weekday
As week one calls a day of the week , which the whole in a recurring appointment and consistent order Year of the civil calendar over occurs, namely the Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday , Saturday or Saturday and Sunday .
Designation of the days of the week
The seven days of the Babylonian week were named after the planets of the geocentric worldview visible to the naked eye ( sun , moon , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , Venus , Saturn ), which at the time of naming were themselves considered to be gods. When the Teutons got to know these names in the 4th century , they renamed them after the names of the Germanic deities roughly corresponding to the Roman gods . In the course of Christianization , attempts were made at a later point in time to push back these pagan names, but this only succeeded in German-speaking countries on Wednesdays and Saturdays.
The fourth day was considered the day of Mercury (Latin dies Mercuri, French mercredi, Italian. Mercoledì, Spanish. Miércoles), whose god was equated with the Germanic god Wodan (Odin) , from which English. Wednesday derives, the German term Wednesday goes back to Christian influence.
The fifth day was considered the day of Jupiter (Latin dies Iovis, French jeudi, Italian. Giovedì, Spanish jueves), whose god was equated with the Germanic god Donar (Thor) , from which German Thursday and English. Derive Thursday.
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German weekday names
The weekday names in German go back to the Germanic names of the weekdays. The names of the days of the week are loan translations from Latin , with the Germanic equivalents used for the Roman gods ( Wodan for Mercurius , Thor for Jupiter , etc.). The Latin names for their part go back to the original Babylonian god names:
| German / Old High German | English | Dutch | Bern German | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monday / lunar day | Monday | Maandag | Mänti / Mändi | Day of the moon ( mani ) |
| Tuesday / Tiusdag | Tuesday | Dinsdag | Zyschti | Day of the Tiu / Ziu / Tyr |
| Wednesday / Wednesday | Wednesday | Wednesday | Midwife (s) | Day of Odin / Wotan / Wodan |
| Thursday / Thursday | Thursday | Thursday | Donschti / Thonschti / Thunschti | Day of Thor / Donar / Thunar |
| Friday / Friday | Friday | Vrijdag | Fryti | Day of Frija / Frigg / Frigga |
| Saturday / Saturday / Sambaztac | Saturday | Zaterdag | Samschti | Day of Saturn / Sabbath (= day of rest) |
| Sunday / Sunday | Sunday | Zondag | Sunti / Sundi | Day of the Sun ( Sol ) |
During the Christianization of the (Old High) German-speaking area, the missionaries tried to enforce weekday names that were not reminiscent of pagan (Roman or Germanic) gods. This becomes clear on the one hand on Wednesday , where the name of the day in the course of the week, which is actually to be expected, Wotan (see Wednesday) was bypassed. The other example is the naming of the day before Sunday: The Satertag, borrowed from Latin ( Saturni dies), extends into English (Saturday), but is more and more replaced in the German-speaking area by two other terms - a neutral Saturday and a Christian Saturday . Satertag / Saterdag is only preserved in the Low German area and today only in dialect .
Saturday is the common name in north-east Germany and describes the whole day before Sunday (like Christmas Eve in the north-east means the whole day before Christmas Day).
In terms of language history, Saturday emerged from the name for the Sabbath . This expression spread, with phonetic modification, from the Orient via Greece , up the Danube , into the Romance-speaking area ( French samedi, Italian sabato) and the German dioceses of Mainz and Trier . In the meantime this name is moving further north and seems to be gradually displacing "Saturday".
In some dialects, the namesake for Tuesday is the Greek god of war Ares. The "Arestag" is then yes depending on the area z. B. to Ertag, Irta or similar.
Thursday used to be the fifth day of the week, and this explains the “Pfinsda” or something similar that still exists in some places.
Names of days in the seven-day week
The following table provides an overview of the names of the days of the week in some European and Asian languages.
