State model

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The term state model is in particular in the political , legal and economic science to model-like characterization of States used, in the description and modern conceptual fixation of State types usually each deemed substantial features are placed in the foreground. State models can be part of a political philosophy , scientific theory , utopia or ideology . In the literature, individual state models are identified as an ideal type , ideal , metaphor or model and traced back to specific ideas , concepts or constructs .

State concepts, with which the formal structure of the state institutions as well as the form of rule and system of government are described, are also called state models (including aristocracy, democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, republic); however, for these special models, the much narrower and therefore more precise scientific term of the form of government is also used.

In contrast, the concept of the political system is broader than the concept of the state model ; State is the essential content of the term, but not the exclusive one.

Typologies

Typologies of state models can turn out differently, depending on which aspects gain importance in the description and comparative analysis of terms. The political scientist Eckhard Jesse showed in his essay “Typology of Political Systems of the Present” that state models, for example, “according to geographical (e.g. territorial state ), according to economic (e.g. industrial state )" or "according to demographic (e.g. Nationality state ) ”could be differentiated. If this approach were to be pursued further, numerous other criteria for differentiation could be found. Thus, among other social ( people federation government , welfare state , social state ), cultural and national ( cultural state , nation state ), institutional ( princely state , bureaucratic state , party state , Lean State ), legal ( law ), qualitative ( Strong State ) and moral-ethical ( authoritarian state , Unjust state ). From the geographical point of view, territorial states , small states , city ​​states , island states , landlocked states and world states can also be classified into a group. Meanwhile, Jesse added: “One can [u. a.] differentiate according to the form of government (e.g. republic or monarchy ), according to the international significance of the state (e.g. great power ) or according to how power is distributed within the state (e.g. unitary state or federal state ). “In the context of the search for a suitable typology for the present, however, he considered the question of whether“ political leadership is legitimized by the will of the population or not ” as essential ; pointed in the formula “ democracy or dictatorship ”. Accordingly, he concentrated in his investigation and further classification on theories of democracy , theories of authoritarianism and theories of totalitarianism .

Typologies and their results generally depend on the particular research interests of the scientist and the degree of differentiation in the classification. In this way, state models can also be compared under the aspect of which function or purpose they fulfill. During the First World War , for example, the question of "which state model is peace- or war-promoting and which state model is superior to the other during and after the war" became an explosive question. Specific state models are seen as more or less important depending on the time and place. In addition, the public perception of state models is subject to changes in social theories . In his essay “ Discourses on State Tasks” , the sociologist Franz-Xaver Kaufmann took a historical perspective by asking which models had been given particular importance in Europe with regard to the question of state tasks since the 16th century . In doing so, he committed himself to four types that were considered fundamental: According to him, the police state was the dominant model between the 16th and 18th centuries . In the course of the consolidation of state development, the modern rule of law developed . Between the 1920s and 1970s the model of the welfare state played a prominent role; Since then it has been replaced by the “steering state” , in which the state “ takes into account the specific characteristics of the field of intervention and the interests of the actors concerned” with a view to the premises of political actors .

From the perspective of administrative law , the historical sequence of state models considered essential is seen differently. Two ideas are widespread in this science at the turn of the 21st century: First, that a development from the rule of law to the welfare state to the environmental state has taken place. And secondly, the one in which, following the model of the authoritarian state conceived by Thomas Hobbes , the neoliberal minimal state already created by John Locke and later defined by Ernst Fraenkel , followed by the pluralistic "negotiating state" and the "functional state" . The legal scholar Susanne Baer took up the last-mentioned basic scheme, but criticized its degree of differentiation due to the lack of a welfare state model, because both social law and procedural law are shaped by the state- citizen relationship. With this in mind, she dealt more closely with different types of state that are based on the model of the welfare state (prevention state, protection state, lean state , performance state , guarantee state, activating state, negotiating state, cooperative state).

