David Irving

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David Irving (2003)

David John Cawdell Irving (born March 24, 1938 in Brentwood , Essex , England ) is a British history revisionist and Holocaust denier . He wrote about 30 books about the time of National Socialism , including a 1963 book about the air raids on Dresden , which made him famous.

In 1977 he denied Adolf Hitler's initiative in World War II and his knowledge of the Holocaust until 1943. As a result, he gradually lost his previous reputation as a serious non-fiction author. Since 1988 he has publicly denied the purpose of the extermination of the gas chambers and crematoria of the Auschwitz concentration camp . He was therefore convicted of criminal law in several states and was banned from entering the country.

education

Irving is the youngest son of a British naval officer. One of his older brothers died in the Battle of Britain (1940/41). After dropping out of studies in physics, economics and history at the University of London , Irving worked for a year as a steel worker at Thyssen in the Ruhr area from 1959 . There he learned German. He then earned his living with articles on contemporary history topics in German magazines, including the Neue Illustrierte .

Irving is married with five children.

Publications

In 1963 Irving's book Der Untergang Dresdens was published , which some historians and the media initially rated positively because Irving presented new documents he had found himself and his research on site was trusted. In the new editions of his book from 1966 and 1967, Irving presented a “Tagesbefehl 47” from March 22, 1945, which named 202,040 victims of the air raids already found and up to 250,000 expected victims. Max Seydewitz had already rejected the document as a forgery in 1955. In 1964 Irving had received a copy of a carbon copy from the Dresden photographer Walter Hahn . The city archivist Walter Lange who was present at the meeting had described the copy as a forgery. In 1965 Irving publicly referred to the Dresden urologist Max Funfack , from whom Hahn had copied the document without his knowledge. Funfack then wrote to Irving that he had only received verbal and also very contradictory information about the number of victims from third parties and that he had not been involved in the recovery of the Dresden aerial warfare dead. In the same year, two original documents from the Dresden police from February and March 1945 were discovered, which proved Irving's copy to be a forgery. Irving admitted his error on July 7, 1966 in a letter to the editor of the British newspaper The Times . Nevertheless, he neither stopped the delivery of the new edition of his book, nor did he correct the wrong number of victims in further editions.

In 1977, a find by Götz Bergander finally proved the forgery of the "order of the day": In Joseph Goebbels' Ministry of Propaganda, a zero was added to each original number for deaths already cremated (6,865), registered (20,204) and expected (25,000) dead, thus increasing the numbers tenfold. to portray the air strikes as a crime in the foreign press. Irving continued to claim six-digit casualty numbers. The British historian Richard J. Evans exposed Irving's false and distorting handling of sources in his Dresden book in the Irving-Lipstadt Trial in 2000 and published his trial report as a book.

In 1964, Irving published a series of articles in the magazine Neue Illustrierte about Allied air raids on German cities in World War II as a book entitled Und Germany's cities didn't die . In it he adopted the legend of low-level aircraft attacks on refugees in Dresden on February 13, 1945 from post-war authors such as Axel Rodenberger, Max Seydewitz and others. However, he emphasized that these alleged attacks had come from American escort hunters. They shot at clearly marked ambulances and refugee routes in the outskirts with all weapons on board and kept coming back to do so. Irving maintained this representation in later editions, even after Götz Bergander and Helmut Schnatz had historically refuted it in 1977.

David Irving (left) and Rolf Hochhuth in London, 1966

The German poet Rolf Hochhuth had been friends with him since 1966 and did not notice Irving's Holocaust denial at least until 1988 (see Hochhuth and Irving ). From May 29, 1967, the news magazine Der Spiegel published five parts in advance of Irving's book on the “Dream of the German Atomic Bomb” during the Nazi era.

In 1977 Irving claimed in his book Hitler's War that Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler started the Holocaust without Hitler's knowledge and consent. He only found out about it in 1943. He mainly referred to missing documents for a written order from Hitler to exterminate the Jews and to an entry in Himmler's diary of October 30, 1941, in which Himmler had forbidden a mass murder of first-time deported Berlin Jews by telephone. He also consulted the diaries of Hitler's former generals and functionaries who were still alive and made them available to him for the first time during his research for the book. At the same time, however, he disregarded numerous references to verbal orders from Hitler to exterminate the Jews, for example in Himmler's Posen speeches . Irving had all references to the Holocaust and the Nazi extermination camps deleted from the revised new edition of the book from 1991 . In his 1977 book Hitler's Path to War , Irving admitted his rearmament since 1936, but portrayed him as largely innocent of World War II and attributed the main blame to the United States , which is supposedly guided by “ World Jewry ”.

