August von Kotzebue

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August von Kotzebue
Signature August von Kotzebue (cropped) .jpg
August von Kotzebue (1818)

August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (/ ˈkɔtsəbu /, born May 3, 1761 in Weimar , † March 23, 1819 in Mannheim ) was a German playwright , writer and librettist . In the last years of his life he worked as the Russian consul general and fell victim to the attack by fraternity member Karl Ludwig Sand in 1819 . His murder served as the basis for the Karlsbad resolutions . Kotzebue's sister Karoline Ludecus was also a writer.

Life

Earlier career

August Kotzebue was the son of Brunswick majors Levin Karl Christian Kotzebue (1727-1761) and his wife Anna "Christine" Kruger (1736-1828) on May 3, 1761 in the Yellow Castle in Weimar ( Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach ) to the world, which served as the residence of the respected merchant and councilor family Kotzebue. His father, who was in the service of the Duchess Anna Amalia as a ducal legation counselor and secret trainee lawyer , died a few months after his birth. August Kotzebue spent part of his youth in the Yellow Palace and later lived in a house at Schlossgasse 6. He attended the Wilhelm-Ernst-Gymnasium in Weimar, where he was taught by Johann Karl August Musäus , among others . Musäus was August Kotzebue's uncle through his marriage to Juliane Krüger. In 1776 the young Kotzebue appeared on stage as an actor together with Goethe in his play Geschwister , which premiered in Weimar, in the role of the postman. In 1777 he passed his school leaving examination and at the age of 16 began studying law at the University of Jena , which he continued in Duisburg and graduated in 1780. He then settled for a short time as a lawyer in Weimar.

Through relationships with Johann Eustach von Görtz , the former prince tutor and chief steward at the Weimar court and Prussian ambassador at the Russian court, he became secretary of the governor general in Saint Petersburg . In 1783 he was appointed assessor at the Supreme Court in Reval and married the daughter of a Russian lieutenant general. In 1785 he was raised to the hereditary Russian nobility ( von Kotzebue) and in 1785 President of the Magistrate of Estonia .

First works

In Reval he gained recognition through his novels The Sorrows of the Ortenberg Family (1785) and The Story of My Father (1788) as well as through the dramas Adelheid von Wulfingen (1789), Misanthropy and Reue (1790) and The Indians in England (1790) . The positive reputation that grew out of these works, however, was almost destroyed by the drastic cynical satire Doctor Bahrdt with the Iron Forehead , which appeared on the front page in 1790 (with the name Knigges ). After the death of his first wife, Kotzebue retired from service in Russia and lived for a time in Paris and Mainz . In 1795 he moved to an estate that he had bought near Reval and devoted himself to literary work.

Within a few years he published six volumes of various sketches and stories ( The Youngest Children of My Laune , 1793–1796) and more than twenty dramas, many of which have been translated into several European languages.

Theater and director times

In 1798 he accepted the position of director at the court theater in Vienna , but soon resigned as a result of differences of opinion with the actors. He returned to his hometown, but since there was no good relationship between him and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and he had attacked the romantic school, his position in Weimar became untenable.

In April 1800 he decided to travel to Russia for several months, but on the way there he was arrested at the border on suspicion of being a Jacobin and exiled to Tobolsk and Kurgan in Siberia . Fortunately for him, he had written a drama ( The Old Body Coachman, Peter III ), which flattered the vanity of Tsar Paul I ; as a result he was soon pardoned, brought back and compensated with an estate in Livonia . He wrote down his experiences during this time in the autobiographical work The Strangest Year of My Life . In Saint Petersburg he became director of the German theater.

After the tsar was assassinated, he returned to Germany in 1801. However, he was unable to gain a foothold in Weimar's literary society and went to Berlin, where he edited Der Freimütige (1803-1807) in conjunction with Garlieb Helwig Merkel (1769-1850) and began his Almanac of Dramatic Games (1803-1820). He was held in high regard at the Berlin court and in the artistic scene; the king made him a member of the local Academy of Sciences.

