January 25, 2017.

[47] Saskia Nothofer: Up to 300 followers in NRW. At least 4500 "Reichsbürger" live in Germany. In: RP Online . December 13, 2016, accessed December 13, 2016 .

[48] Current figures of the "Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators", as of March 31, 2018 , Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, April 30, 2018.

[Schattauer-49] Göran Schattauer: Protection of the Constitution: Reich citizens are apparently planning the army and are preparing for “Day X” , Focus Online , January 12, 2018.

[FAZ1201-50] The number of Reich citizens has increased dramatically , FAZ from January 12, 2018.

[faz-15393634-51] Markus Wehner: Investigations in the dark field. In: FAZ.net . January 12, 2018, accessed April 15, 2018 .

[verfassu-2018001-52] Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution: Current figures for "Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators". December 31, 2017, accessed April 15, 2018 .

[53] Andreas Speit: Inconsistent against Reich Citizens. In: taz of May 30, 2018, p. 6.

[54] Rosemarie Bölts: With the Reich Citizens - BRD, no thanks! , Deutschlandfunk Kultur , Zeitfragen - contribution from January 28, 2019.

[55] Caspar / Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan - or: How “Reich Citizens” want to prove the continued existence of the German Empire , in: LKV 12/2012, pp. 532, 535, 537.

[freitag_reichsbuerger_159-56] Jan Friday: “Reich Citizens”. A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 159.

[57] See Maurice Thiriet, “Reichsführererschein” not valid in Thurgau , tagesanzeiger.ch , March 11, 2009.

[OLG_Stuttgart-58] OLG Stuttgart, decision of April 25, 2006, Az. 4 Ws 98/06 .

[OLG_Celle-59] OLG Celle, decision of October 19, 2007, Az. 32 Ss 90/07 , NStZ-RR 2008, p. 76.

[60] With a fantasy passport from the “German Empire” to Beirut? ( Memento of July 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), press release from the Federal Police Directorate at Frankfurt / Main Airport.

[Rathje_12-61] Jan Rathje: "We're back". The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action. Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Berlin 2014, p. 12.

[62] Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich citizens” and public administration meet , in: Wilking (ed.), Handbuch , 2015, p. 167.

[63] Governments for the "German Reich" ( memento of November 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), information from the Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia about the "Reich governments", accessed on April 13, 2014.

[64] Kristian Frigelj: Fully detached , Welt Online, May 18, 2015.

[65] Krude Theorien: How “Reich Citizens” try to make a disc out of the earth , press release no. 033/2012 of the Ministry of the Interior of Brandenburg of April 13, 2012.

[BR_kontrovers-66] The great conspiracy: Of stateless persons and imperial citizens. In: Controversy - The Political Magazine . Bayerischer Rundfunk , November 12, 2014, accessed on November 25, 2017 (For legal reasons, this content is only available in Germany).

[Rathje_11-67] Jan Rathje: "We're back". The “Reich Citizens”: Beliefs, Dangers, Strategies for Action. Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Berlin 2014, p. 11.

[68] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 155 f. and 162.

[69] Christa Caspar and Reinhard Neubauer: Reich citizens versus public administration. Experiences and arguments in practical discussions . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 79-98 .

[70] "Reich Citizens" committed more than 10,500 criminal offenses , Spiegel Online , April 13, 2018.

[71] Carsten Janz, Andreas Speit: "We are at war". Guns within the scene . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 115-132 .

[72] Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution: Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2018 . Ed .: Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home . 2019, ISSN 0177-0357 , p. 96 .

[Verfassungsschutz_Brandenburg-73] See information page for right-wing extremists, "Reichsbürger" and "Reichsregierungen" - How extremists try to make a disc of the earth by the Brandenburg Constitutional Protection Agency, April 12, 2012.

[74] Jan-Gerrit Keil: Between delusion and role play - the phenomenon of the "Reichsbürger" from a psychological point of view . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, 2nd edition, Potsdam 2015, pp. 39 f., 64.

