Violence
The term readiness to use violence describes a person's tendency to use violence . Humans are subject to various natural inhibitions that limit their willingness to use violence. These can be through ethical principles, education , social environment and the like. Ä. are shaped and people are not always aware of them .
Theoretical explanatory models of increased violence
There are different approaches to theoretically justify the increased willingness to use force. An explanatory pattern develops aggressive behavior patterns from evolution: Without aggressive behavior patterns, the chance of survival of the species is reduced. Many older theories, such as Konrad Lorenz , consider aggression to be a real instinct in humans too. Other older theories develop aggression out of frustration or learning. Even Sigmund Freud goes out as a basic component of the human psyche of aggressive drives.
Recent research investigates the complex interaction of various influences:
- genetic predisposition
- physiological control (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.)
- psychological motives
- social influences
- Stressful situations
A common approach is to explain an increased willingness to use violence from the family situation. Young people who are prone to violence often come from a family environment where violence is the order of the day. Another approach examines the effects of child violence consumption through media and computer games.
There are various approaches to assessing the effect of media violence on the willingness to use violence. The catharsis hypothesis legitimizes violence in media and games as an opportunity to live out and reduce potential for violence in a socially harmless way. The imitation thesis , on the other hand, assumes that children imitate violence in the media and games in their everyday life (e.g. Albert Bandura and Jo Groebel, Director of the European Media Institute in Düsseldorf). Similarly, the stimulation theory also assumes that the consumption of violent films and games promotes real violence. The inhibition hypothesis examines whether the observation of media violence generates aggressive impulses in children and how such impulses are controlled. The dulling hypothesis , represented for example by the Bochum psychologists Rita Steckel and Clemens Trudewind, assumes that the use of violence in the media lowers compassion for the victims and breaks down inhibitions.
In the discussion about promoting violence through the media and PC games, one aspect is the debate about the independence of media research. The researchers often assume that the media producers consciously prevented the clear connections between forms of youth violence and the media representation of violence from being revealed. In this context, youth rampages are often cited as an example. So far, research has not been able to explain why only a few of the millions of players in such games become violent.
Violence and religion
According to one study, Muslim youths are more prone to violence the more they feel connected to their religion. Those who live particularly religiously even resort to violence more often. According to the study, an opposite tendency can be observed among Christian young people, according to which the willingness to use violence decreases with increasing religiousness. On the other hand, drug consumption and property crimes are decreasing among Muslim youths with increasing religiosity.
Desensitization of inhibitions in the military
It is known from studies from the Second World War that soldiers deliberately missed human targets (English soft target ). Brigadier General SLA Marshall had investigated the behavior of soldiers in action. He came to the conclusion that only 15 to 20 percent of the soldiers targeted a visible enemy.
Based on this knowledge, the emergence of which is now partly controversial, the American military developed training methods that increase the willingness to use violence and kill. Desensitization is achieved through constant confrontation with scenes of violence. Under operant conditioning refers to the construction of reaction schemes, directly to shoot an emerging opponents. Critics, such as Dave Grossman , point out that today's child media consumption is partly similar to such desensitization programs.
In the concept of role models, the soldiers in training are contrasted with the trainers as models of violent behavior. Analyzes of the growing propensity to violence among young people indicate that the media made similar role models available to children and young people. This sometimes leads to discussions about bans across the political parties.
Sources and Notes
- ↑ Represented by, for example, the Augsburg pedagogy professor Werner Glogauer ; During the trial against the parents of the gunman from Bad Reichenhall, he tried to prove that the consumption of violence had influenced the perpetrator's motivation
- ↑ Die Faust zum Gebet , SZ, June 5, 2010.
- ↑ Markus C. Schulte von Drach , Murderous Media, Ole Morten Stille The killer conditioning, killing must be trained, Süddeutsche Zeitung of April 27, 2002.
- ↑ a b Dave Grossman: Aggression and Violence in: The Oxford Companion to American Military History , Oxford Press, 2000, accessed November 19, 2012.
- ↑ Dave Grossman: Teaching Kids To Kill , Phi Kappa Phi National Forum, Fall 2000, accessed November 19, 2012.
- ↑ cf. game politics, for example , coalition wants to ban “killer games” , SPIEGEL ONLINE - November 14, 2005.
literature
- Albert Bandura, Aggression, A social-learning theory analysis , Klett-Cotta 1979, ISBN 3-12-920521-7 .
- Craig A. Anderson et al. Douglas A. Gentile et al. Katherine E. Buckley: Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents , Oxford University Press 2007
- Jo Groebel , Uli Gleich, The Effects of Violence on Television , Leske u. Budrich 1998, ISBN 3-8100-1177-0 .
- Jo Groebel, Fascination Violence, Sources and Roots , Edition Q 1996, ISBN 3-86124-175-7 .
- Bruce Johnson et al. Martin Cloonan: Dark Side of the Tune: Popular Music and Violence , Ashgate 2009.
- Christof Klenk, The fatal consequences of media violence, in: family (magazine), Bundes-Verlag GmbH 2005.
- Konrad Lorenz, Das so-called Böse, On the natural history of aggression , Dtv 1998, ISBN 3-423-33017-1 .
- Klaus Miehling , Violent Music - Violence of Music. Popular music and its aftermath , Königshausen and Neumann 2006.
- Christopher Schrader, violence from the first-person perspective , Süddeutsche Zeitung, April 30, 2002.
- Timo Müller: Interpersonal violence and individuality in late modern contemporary society, connections and figurative potentials for reducing violence. kassel university press, 2006.
- Markus C. Schulte von Drach , Murderous Media, Ole Morten Stille The killer conditioning, killing must be trained, Süddeutsche Zeitung of April 27, 2002.
- Manfred Spitzer: Beware of the screen! Electronic media, brain development, health and society = transfer to life 1, Klett 2005 / dtv 2006.