Information board at Kotzebue's house in Mannheim

Quiet years, then Russian consul general

Even before Napoleon's victory in the battle of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806, he went to Russia, where he wrote numerous satirical articles against Napoleon in his journals Die Biene and Die Crille , protecting his estate in Estonia . Some novels and dramas also come from the following years, as well as some socially critical historiographical works of which he was very proud: a scientific history of the Teutonic Order based on archival studies ( Prussian history , 1808) and a more popular imperial history (1814/1815 ). Both were left unfinished.

In 1816 he came to the foreign affairs department in St. Petersburg and in 1817 went to Germany as consul general on behalf of Russia with a salary of 15,000 rubles. Since 1815 he was a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg .

Attacks on German liberalism and nationalism

In his literary weekly newspaper, which he was able to publish in Weimar - thanks to the freedom of the press that existed there - he attacked the German universities and especially the fraternities and gymnastics associations as breeding grounds for the revolution as well as political liberalism (whose goals were popular representation and freedom of the press), ridiculed the The students admired gymnastics father Jahn and mocked the ideals of the German national movement. At the Wartburg Festival in 1817 in the course of the book burning celebrated there, his history of the German Empire was thrown into the fire, whereupon he moved to Mannheim .

Work as a publisher

Kotzebue also repeatedly distinguished himself as a contentious publisher of newspapers and magazines. Thus, under his aegis, Der Freymüthige, or Berlinische Zeitung, appeared for educated, impartial readers (1803–1806). Here he and Garlieb Merkel turned against the Romantics and Goethe in particular . In 1808/1809 he reported from his exile in Reval with the quarterly Die Biene and in 1811/1812 with the quarterly periodical Die Grille . The tone of these magazines was thoroughly anti- Napoleonic . His last journalistic work before his death was the literary weekly paper (1819). Thereafter, this was continued by Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus until 1826 as a literary conversation paper and from 1826 to 1851 (or until 1898) under the title Blätter für literary entertainment .

assassination

Kotzebue's death (contemporary colored copper engraving)

The Jena fraternity and theology student Karl Ludwig Sand followed him to Mannheim and stabbed him to death on March 23, 1819 in front of his four-year-old son with the words: "Here, you traitor of the fatherland!" Kotzebue was murdered in his house in A 2, 5 , on which a memorial plaque is now attached. After his father's murder, his son August Julius was forced to resign from the original fraternity of which Sand was a member. This murder was one of the reasons for the Karlovy Vary resolutions , which the Bundestag in Frankfurt raised to the rank of law in September 1819 . In May 1820, Sand was executed for the murder.

tomb

Kotzebue's death mask, removed from Maximilian Joseph Pozzi, on loan from the Kurpfälzisches Museum of the City of Heidelberg to the University Library of Mannheim
Kotzebue's tombstone in Mannheim's main cemetery
Gravestone (back) with funeral motto

The grave of Kotzebue is in the main cemetery in Mannheim , a few meters from that of his murderer Karl Ludwig Sand. The tomb made of Main sandstone is a creation of the Mannheim court sculptor Maximilian Joseph Pozzi (1770–1842). It is a cube with a funerary inscription and a funeral motto on its edge, supported by two theater masks. Pozzi also took off Kotzebue's death mask in Mannheim and made a bust from it. The two theatrical masks on the tombstone also seem to have Kotzebue's facial features. The funeral motto that Kotzebue himself wrote is:

“THE WORLD IS PURSUING 'HIM WITHOUT MERCY' - SUMMARIZATION WAS HIS SUDDING LOST - HE ONLY FOUND HAPPINESS IN HIS WIFE ARMS - AND CALM IN THE EARTH - ENVIRONMENT WAS ALWAYS AWAKE TO STREAT HIM THORNS - LOVE HIM LIES FLOWERS ROS GOD AND THE WORLD FORGIVE - HE HAS FORGIVED THE WORLD. "

Marriage and offspring

August von Kotzebue was married three times.