[75] Extremism: Sprüche, Kloppe, but no home - Potsdam-Mittelmarks neo-Nazis have not yet been able to form fixed structures according to experts ( memento from January 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), MAZ from November 22, 2011; see. on this, Brandenburg increases pressure on “Reichsbürger” activities , press release, Ministry of the Interior of Brandenburg, September 12, 2012.

[vs_bericht_by_2016-76] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bavarian Constitutional Protection Report 2016 , Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Transport , Munich, April 2017.

[BfV-77] "Reich Citizens" and "Self-Administrators" - enemies of the state, businessmen, conspiracy theorists. (PDF) In: www.verfassungsschutz.de. Accessed December 21, 2018 (brochure, as of December 2018).

[VSB_2017-78] {b Report on the} Protection of the Constitution 2017. (PDF) Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home Affairs, p. 90 ff. , Accessed on December 21, 2018 .

[79] Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers. In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 212.

[80] Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs Wilde Absurdistan: What to do when “Reich Citizens” and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 120; Trystan Stahl, Heiko Homburg: “Sovereign Citizens” in the USA and German “Reich Citizens” - a comparison with regard to ideology and potential dangers , ibid, p. 212 ff.

[81] Cf. Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer: Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when "Reich citizens" and public administration meet . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 118: "Reich Citizens in Self-Administration". The newsletter of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution , on the other hand, differentiates between “Reich citizens” and “self-administrators” of the scene, but summarizes both under the heading “Executive measures against“ Reich citizens ”” ( BfV newsletter No. 1/2017, topic 2 ).

[freitag_reichsbuerger_169f-82] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 169 f.

[dw-807370-83] Deutsche Welle : BKA believes "Reich citizens" are capable of terrorist attacks. In: dw.com. July 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017 .

[tagesschau_BKA-84] Tagesschau : Right-wing extremism: BKA believes "Reich citizens" are capable of attacks. Retrieved July 23, 2017 .

[85] Thomas Pany: BKA: "Self-administrators" even more dangerous than "Reichsbürger" , Telepolis , July 23, 2017.

[86] Torsten Gerbank: Shots during evacuation attempt: police operation in the "Kingdom of Ur" escalated , in: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung of August 25, 2016; "Reichsbürger" in Saxony-Anhalt: "Mister Germany 1998" is in a shooting with SEK , Welt Online, August 25, 2016.

[87] Rüdiger Lutterbach: Former OB candidate from Bad Kreuznach because of wrong identification in the jam. In: Allgemeine Zeitung . May 14, 2016, accessed April 26, 2020 .

[88] AfD city council Wink doubts the existence of a German state , in: Allgemeine Zeitung from July 31, 2014.

[89] Bad Kreuznach: Rainer Wink wants to keep his council mandate , in: Rhein-Zeitung of August 28, 2014.

[90] City council in Bad Kreuznach excludes Rainer Wink - majority sees AfD representatives as unworthy of the office , in: Allgemeine Zeitung of September 25, 2014.

[91] "Reich Citizens" in Saxony-Anhalt. What should I do? , Information from the Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Saxony-Anhalt , ed. from the Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the State of Saxony-Anhalt , 2014.

[92] Assistance in dealing with right-wing extremism: dealing with “Reich governments” and “Reich citizens” , ed. from the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Hesse , May 2013.

[93] Cf. Woidke: Confusion in the “Reich Citizens' Scene” should not be underestimated , press release no. 006/2013 of the Brandenburg Ministry of the Interior, January 24, 2013.

[94] District Court Duisburg, NJW 2006, p. 3577; Jurisprudence database of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Az. 46 K 361/04 .

[95] The “Reichsbürger” maltreat the rule of law , in: haufe.de/recht (online editors), Series Colors of law , December 13, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2017.