| de | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday |
| nl | maandag (maan ("moon")) | dinsdag | woensdag | donderdag | vrijdag | zaterdag (Saturnus (planet "Saturn")) | zondag (zon ("sun")) |
| sv | måndag | tisdag | onsdag (Odin's day) | torsdag | fredag | lördag (bathing / washing day) | sunday |
| da / no | mandag | tirsdag | onsdag | torsdag | fredag | lørdag | søndag |
| br | dilun | dimeurzh | dimerc'her | diriaou | digwener | disadorn | disul |
| la | dies lunae ( day of the moon ) |
dies martis ( day of mars ) |
dies mercurii ( day of mercury ) |
dies iovis ( day of Jupiter ) |
dies veneris ( day of venus ) |
dies saturni ( day of saturn ) (or sabbata ) |
dies solis ( day of the sun ) (or Dominica ) |
| it | lunedì | martedì | mercoledì | giovedì | venerdì | sabato | domenica |
| fr | lundi | mardi | mercredi | jeudi | vendredi | samedi (from Sabbath ) | dimanche (from dies dominica , day of the lord) |
| it | lunes | martes | miércoles | jueves | four | sábado | domingo |
| approx | dilluns | dimarts | dimecres | dijous | divendres | dissabte | tight |
| eu | astelehen, ilen | astearte, martitzena | asteazken, eguaztena | Ostegun, eguena, ortzeguna | ostiral, barikua, barixakua, egubakoitza, ortziralea | larunbat, zapatua, neskeneguna, ebiakoitza | igande, jaia, domeka |
| gl | luns | martes | mércores | xoves | venres | sábado | domingo |
| pt | segunda-feira ( "second day" ) |
terça-feira ( "third day" ) |
quarta-feira ( "fourth day" ) |
quinta-feira ( "fifth day" ) |
sexta-feira ( "sixth day" ) |
sábado | domingo |
| ro | Luni | Marti | Miercuri | Joi | Vineri | Sâmbătă | Duminica |
| el | Δευτέρα ( deftéra, "second day" ) |
Τρίτη ( tríti, "third day" ) |
Τετάρτη ( tetárti, "fourth day" ) |
Πέμπτη ( pémpti, "fifth day" ) |
Παρασκευή ( paraskeví, "day of preparation (for the Sabbath)" ) |
Σάββατο ( sávvato, "Sabbath" ) |
Κυριακή ( kiriakí, "Lord's Day" ) |
| bg | Понеделник (after non-work) |
Вторник (second) |
Сряда (middle) |
Четвъртък (fourth) |
Петък (fifth) |
Събота ("Sabbath") |
Неделя (non-work) |
| ru | Понедельник ( Ponedjelnik ) |
Вторник ( Wtornik, "second" ) |
Среда ( Sreda, "middle" ) |
Четверг ( Tschetwerg, "fourth" ) |
Пятница ( Pyatnitsa, "Fifth" ) |
Суббота ( Subbota, "Sabbath" ) |
Воскресенье ( Воскресение / Woskresenije, the "resurrection" ) |
| pl | Poniedziałek ( after Sunday ) |
Wtorek ( second [after Sunday] ) |
Środa ( middle ) |
Czwartek ( fourth [after Sunday] ) |
Piątek ( fifth [after Sunday] ) |
Sobota ( Sabat ) |
Niedziela (from not working ) |
| cs | pondělí | úterý | středa | čtvrtek | pátek | sobota | neděle |
| tr | Pazartesi (= pazar ertesi, the day after Pazar) |
Salı (probably from the Arabic word for Tuesday) |
Çarşamba (= Persian "fourth day of the week") |
Perşembe (= Persian "fifth day of the week") |
Cuma (= Arabic "day of the mosque assembly") |
Cumartesi (= cuma ertesi, the day after Dschumaa) |
Pazar (= Persian "bazaar") |
| fi | maanantai | tiistai | keskiviikko ( mid-week ) |
torstai | perjantai | lauantai | sunnuntai |
| hu | hétfő ( week head or seven head ) |
kedd ( from Hungarian kettő = 2 ) |
szerda ( Slavic origin - middle ) |
csütörtök ( Slavic origin - Fourth day ) |
péntek (of Slavic origin - five days ) |
szombat ( sabbath ) |
vasárnap ( market day ) |
| ar | يوم الاثنين Yawm al-iṯnayn ("Second day") |
يوم الثلاثاء Yawmu ṯ-ṯalāṯāʾi ("Third Day") |
يوم الأربعاء Yawm al-ʾarbaʿāʾ ("Fourth Day") |
يوم الخميس Yawm al-ḵamīs ("Fifth day") |
يوم الجمعة Yawmul-jumʿati (" Al-Jumʿa ") |
يوم السبت Yawmu s-sabti (" Sabbath ") |
يوم الأحد Yawm al-ʾaḥad ("first day") |
| arc | ܫܒܬܐ | ܚܕ ܒܫܒܐ | ܬܪܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ | ܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ | ܐܪܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ | ܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ | ܥܪܘܒܬܐ |
