Chronology of the National Socialist seizure of power

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The chronology of the Nazi takeover describes the historical process, there by the Nazi movement under its leader Adolf Hitler succeeded in 1930 to 1934, the Weimar Republic with constitutional means to eliminate and a dictatorship to build. The measures taken by the National Socialists and, until June 1933, also by the parties that supported them, were essentially aimed at abolishing parliamentarism , pluralism , federalism , the separation of powers and individual legal protection against state sovereignty and establishing sole rule for the NSDAP .

History until January 30, 1933

A crowd gathers on Wall Street after the 1929 stock market crash .
Paul von Hindenburg (1932)
Hitler's speech in the Berlin Lustgarten; v. l. No. Wilhelm Brückner , Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff , Joseph Goebbels , Hitler (April 4, 1932)
  • October 24, 1929:
  • March 1930:
  • March 30, 1930:
  • July 15, 1930:
    • the conflict between the government and the Reichstag over a rigid austerity program ends with the (constitutionally problematic) implementation of the rejected bill as an emergency ordinance, the dissolution of parliament and the calling of new elections
  • September 14, 1930:
    • the NSDAP increases from 2.6 to 18.3% and becomes the second largest party in the 1930 Reichstag election ; The KPD also gained votes (13.1%); Due to the global economic crisis, foreign investors are increasingly withdrawing capital from the USA, which further exacerbates the German economic crisis; the SPD (24.5%) decided to continue tolerating the Brüning government
  • February 25, 1932:
  • April 10, 1932:
    • Reich presidential election: despite a demagogic election campaign by the National Socialists in favor of their candidate Adolf Hitler and the street terror of the SA and SS , Hindenburg is re-elected as a candidate for the Center Party and the SPD in the second ballot
  • April 13, 1932:
  • May 30, 1932:
    • Brüning is dismissed by President Hindenburg as a result of the intrigues of the camarilla surrounding Hindenburg
  • June 1, 1932:
    • Establishment of a presidential cabinet under Chancellor von Papen , who in the course of his term of office implemented extensive savings and work programs by means of further emergency ordinances
  • June 14, 1932:
    • Lifting of the ban on the SA and SS as a result of a secret agreement; Civil war-like conditions in the election campaign: Hall battles and street fights between the individual fighting organizations with around 300 dead and over 1100 injured
  • July 20, 1932:
  • July 29, 1932:
  • July 31, 1932:
    • the Reichstag election brings further gains for the radical parties (KPD and NSDAP), with 37.4% the NSDAP becomes the strongest force in the party spectrum
  • September 12, 1932:
    • Parliamentary vote of no confidence in the Papen government and (already prepared) renewed dissolution of the Reichstag by Hindenburg
  • Reichstag election on November 6, 1932 (the second of the year):
    • the NSDAP falls to 33.1%, but remains by far the strongest party; The SPD and the center reject a coalition offer by Papen and his government's plans for a putsch and the fight against the NSDAP and KPD through the Reichswehr fail, Papen resigns
  • November 19, 1932:
  • December 2, 1932:
    • Lieutenant General Kurt von Schleicher from the presidential camarilla becomes the new Chancellor and remains Minister of Defense ; he tries unsuccessfully to organize a " cross front " to support his politics, but the split in the NSDAP fails and the SPD is suspicious of his ideas of having the Reichstag dissolved for a long time
  • January 1933:
  • January 4, 1933:
  • January 10, 1933:
  • January 15, 1933:
    • after the state elections in Lippe, the NSDAP becomes the strongest force and thus indirectly increases the pressure on Schleicher
  • January 18, 1933:
  • January 28, 1933:
    • Schleicher resigns because all negotiations in support of his government have failed and Hindenburg rejects his state emergency plan
  • January 29, 1933:
    • Agreement between Papen and Hitler; Papen sets Hindenburg list of Cabinet Hitler ago

Events between January 30, 1933 and March 23, 1933

Press release of the Berliner Abendblatt "The Attack" of January 30, 1933 on the seizure of power by Adolf Hitler
Torchlight procession for Hitler's "seizure of power" (Berlin, January 30, 1933)
1st row seated, from left: Hermann Göring, Adolf Hitler, Franz von Papen; 2nd row standing: Franz Seldte, Günther Gereke, Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Wilhelm Frick, Werner von Blomberg, Alfred Hugenberg; on January 30, 1933 in the Reich Chancellery.