[96] Judgment of the Hamburg Finance Court of April 19, 2011, Az. 3 K 6/11

[97] Judgment of the Munich Finance Court of April 14, 2015, Az. 2 K 3118/14 ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

[98] Judgment of the Münster Finance Court of April 14, 2015, Az. 1 K 3123/14

[99] Judgment of the Finance Court Berlin-Brandenburg from January 17, 2013, Az. 7 K 7303/11

[100] Judgment of the Finance Court of Baden-Württemberg of November 27, 2013, Az. 4 K 3798/10

[101] Judgment of the Hamburg Finance Court of May 20, 2014, Az. 3 K 94/14

[102] Handbook for administrative staff aims to remedy the situation: How “Reich citizens” burden the authorities of Brandenburg. (No longer available online.) In: rbb24. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg , January 4, 2016, archived from the original on October 10, 2016 ; Retrieved November 25, 2017 .

[103] Problem for authorities - "Many citizens of the Reich are really crazy" , Märkische Allgemeine Zeitung of January 5, 2016.

[104] Vanja Budde : The “Reichsbürger” - The Difficult Dealing with the Disaffected State , Deutschlandfunk , October 1, 2016; "Reichsbürger" scene - not fundamentally oriented towards violence, very well networked , Deutschlandfunk, October 20, 2016; Radicalization of the Reich Citizens' Scene - Ideology becomes violence , Deutschlandfunk, October 20, 2016.

[105] Holger Schmidt: Constitutional protectors wanted to apologize to relatives for "NSU" , SWR , October 10, 2014.

[106] Wera Engelhardt: Car attack against police officers. Rainer Wendt warns of violent "Reich citizens" , Focus Online, 23 August 2016.

[dlf_georgensgmuend-107] deployment in Georgensgmünd. Police officer dies after being shot , in: Deutschlandfunk from October 20, 2016.

[108] "Reichsbürger" was considered harmless , Zeit Online, October 20, 2016.

[speit_RB_Gefahr-109] Andreas Speit: Reich Citizens - a multifaceted, dangerous movement . In: Andreas Speit (Ed.): Reich Citizens. The underestimated danger . 1st edition. Ch.links, Berlin 2017, p. 7–21 , here p. 8 ( limited preview in Google book search).

[110] VG Cottbus, judgment of September 20, 2016, Az.VG 3 K 305/16 , confirmed by OVG Berlin-Brandenburg on December 9, 2016 .

[111] OVG Thuringia on citizens of the Reich. Most Likely Mentally Disordered , Legal Tribune Online , press release March 14, 2017, accessed March 15, 2017.

[112] Thuringian Higher Administrative Court , decision of February 2, 2017 - 2 EO 887/16 ; see. Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg , decision of January 11, 1994 - 10 S 2863/93 ( withdrawal of the driver's license if a mental disorder is suspected - provision of a medical-psychological report ).

[113] Administrative Court of Baden-Wuerttemberg, decision of 2 January 2018 Az. 10 S 2000/17 ( disqualification from driving in the Reich Citizenship ) .

[114] See Hessischer Landtag, Drs. 19/3905 (February 20, 2017) , p. 1 f.

[115] Nationwide observation of the "Reichsbürger" is getting closer , FAZ.net of November 2, 2016, accessed on December 15, 2016.

[116] "Reich Citizens" are not allowed to own weapons , Spiegel Online, June 26, 2018.

[117] tagesschau.de: Court forbids gun permits for "Reich citizens". Retrieved June 26, 2018 .