February 1 - 23, 1785, Friederike Julie Dorothea von Essen (* 1763; † 1790) (parents: Reinhold Wilhelm von Essen (* 1722; † 1788) and Eleonore von Sass (1734–1765)), their children:

  • Wilhelm Friedrich Fritz (1785–1813)
  • Otto (1787–1846), ⚭ December 1, 1818 with Amélie Zweig (1798–1873)
  • Moritz (1789–1861), ⚭ with Hélène von der Howen (1804–1877)
  • Karoline Friederike Hélène (1790–)
  • Christel (? -?), ⚭ with Hermann Bluhm, doctor of the city of Reval

July 2–16, 1794 with Christine Gertrud von Krusenstern (1769–1803) (parents: Karl Adolf von Krusenstern (1727–1792) and Anna Magdalena von Bruemmer (1745–1781)), their children:

  • Amalie Sophie Frederike (Emmy) (1795–1866)
  • Elisabette Emilie (Betty) (1797-1883)
  • August Julius (1799–1876) married in 1840 to Charlotte (Emma) von Tempel (1808–1889)
  • Paul Demetrius (1801–1884), ⚭ September 17, 1837 with Wilhelmine Elisabeth (Elise Ou Lilly) Manteuffel (1818–1902)
  • Luise (Louisa) (1803-1804)

August 3–7, 1804, Wilhelmina Friederike von Krusenstern (1778–1852) (parents: Otto Wilhelm von Krusenstern (1740–1820) and Friederike Marie von Ulrich (1754–1841)), their children:

  • Karl Ferdinand Constantin Woldemar (Charles) (1805–1896), ⚭ December 27, 1833 with Molly-Elisabeth von Koskull (1809–1881), father of Ernst von Kotzebue , Russian envoy to the USA 1895–97
  • Adam Friederich Ludwig (1806-1807)
  • Friedrich Wilhelm (1808–1880)
  • Georg (1810–1875), ⚭ May 21, 1843 with Evelyne von Staal (1824–1871)
  • Wilhemine Friederike (1812–1851), ⚭ February 21, 1832 with Paul Theodor von Krusenstern (1809–1881)
  • Wilhelm Basilius Vasile (1813–1887), ⚭ 1839 with Aspasie Cantacuzène (1822–1890)
  • Alexander Ferdinand Wilhelm Franz (1815–1889), ⚭ 1845 with Charlotte Emilie Jeanne von Krusenstern (1824–1903)
  • Edouard (1819–1852), ⚭ November 23, 1844 with Margarete Haenschel († 1885)

August von Kotzebue's descendants were raised to the rank of count in 1874 and incorporated into the register of nobility in Bavaria on January 17, 1906 (for the painter Wilhelm von Kotzebue ).

Christine Gertrud von Krusenstern and Wilhelmina Friederike von Krusenstern were both cousins ​​of Adam Johann von Krusenstern , the father of Wilhemine Friederike's husband Paul Theodor von Krusenstern. Both had been married and divorced prior to her marriage to Kotzebue. The first husband of Kotzebue's second wife had been a cousin of Kotzebue's first wife.

Work history

Kotzebue was considered a father of the dramatic trivial literature , which at the same time left him with a share in the creation of a bourgeois public in 19th century Germany. Today efforts are made to overcome the one-sided negative canonization (Simone Winko 1999) and to do justice to Kotzebue's personal contribution to the political concerns of the Late Enlightenment. Above all, the annual "Kotzebue Talks" should be mentioned here, which take place alternately in Tallinn (Reval) and in Berlin and which have been held since 2012 by the Academy of Sciences in Berlin / Brandenburg, the Estonian Embassy in Berlin and the Music and Theater Academy in Tallinn. Two conference volumes have already been published (Gerlach, Liivrand, Pappel (ed.) 2016, and Košenina, Liivrand, Pappel (ed.) 2017).