These historical revisionist theses are in the tradition of National Socialists and fellow travelers who have maintained since the Nuremberg Trials in 1945: "The Führer knew nothing about this." This was particularly contradicted by British and German historians, whose research on the major Nazi crimes Hitler's initiative and leadership role in the The escalation of the persecution of the Jews into the Holocaust confirmed. Irving's theses were rejected in 1977 by Allan Bullock , Hugh Trevor-Roper , Eberhard Jäckel and Martin Broszat . In 1983 Gerald Fleming presented convincing arguments that Hitler had planned, personally wanted and ordered the Final Solution. Richard J. Evans demonstrated in detail Irving's manipulative handling of sources in Hitler's War in 2000 .

Irving's biography of Erwin Rommel from 1978 was viewed positively in some media and by some historians, as she rightly corrected Rommel's image as a resistance fighter .

For his book The Nuremberg Trials - The Last Battle , published in 1979, Irving wanted to be the first author to see the files of the Nuremberg Prosecution and Robert H. Jackson's private diary . In the later greatly expanded book published by the extreme right-wing Grabert Verlag , he described the trial as the “ vengeance justice of the victors ” and a violation of the law, and claimed that witnesses and accused had been tortured . In his book Goebbels - Macht und Magie (1997), Irving also claimed that Hitler was surprised by the “Reichskristallnacht” .

1983 Irving called the alleged, in the magazine Stern published Hitler diaries on German television as a crude forgery before it was uncovered. He contradicted Eberhard Jäckel, who after initial doubts believed the diaries to be genuine. Shortly afterwards, however, Irving stated that he, too, was now convinced of their authenticity. He later explained his short-term change of opinion with his joy in making historians “look stupid out of the laundry”. In the British television series Hitler for Sale , which is based on the non-fiction book Selling Hitler by Robert Harris and traces the scandal over the Hitler diaries, Irving was portrayed by Roger Lloyd-Pack .

Until 1988, Irving was viewed by some German media - especially Der Spiegel - as an unconventional and provocative, but seriously researching historian and therefore worth discussing, and was promoted by preprints of his books. He was considered a resourceful researcher who succeeded in “tracking down the voids and unanswered questions that some specialist historians left behind when researching the Hitler era [...], opening up new sources, getting previously inaccessible witnesses to speak, and manipulating testimonies correct". He is a “master in tracking down previously unused sources” and an author “who at least gives historians new impetus”. From 1977 partly, completely since 1988, Irving was no longer taken seriously as a historian. History has refuted its historical revisionist theses.

Right-wing extremist and holocaust-denying activities

In 1982 Irving appeared for the first time at the historical revisionist Institute for Historical Review in the USA, where he represented his theses from Hitler's War , but distinguished himself from denying the Holocaust. He did not research it, but felt that the historians' statements were probably correct. In an open letter, the French neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson accused him of having to judge as a historian by facts, not feelings. The fact that he did not find any order from Hitler on the Holocaust is because it did not exist. Irving didn't answer the letter.

On March 5, 1986 in a lecture in Durban , South Africa, Irving explained about the air raids on Dresden in 1945: The fact that "everyone speaks about Dresden in the same breath as about Auschwitz and Hiroshima " is thanks to his book from 1963. The attacks are due to the six-digit number of victims, “something that we would probably call a Holocaust today.” NPD politicians Holger Apfel and Jürgen Gansel referred to this on January 24, 2005 in the Saxon state parliament. According to Apfel, Irving emphasized as "one of the first ... decades ago ... the singular of the attack of February 13, 1945". Gansel called this a "bomb holocaust" .