[118] VG Gera, judgment of 09/16/2015 - 2 K 525/14

[119] Administrative Court of Baden-Wuerttemberg 1. Senate, Az 1 S 1470/17. VGH Munich, decision of 05.10.2017 - 21 CS 17.1300; Munich Administrative Court, decision of November 15, 2017 - M 7 S 17.1380; Munich Administrative Court, decision of July 25, 2017 - M 7 S 17.1813; VGH Munich, decision of 10.01.2018 - 21 CS 17.1339; Munich Administrative Court, decision of February 6, 2018 - M 7 S 17.2686; VGH Munich, decision of 25.01.2018 - 21 CS 17.2310; VGH Munich, decision of 9.2.2018 - 21 CS 17.1964; Munich Administrative Court, decision of February 27, 2018 - M 7 S 17.6126; Munich Administrative Court, decision of 02.03.2018 - M 7 S 17.3913; Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine-Westphalia, ruling of July 5th, 2018 - 20 B 1624/17, Hessian Administrative Court, ruling of June 20, 2018 - 4 B 1090/18; Saxon Higher Administrative Court (Bautzen) 3 B 379/18 of December 3, 2018.

[120] OVG Rhineland-Palatinate, decision of December 3, 2018, Az. 7 B 11152 / 18.OVG, press release of the OVG of December 18, 2018 .

[121] OLG Hamm 1 Ws 258/17 of June 14, 2017.

[122] VG Düsseldorf from 06.06.18 - 6 L 1452/18

[123] VG Berlin 20 L 108.11 of October 7, 2011.

[124] Thuringian OVG - 2 EO 887/16, decision of February 2, 2017.

[125] See German Bundestag : Federal Government; Unified “Reich Citizens Movement” does not exist , Interior / answer to small inquiry , hib report (today in the Bundestag) from January 14, 2013; Bavarian State Office for the Protection of the Constitution : Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators , accessed on June 26, 2017.

[holler_RB_Wahn-126] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Johanna Holler: "Reichsbürger" -Wahn (PDF), in: Tribüne. Journal for the Understanding of Judaism , May 9, 2014.

[127] What exactly is a “provisional Reich government”? What are “Reich ideologues”? ( Memento of November 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), in: Portal "KRR" -FAQ , June 17, 2007.

[br-100-128] Lena Deutsch: # Faktenfuchs: "Reichsbürger" in the Munich crime scene - what is the reality in Bavaria? In: BR.de. June 3, 2018, accessed September 9, 2019 .

[rathje_2017_60-63-129] Jan Rathje: Reich citizens, self-administrators and sovereignists. On the madness of the threatened German (= unrest transparent; vol. 17). Unrast Verlag, Münster 2017, ISBN 978-3-89771-141-9 , pp. 60–63.

[rathje_2017_8-13-130] A ^b Jan Rathje: Reich citizens, self-administrators and sovereignists. On the madness of the threatened German (= unrest transparent; vol. 17). Unrast Verlag, Münster 2017, pp. 8–13.

[freitag_reichsbuerger_2017_164-131] Jan Friday, Michael Hüllen, Yasemin Krüger: Development of the ideology of the "Reich Citizens" . In: Uwe Backes / Alexander Gallus / Eckhard Jesse (eds.): Jahrbuch Extremismus & Demokratie (E & D) , Volume 29 2017, Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-4634-7 , p. 164.

[bpb_reichsbuerger-132] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Jan Rathje: Between conspiracy myths, esotericism and Holocaust denial - the imperial ideology , dossier right-wing extremism , bpb, October 14, 2015.

[taz-2000/08/15/a0194-133] Philipp Gessler: The Reich ministers threaten with death. In: taz.de . August 15, 2000, accessed April 8, 2016 .

[weser-ku-584009-134] Angelika Siepmann: Rigolf Hennig sentenced to one and a half years without parole - Verdener Nachrichten. In: Weser courier . April 15, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017 .

[ndr-178-135] NDR : A total of almost five years in prison for Haverbeck. In: daserste.ndr.de. April 21, 2015, accessed May 28, 2017 .

[pnn-157022-136] A visit to the “Free State of Prussia”: How the “Reich Citizens” tick. In: pnn.de. February 13, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017 .