Two collections of Kotzebue's dramas were published during his lifetime: plays (5 vols., 1797); New Drama (23 vols., 1798–1820). All of the dramatic works were published in 44 volumes in 1827–29 and under the title Theater 1840–1841 in forty volumes. A selection of his pieces in ten volumes was published in Leipzig 1867–68. In 1972 Benno von Wiese introduced a selection of Kotzebue's plays, edited and commented on them by Jürg Mathes. In 1999, Kotzebue's socio-historical study Vom Adel from 1792 was reprinted by Modul-Verlag Wiesbaden . When Wehrhahn Verlag since 2012 appear read outputs of individual dramas.

His autobiographical writings are:

The number of his comedies and dramas amounts to more than 220; Goethe staged 87 of them with a total of 600 performances. Kotzebue's popularity was unprecedented, not only in Germany, but also on the stages of the European cultural area . Alongside August Wilhelm Iffland , Kotzebue was the most productive and successful playwright of his time. His success was based on his flair for popular theater in terms of material and design. Examples of this are his comedies Der Wildfang , Die Zwei Klingsberg and Die deutscher Kleinstädter , which contain impressive genre portrayals of German life. Famous composers of the time set his texts to music : Ludwig van Beethoven composed the music for Kotzebue's The Ruins of Athens (op. 113) and for King Stephan (op. 117) on the occasion of the opening of the new opera house in Pest in 1812; Antonio Salieri wrote the incidental music for the Viennese performance of the Hussites in front of Naumburg (1802/03); and the young Franz Schubert set some of the poet's libretti to music, including the Singspiel Der Spiegelritter D 11 (1813) and the “natural magic opera” Des Teufels Lustschloss D 84 (1813/14). Albert Lortzing wrote his libretto for the opera Der Wildschütz in 1843, based on Kotzebue's comedy The Roebuck or The Guiltless Guilty Conscious .