In 1988, Irving appeared as an expert witness in a trial against Ernst Zündel , who had been charged with "false news" (Holocaust denial) in Toronto . He got to know Fred A. Leuchter , who, with a pseudoscientific report, presented some private chemical measurements of cyanide residues in the remains of the gas chambers at Auschwitz in order to dispute their purpose for destruction. In the process he was exposed as a con man who was not qualified as a chemist, and his report was rejected as technically unsuitable. Irving, however, published Leuchter's report as a “ Leuchter Report ” and wrote a preface to it. In it he claimed that Leuchter's measurements were scientifically indisputable, so that no industrial mass extermination could have taken place in the Nazi extermination camps. With that he had become a Holocaust denier himself. After the Zündel trial, Irving often appeared together with Leuchter at events organized by German and American neo-Nazis , such as the National Alliance .

For the European elections in 1989 , Irving supported the right-wing extremist German People's Union for the first time , at whose party conferences he often appeared until 1995. Its founder, Gerhard Frey , offered Irving a regular forum in his national newspaper .

From February to June 1990 Irving traveled through the still existing GDR and gave lectures in East German cities under the title "An Englishman fights for the honor of the Germans", in which he denied Hitler's war guilt and complicity in the Holocaust. His appearance on the anniversary of the 1945 air raids on Dresden on February 13, 1990, received particular attention. In front of an audience of around 500, he portrayed this as an Allied genocide and thus considerably promoted right-wing extremist activities in East Germany. Irving's tour of Germany was organized by Bela Ewald Althans ; Michael Kühnen and Christian Worch were also involved .

On April 21, 1990, Irving appeared in Munich's Löwenbräukeller as the main speaker at a neo-Nazi congress under the motto “Truth makes you free”. Those present attempted a “ march on the Feldherrnhalle ” based on the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch of 1923 . Among the 800 participants were u. a. Michael Kühnen , Otto Ernst Remer , Gottfried Küssel , Robert Faurisson , Wilhelm Stuellen and Ahmed Rami .

Criminal and civil litigation

Handcuffed (1992 in Canada )

After libel suits

In his 1967 book Accident - The Death of General Sikorski , Irving claimed that Winston Churchill had General Władysław Sikorski , the head of the Polish government in exile from 1939ff. Rolf Hochhuth took up this assertion in his play Soldiers, premiered in 1967 . In 1969 Carlos Thompson published a detailed refutation ( The Assassination of Winston Churchill ). In his 1969 book The Destruction of Convoy PQ 17 , Irving, Captain John E. ("Jack") Broome , the leader of the 1942 Allied Convoy PQ 17 , claimed that it had been discovered and destroyed by German submarines and aircraft through disobedience and Desertion in debt.

Libel suits were brought against both book publications. Irving lost the trials in both cases. In the second case, he had presented the manuscript to Broome, who had criticized 30 misrepresentations in it and threatened Irving with legal action if he published the passages unchanged. The publisher then withdrew his commitment to publication. Irving had the book published unchanged in another publisher. As a result, he was fined approximately $ 40,000 in 1971 for willful profit-making defamation. This damaged his reputation as a non-fiction author in Great Britain.

In his 1975 book Hitler and his generals , Irving first claimed that Anne Frank's diary was "a forgery on record." Not she, but her father wrote it. A New York scriptwriter has proven this to him. A court later sentenced Irving to withdraw the charge and to pay compensation to the Anne Frank Foundation. Irving's argument came from Holocaust deniers. The Ullstein-Verlag, which published the book, stated in an advertisement published in the Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel in 1976 : "The publisher regrets this misunderstanding and, in consultation with the author, has removed the passage in question from the new edition." Nevertheless, Irving claimed the forgery in the New edition of his book Hitler's War from 1991 again.

Irving versus Lipstadt

In 1993 the American historian Deborah Lipstadt published her book Denying the Holocaust . In it she mentioned Irving as an "authentic Holocaust denier". As an avid admirer of Hitler, he claimed that Hitler had "stretched out his hand several times to help the Jews" and was their "greatest friend" in the Third Reich . Historians have accused him of "falsifying facts and manipulating documents at will for his own benefit [...] in order to be able to come to historically untenable conclusions, especially when it comes to Hitler's apology." He sees himself as Hitler's personal Inherit.

After the London-based Penguin-Verlag published Lipstadt's book in the UK in 1995, Irving claimed that it was defamed in it, even though Lipstadt had only cited his own testimony and proven judgments by historians about it. He asked the publisher to stop distributing the book. When the latter did not respond, he filed a defamation suit against the author and her publisher in 1996 in order to prevent the further distribution of her book in court. Since the defendants bear the burden of proof in defamation suits in Great Britain, Lipstadt and her publisher had to prove the accuracy of their statements about Irving.