[faz-Preußen-uni-greifswald-137] Jochen Zenthöfer: Podium for a "Reich Citizen". In: FAZ. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017 .

[138] Constitutional Protection Report 2010, Free State of Thuringia (PDF; 495 kB), p. 53 f., Here p. 55.

[139] Constitutional Protection Report Bavaria 2019 , p. 216.

[spiegel-875078-140] Federal Ministry of the Interior warns of crimes committed by “Reich citizens”. In: Der Spiegel . December 30, 2012, accessed on April 9, 2016 (preliminary version from issue 1/2013).

[141] Zoé Sona: Berlin: The "New Community of Philosophers" and the Reich Movement. In: Netz-gegen-Nazis.de. June 14, 2012, accessed April 9, 2016 .

[142] Katrin Bischoff: Reich Citizens: Now there is a house ban. In: Berliner Zeitung . February 28, 2013, accessed April 9, 2016 .

[vs_bericht_brb_2012-143] Verfassungsschutz Report Land Brandenburg 2012 , Ministry of the Interior of the State of Brandenburg, Potsdam, March 15, 2013.

[wz-304309-144] Simon Janssen: Kaarst also has a “citizen of the Reich”. In: wz.de. October 28, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017 .

[merkur-405985-145] Dirk Walter: Reich Citizens: The number of followers is greater than assumed. In: Merkur.de . February 17, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017 .

[sz-onlin-751751-146] sz-online: Health Insurance for Reich Citizens. In: sz-online.de. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017 .

[mdr_Tominski_Reichsbürger-Krankenkasse-147] Katrin Tominski: Financial supervision warns of Reich Citizens Health Insurance. (No longer available online.) In: MDR.de. August 18, 2017, archived from the original on August 27, 2017 ; accessed on August 27, 2017 .

[148] Decision of the financial supervisory authority: “Reichsbürger” health insurance fund must close. In: tagesschau.de . Retrieved September 7, 2017 .

[149] FRG Denier - What is the Interim Party? , in: Badische Zeitung of September 3, 2008.

[krr-ipd-150] Register of the "KRR" FAQ ( Memento from September 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ).

[151] How right-wing extremists cause unrest in Ahrensburg with e-mails , Hamburger Abendblatt, March 23, 2007.

[SPON-598733-152] Jan Grundmann and Björn Hengst: Calls on the Internet: Mecklenburg mayor goes into hiding after threat of death. In: Spiegel Online. December 29, 2008, accessed April 13, 2016 .

[taz-5170430-153] Andreas Speit: Neo-Nazis rushing online: death threat for the mayor. In: taz.de. December 29, 2008, accessed April 13, 2016 .

[abendblatt-107494264-154] This is the Interim Party Germany. In: Hamburger Abendblatt. December 29, 2008, accessed April 13, 2016 .

[abendblatt_05-02-2007-155] Right-wing extremists at the edge of the forest - Großhansdorf: Party denies legitimacy of the Federal Republic , Hamburger Abendblatt of February 5, 2007.

[156] Information on the IPD in general ( Memento from September 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), "KRR" -FAQ; Report on the admission of the IPD to the state election including the result ; State election on September 27, 2009 - Preliminary results (September 28, 2009) ( Memento of February 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).

[157] Violence from the Right: Death Threats Against Mayors ( Memento from December 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Süddeutsche.de, December 28, 2008.

[158] Christa Caspar, Reinhard Neubauer, Durchs wilde Absurdistan: What to do when "Reich citizens" and public administration meet , in: Wilking (ed.), Handbuch , 2015, pp. 101, 121 f.

[159] Federal Republic does not recognize Germanitien , Schwäbische.de , May 13, 2011; Diplomat "Germanitien" a millionaire conman , merkur-online.de , August 1, 2012; Germanitia will not be cleared for the time being ( Memento from September 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Südwest Presse from August 31, 2011; "Germanitien" is an expensive patch , Augsburger Allgemeine from December 19, 2012.