Works

Own works

Dramas
  • The negro slaves. A historical-dramatic painting in three files Leipzig 1796. online , (Leipzig 1821 online  ; new edition by André Georgi with an afterword by Sigrid G. Köhler. Hannover 2019 ISBN 978-3-86525-688-1 )
  • The Indians in England. Comedy in three acts . Leipzig 1790. online (first performed at the Liebhabertheater zu Reval in February 1789), new edition (with twelve copper engravings by Daniel Chodowiecki and an afterword by Alexander Košenina ) Hannover 2015, ISBN 978-3-86525-457- 3 .
  • The female Jacobin Clubb. A political comedy in one act . Frankfurt and Leipzig 1791 ( digitized version of the Mannheim University Library )
  • Poverty and nobility. Comedy in three acts . Leipzig 1795. online [Increased with a new final scene. Graetz 1800]
  • The tomboy. Comedy in 3 acts . Leipzig 1798. Edition 1805 online ( Franz Xaver Huber's comic opera “The first is the best” is based on this comedy)
  • The unfortunate ones. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1798. online
  • The Hyperborean Donkey or Today's Education. A drastic drama and philosophical comedy for youngsters. In one act . Leipzig May 1799 ( digitized version of the Mannheim University Library )
  • Bad mood . A play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1799. online
  • The epigram. Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1801. online
  • The new century. A farce in one act . Leipzig 1801. Edition 1826 online new edition (with an afterword by Alexander Košenina) Hanover 2012, ISBN 978-3-86525-263-0 .
  • The visit, or the addiction to shine. Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1801. online
  • The two Klingsberg. Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1801. online
  • The German small townspeople . Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1803 ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )
  • The confusion, or the daring. Posse in four acts . Leipzig 1803
  • The dead nephew. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1804. online
  • The father of no-nonsense. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1804
  • Page pranks. Posse in 5 elevators . Leipzig 1804. online
  • Blind love. Comedy in three acts . Leipzig 1806. online
  • The confession, or the confession. A comedy in one act . Berlin 1806
  • The pillage. A comedy in one act . Leipzig 1806
  • The dangerous neighborhood. A comedy in one act . Vienna 1806
  • The organs of the brain. Comedy in three acts . Leipzig 1806. online
  • The Citherschläger and the Gaugericht. An old German comedy in two acts . Leipzig 1817. online (not to be confused with Heinrich Seidel's Der Zitterschläger )
  • The deserter. A farce in one act . Vienna 1808. online (not to be confused with the plays of the same name by Michel-Jean Sedaine , Maximilien Gardel or Johann Gottlieb Stephanie )
  • The discovery in the post office or the post office in Treuenbrietzen. Comedy in one act . Vienna 1808
  • The country house on Heerstrasse. A carnival game in an elevator . Augsburg 1809. online
  • The intermezzo, or the squire for the first time in the residence. Comedy in 5 acts . Leipzig 1809. online
  • The domestic quarrel. Comedy [in one act] . Riga 1810. online
  • The exiled Cupid, or the suspicious married couple. Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1810. online
  • The donkey's shadow or the process in crow's corner . [A farce in one act]. Riga 1810. online
  • The scattered. Posse in 1 act . Riga 1810. Reclam edition c. 1890 online
  • Blind charged . Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1811. online
  • The walled up window. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1811. online
  • The trial by fire. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1811. online
  • Max Helfenstein. Comedy in 2 acts . Leipzig 1811. online
  • Leased field cumin from Tippelskirchen. Carnival spikes in 5 acts . Leipzig 1811. online
  • The old love affairs. Comedy in one act . Leipzig. on-line
  • The divided heart. Comedy [in one act] . Riga 1813. online
  • Two nieces for one. Comedy in two acts . Leipzig 1814
  • The roebuck, or the innocent guilty man. Comedy in 3 acts . Leipzig 1815. online
  • The Shawl. A comedy in one act . Leipzig 1815. online
  • The grandmother. A comedy in one act . Leipzig 1815. online
  • The Education Council. A comedy in one act . Leipzig 1816
  • Brother Moritz, the eccentric, or the colony for the Pelew Islands. Comedy in three acts . Leipzig 1791. online
  • The straight route is the best. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1817. Reclam issue approx. 1870 online
  • The robbed. A comedy in one act . Leipzig 1817. online
  • Selected comedies . Leipzig 1863 ( digitized )
  • The Quakers. Dramatic games for social entertainment Leipzig 1812
  • The old personal coachman of Peter the Third. A true anecdote. Play in 1 act . Leipzig 1799
  • The poor poet. Acting in one act . Riga 1813
  • Bayard, or the knight without fear and without blame. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1801
  • The merciful brothers. Based on a true anecdote. Acting in one act . (in Knittel verse ). Berlin 1803
  • The Corsican. Play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1799
  • The German housewife. A play in three acts . Leipzig 1813
  • The inheritance. Acting in one act . Vienna 1808
  • False shame. Play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1798
  • Count Benjowsky or the conspiracy on Kamchatka . A play in five acts . Leipzig 1795
  • The Count of Burgundy. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1798
  • Gustav Wasa . Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1801 (in five- legged iambs )
  • The rooster strike. Acting in one act . Berlin 1803
  • Of hate and love, vengeance. Play from the Spanish war in five acts . Leipzig 1815
  • Hugo Grotius. Play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1803
  • The Hussites before Naumburg in 1432. A patriotic play with choirs in five acts . Leipzig 1803 (in iambs)
  • Johanna of Montfaucon. Romantic painting from the 14th century in 5 acts . Leipzig 1800
  • The child of love, or: the mugger out of filial love. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1791 (performed for the first time at the Liebhabertheater zu Reval 1790; adaptations of this successful piece include "Lovers' vow or child of love" ( Elizabeth Inchbald ), "Natural son" ( Anne Plumtre ))
  • The little gypsy. Play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1809
  • The linen weaver. Acting in one act. Vienna 1808
  • The reward of the truth. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1801
  • Misanthropy and remorse . A show in 5 acts . Berlin 1789 ( digitized version and full text in the German text archive )
  • Octavia. Tragedy in 5 acts [(in five-legged iambs)]. Leipzig 1801
  • The victim death . Play in 3 acts . 1798
  • The papagoy. A play in three acts . Frankfurt and Leipzig 1792
  • The roses of the Lord of Malesherbes. A rural painting in one elevator . Riga 1813
  • Rudolph von Habsburg and King Ottokar of Bohemia. Historical drama in 6 acts . Leipzig 1816
  • The desk, or the dangers of youth. Play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1800
  • The guardian spirit. A dramatic legend in 6 acts plus a prelude. Leipzig 1814 ( digitized version and full text in the German text archive )
  • The silver wedding. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1799
  • The sun maiden. A play in 5 acts . Leipzig 1791 (performed for the first time at the Liebhabertheater zu Reval on December 19, 1789).
  • The Spanish in Peru or Rolla's death. Romantic tragedy in five acts . Leipzig 1796
  • The knitting needles. Play in 4 acts . Leipzig 1805
  • Ubaldo. Tragedy in five acts . Leipzig 1808
  • The unwed. Drama in four acts . Leipzig 1808
  • Reconciliation. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1798
  • The relationships. Drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1798
  • The widow and the riding horse. A dramatic trifle [in one act] . Leipzig 1796
Historiographical work
  • Prussia's older history . 1-4. Riga: Hartmann 1808.
  • History of the German Empire from its origins to its fall . 1-2. Leipzig: Sorrow 1814, 1815.