“The time has come. We are sitting on Wilhelmstrasse . Hitler is Reich Chancellor. Like in fairy tales. Yesterday at noon Kaiserhof : we're all waiting. Finally he's coming. Result: he Chancellor. The old man [meaning President Hindenburg] has given in. At the end he was very touched. That's the spirit. Now we have to win it all over. We all have tears in our eyes. We shake hands with Hitler. He deserves it. Big cheers. The people are rioting below. Get to work right away. Reichstag is dissolved. "

- Joseph Goebbels : Diaries, January 31, 1933
The morning after the Reichstag fire, February 28, 1933
  • Fire in the Reichstag building , the Dutch and former communist Marinus van der Lubbe is accused of arson, but the question of the perpetrator has not yet been clearly clarified, the act is used by the SA and SS as a pretext to cover Germany with a wave of terrorism; political opponents are imprisoned, tortured or liquidated
  • February 28, 1933:
  • February 28, 1933:
    • Ordinance of the Reich President against treason against the German people and treasonous activities
  • March 5, 1933:
    • New elections : the National Socialists together with the Conservatives (DNVP) achieve a narrow majority, the other parties were massively hindered by the NSDAP, which missed the desired absolute majority by 6.1 percentage points
  • March 8, 1933:
    • the seats in the Reichstag won by the KPD are revoked; these parliamentary seats are deemed to have been extinguished (in this way, the two-thirds majority required for the Enabling Act is also secured)
  • March 11, 1933:
  • March 21, 1933:
    • Establishment of the Oranienburg concentration camp near Berlin
  • March 22, 1933:
  • March 21, 1933:
    • the " Day of Potsdam ", the constituent session of the Reichstag (excluding Social Democrats and Communists) in the Potsdam Garrison Church is staged by Goebbels to establish the harmony between old Germany (represented by Paul von Hindenburg) and the "young force" (Hitler's NS Movement)
    • Ordinance of the Reich President to ward off insidious attacks against the government of the national insurrection (" Heimtückegesetz ")
  • March 23, 1933:
    • the Reichstag, after a fire in February in the Kroll Opera House sitting, right in the presence of armed SA and SS units on the law to address the plight of the people and the kingdom from ( "Enabling Act"), the legislative power in the hands of Reich government, the Reichstag MPs of the KPD can no longer take part in the vote, because they were arrested beforehand or had to go into hiding due to death threats, despite these circumstances the SPD MPs present are voting, some of them are also absent because of arrest or flight, against the law, while MPs from all other parties vote in favor

Events between March 24, 1933 and December 31, 1933

  • March 24, 1933:
    • Publication of the enabling law, initially limited to four years, in the Reichsgesetzblatt (law to remedy the plight of the people and the Reich) with the signatures of Reich Chancellor Hitler and Reich President Hindenburg
  • March 28, 1933:
    • The German Bishops' Conference officially withdraws its warning against Hitler.

Events from January 1, 1934

  • January 20, 1934:
    • the law on the order of national labor introduced the leader principle in the economy, the DAF was incorporated into the NSDAP
  • January 30, 1934:
  • February 14, 1934:
    • The Reichsrat and consequently the participation of the Länder in the Reich legislation is abolished by law
  • June 30, 1934:
    • the " Röhm Putsch " serves as a pretext for internal party purges and a further concentration of power in the party, in the so-called " Night of Long Knives " the leadership of the SA is smashed, and former political opponents such as Kurt von Schleicher are murdered
  • August 1, 1934:
    • Law on the State of the German Reich : the Office of the President is combined with that of the Chancellor, the existing powers of the President go to Adolf Hitler on
  • August 2, 1934:
    • Reich President von Hindenburg dies at Gut Neudeck , Hitler gives himself the title "Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor"
  • August 19, 1934:
  • April 1, 1935:
    • the unified German municipal code of 30 January 1935 comes into force: it abolishes the previous federally structured and often only on paper municipal constitutional law of the German states