[160] Heinz Wraneschitz: GfE process: 16 witnesses and a diplomat from "Germanitien" , Nürnberger Zeitung (nordbayern.de) of 20 August 2012 found.

[161] Long prison sentences for fraud involving cogeneration units , Süddeutsche Zeitung of February 27, 2014.

[antwort_anfrage_nrw-162] The "Reich Citizens' Movement" in North Rhine-Westphalia , answer of the state government to the minor question 29 of July 3, 2017 of the MP Verena Schäffer (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen), Landtag North Rhine-Westphalia, printed matter 17/259 of July 31 2017.

[lagebild_rb_sachsen-163] State Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the Free State of Saxony : Situation report “Reich Citizens and Self-Administrators in Saxony” ( PDF; 433 kB ), as of June 30, 2017.

[freitag_reichsbuerger_166/67-164] Jan Friday: “Reich Citizens”. A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), pp. 166–167.

[antisemitismusbericht-165] Report of the Independent Expert Group on Antisemitism , German Bundestag, printed matter 18/11970 of April 7, 2017.

[vs_bericht_b_2016-166] Constitutional Protection Report 2016 , Senate Department for Home Affairs and Sport, Department for the Protection of the Constitution, Berlin, April 2017.

[antwort_anfrage_schreiber-167] Right-wing extremism - Irre Reichsbürger in Berlin II. (PDF) Berlin House of Representatives - 18th electoral term, April 25, 2017, accessed on August 28, 2017 (Written question from MP Tom Schreiber (SPD) of March 30, 2017 and answer, printed matter 18 / 10942).

[keil_handbuch_39-168] Cf. Jan-Gerrit Keil: Between delusion and role play - the phenomenon of the "Reich Citizens" from a psychological point of view . In: Dirk Wilking (Ed.): “Reich Citizens”. A manual . Brandenburg Institute for Community Advice - demos, Potsdam 2015, p. 39.

[169] The microcosm of Reich citizen Rüdiger Hoffmann. At luebeck.systemausfall.org. Retrieved August 24, 2020.

[taz-5363608-170] Andreas Speit: "Reich Citizens" condemned. In: taz.de. December 17, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017 .

[171] Mario Feist: The “Principality of Germania” - “Not right, not left, but in front”? , in: Dirk Wilking, Michael Kohlstruck (Eds.): Insights III. A workshop book (PDF; 3.1 MB), 2010, pp. 109–124; Gabriele Schlamann: The discussion about the “Principality of Germania” in the community of Plattenburg 2009 , in: Dirk Wilking / Michael Kohlstruck (eds.): Insights III , 2010, pp. 125-139.

[goetterdaemmerung-172] Götterdämmerung in Germania: "Principality" before eviction , Spiegel Online, video from May 18, 2009, accessed on March 9, 2014.

[173] Finstere Mächte , Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, April 15, 2009, accessed on September 27, 2013.

[ea_pb_brandenburg-174] European Action ( Memento from June 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) in the Lexicon of the Brandenburg State Center for Civic Education.

[zeit_dphw-175] Mounia Meiborg: One, two, false police , Zeit Online, September 5, 2013.

[faz-13967951-176] Stefan Locke: When the violence comes from the citizen. In: FAZ.net. December 16, 2015, accessed May 2, 2016 .

[177] Investigative proceedings against the group "German Police Aid Organization" (DPHW) , answer of the President of the Saxon State Parliament to the minor question from MP Kerstin Köditz, parliamentary group DIE LINKE, Drs.-No. 6/2152, Saxon State Parliament.

[rosalux-178] Friedrich Burschel (Ed.), March through from the right - Völkischer Aufbruch: Racism, right-wing populism, right-wing terror. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, 2016.

[179] Imke Schmincke, Jasmin Siri: NSU -Terror: Investigations on the Right Abyss. Event, contexts, discourses. transcript Verlag, 2014, p. 82.