Letters

  • August Wilhelm Iffland and August von Kotzebue: Correspondence. Edited by Alexander Košenina. Hanover: Wehrhahn 2020 (= Theatertexte special volume 3). ISBN 978-3-86525-779-6

Edits

  • Don Ranudo de Colibrados. Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1803 (freely based on Ludvig Holberg ).
  • Fanchon, the Leyer girl. Vaudeville in 3 acts . Leipzig 1805 (based on Jean-Nicolas Bouilly ).
  • The French small townspeople. Comedy in 4 acts . Leipzig 1808 (based on Louis-Benoît Picard )
  • The man of forty years. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1795 (based on Barthélemy Fagan's Le rendez-vous ).
  • The new women's school. Comedy in three acts . Leipzig 1811 (based on August Creuzé de Lesser's Le secret de ménage )
  • The unwilling actor. Comedy in one act . Leipzig 1803 (freely based on the French).
  • The deaf and mute, or: the Abbé de l 'Épée. Historical drama in 5 acts . Leipzig 1800 (freely based on Jean-Nicolas Bouilly).
  • The West Indian. Comedy in 5 acts . Leipzig 1815 (based on Richard Cumberland )

reception

The figure of the poor poet Lorenz Kindlein from the Kotzebue play The Poor Poet is referred to in the Fliegende Blätter in 1845 in the satirical and authoritarian articles railway surveying and paternal regiment .