literature

  • Karl Dietrich Bracher , Wolfgang Sauer, Gerhard Schulz (ed.): The National Socialist seizure of power. Studies on the establishment of the totalitarian system of rule in Germany in 1933/34 . Westdeutscher Verlag, Cologne [u. a.] 1960 (=  writings of the Institute for Political Science 14, ISSN  0522-9677 ); 3 volumes. Ullstein, Berlin a. a. 1974.
  • Martin Broszat : The seizure of power. The rise of the NSDAP and the destruction of the Weimar Republic . dtv, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-423-04516-7 .
  • Richard J. Evans : The Third Reich . Volume 1, Ascent . Translated by Holger Fliessbach and Udo Rennert, DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05652-8 .
  • Gotthard Jasper : The failed taming. Paths to Hitler's seizure of power 1930–1934 . edition suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-518-11270-8 .
  • Wolfgang Michalka (ed.): The National Socialist seizure of power. Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-506-99374-7 (=  UTB , vol. 1329).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Ralf Georg Reuth (Ed.): Joseph Goebbels Tagebücher , Vol. 2, Piper, Munich, 2nd edition 2000, ISBN 3-492-25284-2 , p. 757.
  2. RGBl. 1933 I, pp. 85-87
  3. ^ Helmut Heiber : Joseph Goebbels , Colloquium, Berlin (West) 1962, p. 129; Reprinted in 1988 by dtv, Munich: ISBN 3-423-01095-7 .
  4. RGBl. 1933 I, p. 135
  5. Law to remedy the plight of the people and the Reich of March 24, 1933, in: 100 (0) key documents on German history in the 20th century , Bayerische Staatsbibliothek .
  6. Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Police in the Nazi State: When the "friend and helper" became a murderer Die Welt , March 23, 2011.
  7. The "Third Reich" in the interwar period and world war ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the German Police University , accessed on August 4, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dhpol.de
  8. Zdenek Zofka: The emergence of the Nazi repression system or: The seizure of power by Heinrich Himmler ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Bavarian State Center for Political Education, 2004 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.blz.bayern.de
  9. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Original of Hitler's Gestapo law discovered Die Welt , November 15, 2013.
  10. Helmut Knocke , Hugo Thielen : Goseriede 4 , in: Hannover Art and Culture Lexicon , p. 135.
  11. Everything will be done to erase the ugly traces in the area of ​​the provincial administration that the so-called modern art movement, misled by Jews, has left here and there. In the venerable Goethe Theater in Lauchstädt, I found out with indignation that this space, sanctified by our great German poet, had been disguised in a horrible way by graffiti that had nothing to do with art. I have ordered that the cultural shame be wiped out immediately. The work is already in progress. The stage framing of the Goethetheater will be restored in the form that Goethe gave it. In this act of restoring the original condition of this sacred space, see the symbol that National Socialism completely wiped out everything foreign and bad from the cultural sites of the German people. (Measures taken by the governor in the Lauchstädter Goetheater; Magdeburgische Zeitung , June 1, 1933, No. 277, main edition); see. https://sites.google.com/site/charlescrodel/home/kunstverbrnung The burning of art on May 30th / 31st, 1933 and the destruction of the painting class and graphic workshop at Giebichenstein Castle.
  12. ^ Anton Ritthaler : A stage on Hitler's path to undivided power. Hugenberg's resignation as Reich Minister. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 2nd issue / April 1960, pp. 193–219 (PDF; 1.4 MB).
  13. ^ Hans W. Schmuhl, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927–1945 , Springer Verlag, 2008, p. 130.
  14. Law on the swearing in of civil servants and soldiers of the Wehrmacht of August 20, 1934 (full text)