[Tagungsband_Reichsbuerger-180] Citizens of the Reich - eccentricities or part of the right-wing extremist movement? Proceedings for the conference on October 8, 2014, University of Applied Sciences Police Saxony-Anhalt. Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the State of Saxony-Anhalt ( PDF ).

[181] "Reich Citizens" and "Self-Administrators". Information from the Office for the Protection of the Constitution. State Office for the Protection of the Constitution Brandenburg

[182] Findings about the "German Police Aid Organization" , response of the Federal Government to the small question from MPs Frank Tempel, Ulla Jelpke, Jan Korte, other MPs and the left-wing parliamentary group, BT-Drs. 17/14049 of June 19, 2013, p. 4.

[freitag_reichsbuerger_172-183] Jan Friday: "Reich Citizens". A threat to democracy or ridiculous conspiracy theorists? The example of Brandenburg . In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy 26 (2014), p. 172.

[sz_general-184] Jürgen Müller, Tobias Hoeflich: The wrong general. In: sz-online.de. March 16, 2016, accessed April 4, 2016 .

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[faz-14016090-186] Stefan Locke: District court in Meißen condemns "Reich Citizens". In: FAZ. January 15, 2016, accessed March 31, 2016 .

[sz_panzer_mike-187] Panzer Mike drives in. In: sz-online.de. February 23, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

[188] "You have targeted the state attacked". In: sz-online.de. January 18, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

[189] Another prison sentence in the Reich Citizenship Trial. In: sz-online.de. January 28, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

[190] Citizens of the Reich have to go to prison. In: sz-online.de. January 15, 2016, accessed April 8, 2016 .

[191] Findings on the Gerstungen vigilante group , Minor question from MP Walk (CDU) and response from the Thuringian Ministry of the Interior and Local Affairs, Thuringian State Parliament, November 18, 2015.

[taz-5089347-192] Michael Bartsch: Leipzig "Republic Free Germany": Odd state founders. In: taz.de. July 11, 2012, accessed August 22, 2017 .

[nordbayern-744776-193] Heinz Wraneschitz: The confused career of Peter F. In: nordbayern.de. January 12, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

[bnr-Reisepass-194] A ^b Sebastian Lipp: Passports from the Fantasy State. In: look to the right . August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017 .

[195] Reichsbürger hoards chemicals , in: Berliner Zeitung of January 8, 2013.

[196] Brauner Demolition Master ( Memento from October 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), in: Berliner Kurier from October 20, 2013.

[197] Chief chemist on the run , in: taz of July 24, 2013.

[198] Citizens of the Reich in court ( Memento from November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), in: Sächsische Zeitung from September 1, 2015.

[bnr-Gute_Ges-199] Sebastian Lipp: Good business with fictitious ID cards? In: look to the right. July 31, 2017, accessed August 22, 2017 .

[200] The Cook and His Kingdom - Aufruhr in Neudeutschland , Spiegel TV of September 15, 2013.

[ezw-berl-152430-201] Kai radio Schmidt: Peter Fitzek appoints himself King of Germany. In: Evangelical Central Office for Worldview Issues - Material Service. September 16, 2012, accessed August 21, 2017 .

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[mz-web-260860-203] Steffen Könau: Society: 47-year-old founds his own kingdom. In: mz-web.de. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

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[mz-web-905786-205] Michael Huebner, Alexander Baumbach: Fantasy State by Peter Fitzek: Forced eviction in the "Kingdom of Germany". In: mz-web.de. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .

[206] "King of Germany" sentenced to imprisonment , Spiegel Online, March 15, 2017.

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[berliner-960394-211] A ^b J. Blankennagel, K. Bischoff: Neo-Nazis in Brandenburg: Right-wing extremists plan a secret meeting. In: berliner-zeitung.de. June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017 .

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