literature

  • Johannes Birgfeld, Julia Bohnengel, Alexander Košenina (eds.): Kotzebues dramas. A lexicon. Wehrhahn Verlag, Hannover 2011, ISBN 978-3-86525-227-2 .
  • Peter Brückner : "... God save us in Germany from any revolution!" Kotzebue through the student sand . Wagenbach, Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-8031-2006-3 ( Wagenbach's pocket library . 6).
  • Otto-Heinrich Elias : August von Kotzebue as a political poet. In: Heinrich Bosse, Otto-Heinrich Elias, Thomas Taterka: Baltic literatures of the Goethe time. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2011, pp. 255–289. ISBN 978-3-8260-3617-0 .
  • Otto-Heinrich Elias: August von Kotzebue as a historian. In: Klaus Gerlach, Harry Liivrand, Christel Pappel (eds.): August von Kotzebue in the Estonian-German dialogue (= Berliner Klassik, vol. 23). Wehrhahn Verlag, Hanover 2016, pp. 117-142, ISBN 978-3-86525-593-8 .
  • Otto-Heinrich Elias: August von Kotzebue as a novelist. In: Alexander Košenina, Harry Liivrand, Kristel Pappel (eds.): August von Kotzebue. A contentious and controversial author (= Berliner Klassik, vol. 25). Wehrhahn Verlag, Hanover 2017, pp. 67–85, ISBN 978-3-86525-492-4 .
  • Armin Gebhardt: August von Kotzebue. Theater genius in Goethe's time . Tectum-Verlag, Marburg 2003, ISBN 3-8288-8482-2 .
  • Gerhard Giesemann: On the development of the Slovenian national theater. Attempt to present typological phenomena using the example of Kotzebue's reception . Trofenik, Munich 1975, ISBN 3-87828-083-1 ( History, culture and intellectual world of the Slovenes . 13).
  • Carola L. Gottzmann / Petra Hörner: Lexicon of the German-language literature of the Baltic States and St. Petersburg . 3 volumes; Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007. ISBN 978-3-11-019338-1 . Volume 2, pp. 716-749.
  • Timo Jouko Herrmann: Antonio Salieri and his German-language works for music theater . Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag, Leipzig 2015, ISBN 978-3-87350-053-2 .
  • Hiltrud Häntzschel :  Kotzebue, August von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 12, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-428-00193-1 , p. 624 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Peter Kaeding: August von Kotzebue. Also a German poet's life . Union Verlag, Berlin (GDR) 1985, ISBN 3-372-00064-1 ; German Verl.-Anst., Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-421-06252-8 .
  • Alexander Košenina, Harry Liivrand, Kristel Pappel (eds.): August von Kotzebue. A contentious and controversial author (= Berliner Klassik, vol. 25). Wehrhahn Verlag, Hannover 2017, ISBN 978-3-86525-492-4 .
  • Rostislav von Kotzebue, Paul von Kotzebue: History and Genealogy of the Kotzebue Family. Hervas, Paris 1984, ISBN 2-903118-11-6 .
  • Doris Maurer : August von Kotzebue. Causes of its success, constant elements of entertaining drama . Bouvier, Bonn 1979, ISBN 3-416-01501-0 ( Bonn work on German literature . 34).
  • Jörg F. Meyer: Dear. Damn it. To forget. August von Kotzebue. Work and effect . Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2005, ISBN 3-631-53521-X ( historical-critical work on German literature . 38).
  • Otto CA zur Nedden : August von Kotzebue, a famous Duisburg student. In: Duisburger Forschungen, Volume 1, Duisburg-Ruhrort 1957, pp. 103-123.
  • May Redlich: Lexicon of German Baltic Literature. A bibliography. Published by the Georg Dehio Society. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik Berend von Nottbeck, Cologne 1989. ISBN 3-8046-8717-2 , entry pp. 182–190.
  • Franziska Schedewie: Simple voyageur, employé russe. August von Kotzebue and the Russian policy towards Germany between Weimar and Vienna , 1817 to 1800. In: Olaf Breidbach, Klaus Manger, Georg Schmidt (eds.): Weimar – Jena event. Culture around 1800 (= Laboratory Enlightenment Volume 20). Fink, Paderborn 2015, ISBN 978-3-7705-5186-6 , pp. 89-351.
  • This: the European stage. Russian diplomacy and Germany policy in Weimar, 1798–1819 . Winter Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-8253-6427-4 .
  • Axel Schröter: Music for the plays by August von Kotzebue. On stage practice during Goethe's direction of the Weimar Court Theater . Studio, Sinzig 2006, ISBN 3-89564-118-9 ( Music and Theater . Volume 4).
  • Hagen Schulze : Sand, Kotzebue and the Traitor's Blood (1819) . In: Alexander Demandt (Ed.): The assassination in history . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-518-39436-3 , pp. 256-276.
  • Heinz-Joachim Simon: Kotzebue. A German story . Universitas, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-8004-1370-1 .
  • Gerhard Stenger: Goethe and August von Kotzebue . Hirt, Breslau 1910 ( Breslau Contributions to the History of Literature . 22, NF 12).
  • Frithjof Stock: Kotzebue in the literary life of Goethe's time. Polemics, criticism, audience . Bertelsmann Univ.-Verl., Düsseldorf 1971, ISBN 3-571-09296-1 ( Literature in Society . 1).
  • Johannes Strohschänk: William Dunlap and August von Kotzebue - German drama in New York around 1800 . Heinz, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-88099-630-X ( American German studies . 7).
  • George S. Williamson: What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789-1819 . In: Journal of Modern History . 72/2000, pp. 890-943.
  • Harry M. Siegert: Carl Ludwig Sand and the assassination attempt on August von Kotzebue in: Geschichtsblätter Kreis Bergstrasse , Volume 47, Heppenheim Bergstrasse 2014; Publisher Laurissa Lorsch, ISSN  0720-1044
  • Till Gerrit Waidelich: Perhaps he stuck to the French original too strictly. A plagiarism by Kotzebue as a libretto for Walter, Reichardt and Schubert . In: Schubert durch die Brille 16/17, 1996, ZDB -ID 1083172-1 , pp. 95-109.
  • Simone Winko: Negative canonization: August v. Kotzebue in the literature description of the 19th century . In: Renate von Heydebrand (ed.): Theoretical, historical and social aspects of aesthetic canon formation , JB Metzler Stuttgart, Weimar 1998, pp. 341–364, ISBN 978-3-476-01595-2 .
  • Henning von Wistinghausen: Freemasons and Enlightenment in the Russian Empire. The Reval Lodges 1773–1820 . With a biographical lexicon. In: Vol. 1-3 . tape 3 . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-412-50131-0 , p. 161-163 .
  • Susanne M. Zantop: Colonial fantasies in pre-colonial Germany (1770-1870) , (Philological studies and sources booklet 158), Erich Schmidt, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-503-04940-1 (including about Kotzebue's South American plays).