The trial before the London High Court , the highest civil court in England, took 32 days. The defense consulted experts for three subject areas. In the first area, the historians Christopher Browning and Peter Longerich again showed the facts of the Holocaust. The Dutch architecture expert Robert Jan van Pelt proved the existence of the gas chambers in Auschwitz. The West Berlin professor Hajo Funke examined Irving's networking in the history revisionist and neo-Nazi scene. Historian Richard J. Evans examined Irving's use of sources and found that Irving ignored clear sources while distorting or misinterpreting others to support his theses. Under British law, Evans was allowed to request all documents, correspondence and preliminary drafts from Irving's private archive and thus check Irving's handling of the sources. Evans Irvings was able to provide detailed evidence of omissions, incorrect translations and dates, disregard of context, arbitrary combinations of parts of the text and misinterpretations. In this context, Irving's publications on the air raids on Dresden were checked again and forgeries were discovered.

Military historian John Keegan and Israeli Holocaust researcher Yehuda Bauer also witnessed the defense . Irving, who represented himself without a lawyer, berated both of them as liars during the trial, claiming that " more people died in the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car in Chappaquiddick than in Auschwitz."

The defense documents also included Adolf Eichmann's diary notes from the Israeli State Archives , which Irving had asked for years to see to prove that Hitler had not ordered the Holocaust. However, they confirmed Eichmann's statement in the Eichmann trial of 1961 that Heydrich had passed on to him an oral Fuehrer order to exterminate the Jews at the end of 1941.

On April 11, 2000, the London High Court finally dismissed Irving's suit. In the grounds of the judgment, Judge Charles Gray saw the allegations of forgery against Irving as proven in 19 cases and summarized:

"He's a right-wing pro-Nazi, polemicist, anti-Semite and racist who teams up with right-wing extremists to promote neo-Nazism."

Gray confirmed that Irving can be publicly described as a "liar", "history faker", "anti-Semite" and "racist". Irving had to bear the litigation costs of 2.5 million British pounds (around 4,172,000 euros today at the exchange rate at the time), which ruined him economically. His appeal process failed in 2001. Attempts by the publisher to get his legal costs back from Irving failed due to his lack of funds.

The film Denial (USA / GB 2016) deals with the David Irving trial against Lipstadt.

After Irving's Holocaust denial

On November 8, 1989, the Vienna Regional Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Irving on suspicion of violating the ban on re-activating under the National Socialist regime . According to the indictment, the reason was the denial of the existence of gas chambers in the National Socialist camps during lectures in Vienna and Styria . Irving avoided arrest by leaving Austria.

In 1993, at a meeting of history revisionists in Munich , Irving claimed "that the gas chamber shown to the tourists in Auschwitz is a dummy built by the Poles after the end of the war". For this, the Munich Regional Court I sentenced him to a final and absolute fine of 30,000 DM for insulting and denigrating the reputation of the deceased  . The Munich immigration authorities expelled him from the Federal Republic of Germany for an unlimited period . This was confirmed in 1996 by the Munich Administrative Court.

On November 11, 2005, Irving was arrested on the way to Vienna to attend an event organized by the Vienna Academic Fraternity of Olympia on the basis of the 1989 arrest warrant. On February 20, 2006, the Vienna Regional Court for Criminal Matters sentenced him to three years' imprisonment without parole for being re-employed by the National Socialists.

Irving put citing one. During the appeal process, he apologized for his statements about Holocaust survivors and stated that he no longer had any doubts about the fact of the Nazi mass murder of Jews using poison gas. Observers rated this statement as a lie in order to avoid a harsh judgment. In fact, in March 2007 in Budapest, Irving again denied the Holocaust.

On September 4, 2006, the Austrian Supreme Court confirmed the guilty verdict, which became final. On December 20, 2006, two-thirds of Irving's prison sentence was suspended. Having already been in custody for 13 months, he was deported to the UK on December 21st. At the same time he was banned from staying in Austria for an unlimited period. Irving is also banned from entering Australia, Canada, Italy, New Zealand and South Africa.

present

After his release from prison, Irving lived in Key West , Florida, and now lives in Nairn, Scotland . From there he goes on lecture tours and sells his books. He also sells Hitler devotional items.