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Corinna Laude, Gilbert Heß (ed.): Concepts of productivity in the change from the Middle Ages to the early modern times. Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-05-004333-3 , p. 30; Klaus M. Girardet , Ulrich Nortmann (Ed.): Human rights and European identity. The ancient foundations. Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08637-4 , p. 115.
  2. ↑ Steffen Kailitz (Ed.): Key works of political science. Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 3-531-14005-1 , p. 337; Stefan Braum: European criminal law. Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-465-03245-4 , p. 322.
  3. ↑ On Plato's utopian model of the state: Ekkehard Martens : Philosophy and Education. Contributions to philosophy didactics. Münster 2005, ISBN 3-8258-8898-3 , p. 238; Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer : History of Philosophy. Berlin / New York 2006, ISBN 3-11-018556-3 , p. 23; to Morus utopian state model: Erik Zyber: Homo utopicus. Würzburg 2007, ISBN 3-8260-3550-X , p. 46.
  4. ↑ Hans-Georg Soeffner (Ed.): Figurative Politics. On the performance of power in modern society. Opladen 2002, ISBN 3-8100-2631-X , p. 95; Oswald Wiener : Writings on the theory of knowledge. Vienna / New York 1996, ISBN 3-211-82694-7 , p. 8; Johan Hendrik Jacob van der Pot: The assessment of technical progress. A systematic review of the theories. Vol. 1. Assen 1985, ISBN 90-232-1976-7 , p. 332.
  5. ↑ Hans Joas : The anthropology of power and faith. Göttingen 2008, ISBN 3-8353-0265-5 , p. 49; Helmut Voelzkow: Beyond national production models ? The governance of regional economic clusters. Marburg 2007, ISBN 3-89518-611-2 , p. 48; Markus Winkler: "Décadence actuelle". Benjamin Constant's Critique of the French Enlightenment. Frankfurt am Main / Bern [u. a.] 1984, ISBN 3-8204-7839-6 , p. 272.
  6. ↑ Reinhold Zippelius : History of the state ideas. Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-49494-3 , p. 23.
  7. ↑ Seiji Osawa: Georg Büchner Philosophy Critique. An investigation on the basis of his Descartes and Spinoza excerpts. Marburg 1999, ISBN 3-8288-8067-3 , p. 140.
  8. ↑ Susanne Baer: "The Citizen" in Administrative Law. Subject construction through models of the state. Tübingen 2006, ISBN 3-16-147514-3 , p. 89 ff .; Leonhard Alexander Burckhardt: Political strategies of the optimates in the late Roman republic. Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-515-05098-1 , p. 271.
  9. ^ Francis Cheneval (ed.): Legitimationsgrundlagen der European Union. Münster / Hamburg / London 2005, ISBN 3-8258-8011-7 , p. 306; Arthur Benz : The modern state. Basics of political analysis. Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-486-23636-9 , p. 21.
  10. ^ Anton Bierl : Ancient literature in a new interpretation. Saur, Munich / Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-598-73016-0 , p. 231; Armin von Bogdandy (ed.): European constitutional law. Theoretical and dogmatic basic features. Berlin / Heidelberg [u. a.] 2003, ISBN 3-540-43834-3 , p. 100; Roland Mugerauer: Socratic pedagogy. Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-929019-50-7 , p. 154.
  11. ^ Manfred G. Schmidt : Theories of democracy. An introduction. Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-8100-2635-2 , p. 84; Thorsten Anderl: Legislation and cooperative government action. Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-8305-1257-0 , p. 147; Rolf Gröschner : Legal and State Philosophy. A dogma-philosophical dialogue. Berlin / Heidelberg [u. a.] 2000, ISBN 3-540-64628-0 , p. 25.
  12. ^ Aristocracy: Eckart Schütrumpf (ed.): Aristoteles. Vol. 9: Politics, Part 4. Book VII – VIII: About the best constitution. Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-05-003561-7 , p. 111; Democracy: Manfred G. Schmidt: Democracy Theories. An introduction. Wiesbaden 2006, p. 89; Dictatorship: Paul Kevenhörster: Political Science. Vol. 1. 3rd edition, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15214-1 , p. 237; Monarchy: Christoph Sowada: The legal judge in criminal proceedings. Berlin / New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-017066-3 , p. 56; Republic: Thomas Becker: The hegemony of modernity. Hildesheim / Zurich [u. a.] 1996, ISBN 3-487-10134-3 , p. 19.
  13. ^ Hiltrud Naßmacher: Political Science. 5th, arr. and exp. Ed., Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-486-20037-2 , p. 314 ff. ( Limited preview in the Google book search); this terminology also has a long tradition in Germany , as set out in Friedrich Harms: Treatises on systematic philosophy. Berlin 1868, p. 42 ff. ( Online in the Google book search).
  14. ^ A b Otfried Jarren, Patrick Donges: Political Communication in the Media Society. An introduction. 2., revised. Ed., Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-531-33373-9 , p. 73.
  15. ↑ a b Eckhard Jesse: Typology of Political Systems of the Present. In: Basic knowledge of politics. Edited by the Federal Agency for Civic Education. 2., completely reworked. Aufl., Bonn 1993, ISBN 3-89331-154-8 , p. 165.
  16. ↑ Martin Greiffenhagen (Ed.): Concise dictionary on the political culture of the Federal Republic of Germany. A teaching and reference work. Opladen 1981, ISBN 3-531-21516-7 , p. 484; Steffen Kailitz (Ed.): Key works of political science. Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 3-531-14005-1 , p. 78.
  17. ↑ Peter Hoeres: The war of the philosophers. German and British philosophy in the First World War. Paderborn / Munich [u. a.] 2004, ISBN 3-506-71731-6 , p. 39.
  18. ^ Franz-Xaver Kaufmann : Discourses on State Tasks. In: Dieter Grimm (Ed.): State tasks. Frankfurt am Main 1996, pp. 15-41.
  19. ^ Otfried Jarren, Patrick Donges: Political Communication in the Media Society. An introduction. 2., revised. Aufl., Wiesbaden 2006, p. 74. (Jarren and Donges used this definition to refer to the article by Kaufmann.)
  20. ^ A b Susanne Baer: “The Citizen” in Administrative Law. Subject construction through models of the state. Tübingen 2006, p. 89 f.