Web links

Wikisource: August von Kotzebue  - Sources and full texts
Wikiquote: August von Kotzebue  - Quotes
Commons : August von Kotzebue  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ^ Gerhard Schulz: The German literature between the French Revolution and the restoration. Part 1 History of German literature from the beginning to the present. Lim. by Helmut de Boor .... Vol. 7, Part 1, The Age of the French Revolution: 1789–1806. 2., rework. Ed., CH Beck, Munich 2000, p. 472.
  2. ↑ full text
  3. ^ Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1724. August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue. Russian Academy of Sciences, accessed January 27, 2016 (Russian).
  4. ^ Jürgen Wilke : Fundamentals of the media and communication history. UTB, Cologne et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8252-3166-8 , p. 175.
  5. ^ House of August von Kotzebue. City of Mannheim, accessed on November 19, 2010 .
  6. ^ Peter Kaupp (edit.): Stamm-Buch of the Jenaische Burschenschaft. The members of the original fraternity 1815-1819 (= treatises on student and higher education. Vol. 14). SH-Verlag, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-89498-156-3 , p. 102.
  7. ↑ Klaus-Peter Schroeder : Martyrs of the German Freedom Movement? The trial of the fraternity member Carl Ludwig Sand 1819 on YouTube , accessed on July 12, 2019.
  8. ^ New Nekrolog der Deutschen , Volume 20, Part 1, 1842, Weimar 1844, p. 243 f. ( Digitized in the Google book search, on the authorship of the tomb).
  9. ^ The cemeteries in Mannheim. Südwestdeutsche Verlagsanstalt, Mannheim 1992, p. 82.
  10. ↑ Discussion of all the dramas published there (except for Die Negerskalven ) here: Schonlau, Anja: About August von Kotzebue. In: The eighteenth century 44/1 (2020), pp. 116–121.
  11. ^ Gerhard Schulz: The German literature between the French Revolution and the restoration. Part 1: History of German literature from its beginnings to the present. Lim. by Helmut de Boor .... Vol. 7, Part 1: The Age of the French Revolution: 1789–1806. 2., rework. Ed., Beck, Munich 2000, p. 467.
  12. ^ Author and illustrator unknown: Railway surveying , Fliegende Blätter , Volume 1 (1845), Issue No. 19, p. 149 ( transcription ).
  13. ^ Author and illustrator unknown: Father's Regiment , Fliegende Blätter , Volume 1 (1845), Issue No. 20, p. 158 ( transcription ).
personal data
SURNAME Kotzebue, August of
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German playwright
DATE OF BIRTH May 3, 1761
PLACE OF BIRTH Weimar
DATE OF DEATH March 23, 1819
Place of death Mannheim