On September 5th, 2009, the second largest daily newspaper in Spain , El Mundo , published an interview with Irving. In it he declared the expression “Holocaust” to be a commercial advertising slogan that Jews had invented since the 1970s and made fashionable with the same propaganda technique as Goebbels. When asked about the number of victims of the Holocaust, he said he was not interested in numbers and not at all interested in the Holocaust. This was only a "marginal note" of the Second World War, which Hitler did not want. Churchill was in the hands of the Jews, wanted war and also killed many innocent people. When asked if he was an anti-Semite, he replied that he was trying not to be, but that it was very difficult.

The interview was part of a series in the newspaper on the 70th anniversary of World War II, for which historians Ian Kershaw and Avner Schalev , director of the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center , were interviewed. They stated that they would not have participated if they had known about Irving's participation beforehand. This triggered considerable international protests. Spanish government officials also criticized the newspaper for offering a platform to a well-known Holocaust denier under the pretext of freedom of expression. In 2008 the Spanish Constitutional Court repealed a law criminalizing Holocaust denial in Spain.

Irving continues to deny the acts of mass extermination during the Nazi era, also in the context of secretly organized lecture tours through many countries. In 2009 he presented his theses to followers on one such trip through the USA. During a performance in Manalapan at Palm Beach, there was a knife fight among Irving supporters. In August 2010 Irving appeared in Belgium with such lectures. On September 21, 2010, he began a planned nine-day lecture tour of Poland, where he WWII as Hitler's "per capita price of 2900 dollars with a tour group (including neo-Nazis) venues Wolf's Lair " and the persecution of Jews as the Treblinka extermination camp visited . He disregarded protests and complaints from Holocaust survivors and anti-racist organizations from Poland and Great Britain in advance. The organization “Otwarta Rzeczpospolita. Stowarzyszenie przeciw Antysemityzmowi i Ksenofobii ”(Open Republic. Association against Anti-Semitism and Xenophobia) informed the Polish authorities that Irving's theses denying holocausts on the internet were against Polish law and filed a lawsuit. In 2016, Irving offered this trip through Poland again. As part of a lecture tour during which the events were announced without naming Irving's name, he again disseminated revisionist and anti-Semitic theses in Glasgow at the beginning of 2017 : Hitler was not interested in Jews and had repeatedly slowed anti-Jewish actions. Rudolf Hess had flown to Great Britain on a peacekeeping mission and did not commit suicide, but was killed by a black US soldier. Jews "took over" Britain after 1938 and tried for 50 years to "destroy" him and his family. Since there were no disruptions that evening, he asked himself whether "the Jews" had given him a blank check because of his age . Regarding the choice of his place of residence in the north of Scotland, Irving said that it reminded him of the England of his childhood, which at that time was still "white".

In October 2012, the Munich Administrative Court decided in the first instance to end Irving's entry ban for Germany, which had been in force since 1993, from March 21, 2013. The city of Munich, on the other hand, wanted to extend the entry ban until 2022, because Irving's attitude did not change and he continues to endanger public safety. After a complaint from the city administration, the entry ban remained in force until the court decision in the second instance. Therefore Irving had to cancel a lecture planned for September 10, 2013 in Berlin. The Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution is observing whether Irving is making further entry attempts. A protest alliance, which also includes the hotel and restaurant association, wants to prevent Irving from giving lectures in Berlin. In October 2014, the Bavarian Administrative Court decided not to allow an appeal against the judgment of October 2012. The entry ban was legally limited to March 21, 2013.

Fonts (selection)