| hey | יום שני ( jomscheni, "second day" ) |
יום שלישי ( jom schlischi, "third day" ) |
יום רביעי ( jom revi'i, "fourth day" ) |
יום חמישי ( jom chamischi, "fifth day" ) |
יום ששי ( yom shishi, "sixth day" ) |
שבת ( Shabbat , "rest" ) |
יום ראשון ( jom rishon, "first day" ) |
| zh | 星期一 xīngqīyī ("first day of the week") |
星期二 xīngqīèr ("second day of the week") |
星期三 xīngqīsān ("third day of the week") |
星期四 xīngqīsì ("fourth day of the week") |
星期五 xīngqīwǔ ("fifth day of the week") |
星期六 xīngqīliù ("sixth day of the week") |
星期日 xīngqīrì ("weekday of the sun") |
| Yes |
月曜日 getsuyōbi ("weekday of the moon") |
火曜日 kayōbi ("weekday of fire / Mars'") |
水 曜 日 suiyōbi ("day of the week of water / Mercury") |
木 曜 日 mokuyōbi ("weekday of wood / Jupiter") |
金曜日 kin'yōbi ("weekday of gold / Venus") |
土 曜 日 doyōbi ("weekday of the earth / of Saturn") |
日 曜 日 nichiyōbi ("weekday of the sun") |
| ko | 월요일 Woryoil ("weekday of the moon") |
화요일 Hwayoil ("weekday of fire / Mars'") |
수요일 Suyoil ("weekday of water / Mercury") |
목요일 Mogyoil ("weekday of wood / Jupiter") |
금요일 Geumyoil ("weekday of gold / Venus") |
토요일 Toyoil ("Weekday of Earth / Saturn") |
일요일 Iryoil ("weekday of the sun") |
| lad. | lunesc | merdi | mierculdi | juebia | vënderdi | sada | dumënia |
| bair. | Moda | Irda | Migga | Pfindsda | Freida | Såmsda | Sunda |
| fa | دوشنبه
do shank |
سه شنبه
se schänbe |
چهارشنبه
Tschahar Schänbe |
پنجشنبه
pändj schänbe |
جمعه
djome |
شنبه
shovel |
یکشنبه
jek schänbe |
Counting the days of the week
Until the end of 1975, Sunday was the first day of the week in the Federal Republic of Germany. This regulation has been replaced by DIN 1355-1 , which is no longer valid , which made Monday the first day of the week. A comparable change came into force in the GDR as early as 1969. Today's ISO 8601 also defines Monday as the first day of the week. Sunday is still the first day of the week in England , North America and many other parts of the world, according to the Jewish and Christian counts.
Since 1978, by resolution of the UN, Monday has been the first day of the week internationally; Sunday is counted together with Saturday as the weekend .
The days Monday to Saturday are considered working days , Sunday as a specially protected day off.
Symbols for the days of the week
Since the Middle Ages, the planetary symbols common in astronomy and astrology have also been used for the days of the week. For the working days this can be found in church registers up to the 18th century. For Sunday, however, the sun symbol was not used there, but "Dom." Or "dies dominica".
| Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
| moon | Mars | Mercury | Jupiter | Venus | Saturn | Sun |
calculation
There are several methods of calculating the day of the week for a given date. These are presented in their own main articles:
literature
- Tomislav Talanga: German weekday names . In: Zagreb German Studies. No. 9, 2000, ISSN 1330-0946 , pp. 141-157, ( online ).
Web links
- Identification of a weekday on a specific date
- Weekday calculation in the header Detailed instructions for calculating the weekdays in the header Alternative, PDF
Notes and individual references
- ^ Johann Jakob Herzog, Real Encyclopedia for Protestant Theology and Church , Volume 17, 1863, p. 256
- ↑ http://www.bairische-sprache.at/Index/Remaraweng%20Boarisch%20-%20Lehren/Mahda%20bis%20Sunda%20.htm Monday to Sunday in Bavarian
- ↑ the day after Sunday, the "Неделя" - because that used to be the actual name of Sunday.
- ↑ "Неделя" также может означать воскресный день (Old Slavonic "Недѣля"; Ukrainian: "неділя"; Polish: "niedziela") in Russian [today] is Неделя , the real "non-working" used for our notion of the week.
- ↑ Variant from the Upper Bavarian Oberland
- ↑ DIN 1355 (ISO / R 2015-1971) (German)