  • The secret weapons of the Third Reich , Kiel (Arndt) 2000. ISBN 3-88741-030-0 . First edition Reinbek (Rowohlt) 1964.
  • And Germany's cities didn't die. Swiss printing and publishing house, Zurich 1964.
  • The fall of Dresden. Reinbek b. Hamburg 1967.
  • The dream of the German atomic bomb. Sigbert Mohn Verlag, Gütersloh 1967 (Original: The Virus House. William Kimber, London 1967).
  • Rommel. A biography. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1978.
  • The tragedy of the German Air Force, From the files and memories of Field Marshal Erhard Milch. Ullstein 1970.
  • The Nuremberg Trial - The Last Battle. Heyne, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-453-01051-5 .
  • Murder for reasons of state. Novel. Heyne, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-453-00978-9 .
  • Hitler and his generals. (1st edition 1975) Ullstein, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-550-07308-9 .
  • From Guernica to Vietnam. The suffering of civilians in modern war. Heyne, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-453-01479-0 .
  • Battle in the Arctic Ocean. The destruction of the convoy PQ 17. Heyne, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-453-01956-3 .
  • Hitler's War, The Victories 1939–1942. Pawlak, 1988, ISBN 3-88199-458-0 .
  • Hitler's War, Götterdämmerung 1942–1945. Pawlak Verlag, 1991.
  • Churchill. Struggle for power. Herbig, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-7766-1646-6
  • Nuremberg - The last battle. Grabert, Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-87847-156-4 .
  • Fuehrer and Chancellor. Adolf Hitler 1933–1945. Druffel-Verlag , Berg / Starnberger See 1997, ISBN 3-8061-1118-9 .
  • Goebbels. Power and magic. Arndt-Verlag , Kiel 1997, ISBN 3-88741-168-4 .
  • Goering. A biography. Arndt, Kiel 1999, ISBN 3-88741-191-9 .
  • The secret weapons of the Third Reich. Arndt, Kiel 2000, ISBN 3-88741-030-0 (Original: The Mare's Nest. William Kimber, London 1964; German first edition: Sigbert Mohn Verlag, Gütersloh 1965).
  • Battle for Europe. With the courage of desperation against the 1944 invasion. Druckschriften- und Zeitungsverlags GmbH , Munich 2004, ISBN 978-3-925924-24-8 .
  • My prisons. Experiences and thoughts in Austrian dungeons. FZ-Verlag , Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-924309-83-1 .
  • Battle leader against the empire. Churchill's War 1941–1942. Arndt, Kiel 2007, ISBN 978-3-88741-082-7 .
  • Battles of blood and hatred. Churchill's War 1942–1943. Arndt, Kiel 2010, ISBN 978-3-88741-098-8 .

literature

On Irving's Hitler books:

Regarding the Irving Trial in London:

  • Richard J. Evans : The Forger of History. Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-593-36770-X .
  • Don D. Guttenplan: The Holocaust Trial. The background to the 'Auschwitz lie'. Goldmann, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-442-15123-6 .
  • Deborah E. Lipstadt : History on trial: my day in court with David Irving. Ecco, New York 2005, ISBN 0-06-059376-8 .
  • Peter Longerich: Auschwitz denial. The Irving versus Lipstadt trial before the London High Court. In: Klaus-Dietmar Henke (Ed.): Auschwitz. Six essays on happenings and visualizations. Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism at the Technical University of Dresden, Reports and Studies 32, Dresden 2001, pp. 53–64 ( online, PDF ).
  • Eva Menasse : The Holocaust in court. The David Irving Trial. Siedler, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-88680-713-4 .
  • Heinrich Zankl : Contentious right-wing extremist - The trial of the Holocaust . in: Heinrich Zankl: Science in cross-examination . Scientific Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt 2012. pp. 26–35. ISBN 9783534237715

Web links

Commons : David Irving  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Single receipts

  1. ↑ a b c Hitler - Bold revision . In: Der Spiegel . No. 28 , 1977 ( online ).
  2. ^ Richard J. Evans: Lying About Hitler. Basic Books, 2002, p. 154 ff.
  3. ↑ David Irving, Letter to the Editor , July 7, 1966.
  4. ↑ idol Begander: Dresden in the air war. Flechsig, Würzburg 1998, ISBN 3-88189-239-7 , p. 221 and p. 381, footnote 36; Jürgen Langowski: Air War: "The Fall of Dresden". David Irving and the air raids on Dresden.
  5. ^ Nizkor Project XI: Justification: The bombing of Dresden.
  6. ↑ Richard J. Evans: The Forger of History. Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial. Campus, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, Chapter 5.
  7. ^ Götz Bergander: Dresden in the air war. Würzburg 1998, pp. 196-207; Helmut Schnatz: Low-flying aircraft over Dresden? Legends and Reality. With a foreword by Götz Bergander. Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-412-13699-9 .
  8. ↑ David Irving, "As Big As A Pineapple ..." , Der Spiegel , May 29, 1967; David Irving: The dream of the German atomic bomb. Rowohlt, 1969.
  9. ^ Anne Frank House: Who are the Holocaust deniers?
  10. ^ Hermann Graml: Old and new apologists of Hitler. In: Wolfgang Benz (Ed.), Right-Wing Extremism in Germany. Requirements, connections, effects , Frankfurt am Main 1994, pp. 30–66.
  11. ↑ Ulrich Chaussy, Christoph Püschner: Neighbor Hitler: Führer Cult and Destruction of Home on Obersalzberg. Christian Links Verlag, 2007, ISBN 3-86153-462-2 , p. 126 .
  12. ↑ Martin Broszat: Hitler and the Genesis of the "Final Solution". On the occasion of David Irving's theses (PDF; 1.66 MB). In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 1977, p. 318 (note 5).
  13. ^ Marty Bloomberg, Buckley Barry Barrett: The Jewish Holocaust. Borgo Press, 1995, ISBN 0809514060 , p. 83 f. (D78.)
  14. ^ Richard Evans: Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial. Verso Books, 2002, pp. 77–112 , especially pp. 84–87.
  15. ↑ For example: Rommel: End of a legend (preprint, first episode), in Der Spiegel , August 28, 1978.
  16. ↑ Examples: Peter Lieb : Conventional War or Nazi Weltanschauung War? Warfare and the fight against partisans in France 1943/44. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2007, p. 88 , note 188.
  17. ↑ David Irving: The Nuremberg Trial - The Last Battle , Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979, Foreword, p. 5.
  18. ^ Text on the blurb of a right-wing extremist book service.
  19. ↑ Richard J. Evans: The Forger of History: Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial. Frankfurt am Main 2001, p. 36f.
  20. ↑ a b c Malte Herwig: The gambler with the swastika. In: Der Spiegel , January 16, 2006.
  21. ^ Pre- print of Irving's The Headless Uprising : Part 1 . In: Der Spiegel . No. 19 , 1981 ( online ). - Part 2 . In: Der Spiegel . No. 21 , 1981 ( online ). - Part 3 . In: Der Spiegel . No. 22 , 1981 ( online ).
  22. ↑ Editorial . In: Der Spiegel . No. 34 , 1978 ( online ).
  23. ↑ Jürg Altwegg: Noam Chomsky and the reality of the gas chambers. Time online , November 21, 2012
  24. ^ Roni Stauber (25 July 2000): From Revisionism to Holocaust Denial - David Irving as a Case Study.
  25. ↑ quoted from Richard J. Evans: The Forger of History: Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial. Frankfurt am Main 2001, p. 234.
  26. ^ Anton Maegerle (Blick nach Rechts 4/16 February 2005): History forger.
  27. ^ Scepticism.org: Holocaust-Denial and the Irving-Trial. (2004) ( Memento from April 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  28. ^ David Irving's Forward to the Leuchter Report (May 1, 1989) ( Memento of January 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ Klaus-Henning Rosen (Blick nach Rechts, No. 8/19 April 2000): Unmasked as a forger.
  30. ↑ Right-wing extremists - finally one . In: Der Spiegel . No. 26 , 1990 ( online ).
  31. ↑ Michael Schmidt: Today we own the street ... The inside report from the neo-Nazi scene. Econ, Düsseldorf 1993, p. 125.
  32. ^ ID archive in the international institute for social history (ed.): The masterminds in the brown net. Amsterdam 1992, pp. 20ff.
  33. ^ Wolfgang Benz : Right-wing extremism in Germany. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-596-12276-7 , p. 167.
  34. ↑ Nizkor Project: Shofar FTP Archive File: people / i / irving.david / libel.suit // libel.details
  35. ↑ Amely Braunger: Analysis of the diaries of Anne Frank: Including the theory "Autobiography as a literary act" by Elisabeth W. Bruss. Grin Verlag, 2007, ISBN 3-638-84231-2 , p. 17 (part 5.2)
  36. ^ Hermann Kurzke: What did Anne Frank write? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , November 12, 1988.
  37. ↑ a b Jürgen Krönig: Pleasurable horror of the rescued. In: Die Zeit , July 17, 1992.
  38. ↑ Deborah E. Lipstadt: Subject: Denial of the Holocaust. Rio Verlag, Zurich 1994, ISBN 3-907768-10-8 , p. 280.
  39. ↑ Blue paste . In: Der Spiegel . No. 41 , 1980 ( online ).
  40. ^ Deborah E. Lipstadt: Denying the Holocaust. The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. New York, The Free Press, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2 .
  41. ↑ Deborah E. Lipstadt: Subject: Denial of the Holocaust. Rio Verlag, Zurich 1994, ISBN 3-907768-10-8 , pp. 141 and 196f.
  42. ↑ Richard J. Evans: The Forger of History: Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, p. 20.
  43. ↑ Peter Longerich: The unwritten order. Hitler and the way to the final solution. Piper, Munich 2001.
  44. ^ Robert Jan van Pelt: The case for Auschwitz: evidence from the Irving Trial. Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2002, ISBN 0-253-34016-0 .
  45. ^ Hajo Funke: David Irving, Holocaust denial, and his connections to right-wing extremists and Neo-National Socialism (Neo-Nazism) in Germany. (Nizkor.org)
  46. ↑ Richard J. Evans: The Forger of History. Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial. Frankfurt am Main 2001.
  47. ↑ Friedrich Paul Heller (Blick nach Rechts, August 11, 2005): The History Forger: Holocaust and Historical Truth in the David Irving Trial 2001. (Review of the publication of the report by Richard Evans)
  48. ↑ 1996, In the High Court of Justice, London, excerpt from the judgment on the Irving trial against Deborah Lipstadt et al
  49. ↑ a b c Klaus-Henning Rosen (View to the Right No. 8/19 April 2000): Unmasked as a forger.
  50. ↑ Heiner Lichtenstein (view to the right, March 9, 2000): Crown witness Eichmann.
  51. ↑ Judgment text of the London High Court (English).
  52. ↑ Stephen E. Atkins (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-313-32485-9 , p. 144.
  53. ↑ a b Austria deports Holocaust denier Irving. In: Spiegel Online - Politik , December 21, 2006.
  54. ^ Frank Jansen : Writer Hochhuth praises deniers of the Holocaust. In: Der Tagesspiegel , February 19, 2005.
  55. ↑ a b Court confirms judgment. In: n-tv , September 4, 2006.
  56. ↑ Irving does not see himself as a Holocaust denier. In: Spiegel Online - Politik , February 20, 2006.
  57. ↑ Anna Reimann: Pity for Irving is wrong. In: Spiegel Online - Politik , February 21, 2006 (interview with Hans-Ulrich Wehler ).
  58. ↑ Eva Menasse : More than a nutcase. In: Die Zeit , March 22, 2007.
  59. ↑ Anthony Man: Holocaust Denier To Speak In S. Florida. Sun Sentinel, July 12, 2005
  60. ^ A b Paul Thompson: White supremacists' stabbed at talk by Holocaust denier David Irving. Daily Mail, Oct 28, 2009
  61. ↑ a b Paul Hutcheon: Hate at the Hilton: outcry as Holocaust denier David Irving gives secret Glasgow talk. www.heraldscotland.com, February 12, 2017
  62. ↑ Alex Preston: The man who sleeps in Hitler's bed. The Guardian, June 24, 2015; Matthew Bell: Booming trade in Hitler memorabilia. New Zealand Herald, March 12, 2012
  63. ↑ a b Elizabeth Nash: David Irving sparks row over Holocaust 'propaganda'. In: The Independent , September 6, 2009.
  64. ^ Anton Maegerle: Forger of historical facts. Look to the right , August 17, 2010.
  65. ^ Gerhard Gnauck: Journey of a demagogue to Poland. In: Die Welt , September 22, 2010.
  66. ^ Open Republic, September 21, 2010: Statement. ( Memento from September 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  67. ↑ Holocaust denying UK historian David Irving goes on lecture tour. i24News, November 20, 2016
  68. ↑ Tagesschau, October 26, 2012: Holocaust denier Irving is allowed to enter again soon. ( Memento from October 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  69. ↑ Konrad Litschko (taz, September 6, 2013): Holocaust deniers are not allowed to enter: No lecture on “freedom of expression”.
  70. ↑ Bayerischer VGH, decision of October 8, 2014, Az. 10 ZB 12.2742 (German) 10 ZB 12.2742
personal data
SURNAME Irving, David
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Irving, David John Cawdell (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION British history reviser and Holocaust denier
DATE OF BIRTH March 24, 1938
PLACE OF BIRTH Brentwood , Essex , England