Chronology of the First World War

This article is a brief chronology of the First World War . It is not an independent representation of this war, but serves to find Wikipedia articles on relevant dates and events.

Animation of the course of the First World War

contents

• 1914	Pre-war phase June / July							August	September	October	November	December
  1915	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
  1916	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
  1917	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
  1918	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November
  Post-war phase 1919–2010 See also literature on links to comments

1914

Pre-war phase June / July 1914

Arrest of Nedeljko Čabrinović in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914

Berlin, Unter den Linden : An officer of the Alexander Garde Grenadier Regiment announced the threat of war on the afternoon of July 31, 1914

→ Main article : July crisis

See also : June 1914 , July 1914 and Chronology of the July Crisis 1914

• June 28th:
  • Assassination attempt in Sarajevo
• 5th / 6th July:
  • The Hoyos mission leads to a " blank check ".
• 20.-23. July:
  • Visit of the French government ( Raymond Poincaré , René Viviani and Pierre de Margerie ) in Saint Petersburg .
• July 23:
  • Austria-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia.
• 24th July:
  • The Russian Privy Council decides to support Serbia.
• July 25th:
  • Morning: Telegram from Saint Petersburg to Belgrade with protection guarantee.
  • Around 6 p.m .: Serbian response to Austrian ultimatum with reservations, order to mobilize.
  • Breakdown of diplomatic relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
• July 26th:
  • Austro-Hungarian partial mobilization against Serbia.
• July 27th:
  • The majority of the British cabinet rejects intervention in the event of war.
• July 28th:
  • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
• 29th of July:
  • Artillery bombardment of Belgrade by Austro-Hungarian gunboats.
  • The British Cabinet approves the preventive mobilization of the fleet.
  • Around midnight: Russian partial mobilization.
• 30th July
  • Around 6 p.m .: Russian general mobilization.
• July 31:
  • Austrian and Belgian general mobilization.
  • German ultimatums to Russia to stop its mobilization and to France to declare neutral.
  • In Paris, the socialist politician Jean Jaurès , a leading member of the Second International, is shot dead by the nationalist Raoul Villain .

August 1914

→ Main article : August 1914

• August 1st:
  • Order for general mobilization in France (3:55 p.m.) and Germany (5 p.m.)
  • Germany declares war on Russia
  • Mobilization of the Royal Navy
  • The British Cabinet (Prime Minister Asquith ) decides not to use the British Expeditionary Force on the continent.
  • Great Britain confiscates the new battleships Reşadiye and Sultan Osman-I Evvel, which were completed for the Ottoman Empire and which are renamed Agincourt and Erin and taken over by the Royal Navy.
  • Italy declares its neutrality.
• August 2nd:

French general mobilization, August 2nd is handwritten as the first day of mobilization

• • German invasion in Luxembourg
  • German ultimatum to Belgium demanding free march through
  • First mobilization day in Germany and France. According to the Schlieffen Plan , seven of the eight German armies march in the west (two armies defensive, five in the offensive swivel wing). You are initially facing five French armies.
  • Jules-André Peugeot and Albert Mayer are the first to fall in the war; the battle takes place on French territory before the German declaration of war ( ).
  • Conclusion of a secret treaty between the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire
  • In two sessions, the British cabinet decides that the Royal Navy will protect the French coast in the event of a German attack (session from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.) and that intervention should be taken in the event of a violation of Belgian neutrality (session from 6.30 p.m. to 8 p.m.) .
  • German newspapers report alleged French bombings on Germany (→  airplane from Nuremberg ).
  • German troops advance a few kilometers on Polish-Russian territory and occupy the border towns of Kalisz (Kalisch), Częstochowa (Czestochowa) and Będzin (Bendzin). As a result, Kalisz is destroyed (until August 22nd).
• 3rd August:
  • Germany declares war on France
  • German troops march into Belgium
  • Mobilization of the British Army
  • British ultimatum to Germany
  • Romania declares its neutrality.
  • The Ottoman Navy begins to mine the Dardanelles except for a narrow passage.
• 4th of August:
  • Great Britain declares war on Germany after the ultimatum has expired (11 p.m. / midnight)
  • The Reichstag approved war credits and passed a War Powers Act .
  • Declaration of the truce by Kaiser Wilhelm II.
  • German attack on Liege
  • Shelling of Bône and Philippeville on the Algerian coast by the Goeben and Breslau , followed by the pursuit of the Mediterranean division by ships of the Royal Navy
• 5th of August:
  • Declaration of war by Montenegro on Austria-Hungary
  • The French Grand Quartier Général opens in Vitry-le-François , and press censorship comes into force.
• 6th of August:
  • Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
  • Serbia's declaration of war on the German Reich
• August 7th:

a rail-mounted 42 cm ballast gun from Krupp ("gamma mortar") was prepared to fire on August 7, 1914 near Liège

• • A French offensive in Alsace begins.
  • British War Secretary Lord Kitchener issues a call for volunteers for military service .
  • The British Parliament passes the Defense of the Realm Act , which restricts civil liberties.
  • Spain declares its neutrality (the Prime Minister at the time was Eduardo Dato ).
  • Mobilization in German South West Africa .
• 8th August:
  • French troops briefly take Mulhouse .
  • Royal Navy ships shell Dar-es-Salam , at that time the seat of the German colonial administration of German East Africa .
  • Wilhelm II donates the Iron Cross .
• August 9:
  • German counter-offensive in Alsace
  • The British Expeditionary Force is shipped to France.
• August 10:
  • Battle of Mulhouse
  • Goeben and Breslau arrive in the Dardanelles.
• August 11:
  • Declaration of war by Montenegro on the German Reich
  • France declares war on Austria-Hungary
  • Declaration of war by Egypt on the Central Powers
  • Australia and New Zealand set up a joint expeditionary force.
  • Battle of Lagarde (Lorraine)
• 12. August:
  • Battle of Haelen (Belgium)
  • Austro-Hungarian offensive against Serbia
  • Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary
  • Entente troops occupy Lomé ( Togo )
• 13 August:
  • The war raw materials department under Walther Rathenau begins its work.
  • Sinking of the Austrian passenger ship Baron Gautsch in the northern Adriatic, 147 people die
• August 14:
  • renewed French offensive in Alsace
  • French offensive in Lorraine
• 15th of August:
  • Russian troops march into East Prussia .
  • The German protection force for German East Africa attacks Taveta ( Kenya ).
• August 16:
  • the last two forts of the fortress ring around Liège capitulate
  • Beginning of the Battle of Cer on the Balkan Front (until August 24).
• August 17th:
  • King Albert I leaves Brussels.
  • The 1st Russian Army invades East Prussia, battle near Stallupönen .
• 18th of August:
  • French troops capture Sarrebourg .
  • King Albert's orders to withdraw the Belgian field army from Antwerp .
• August 19th:
  • Re-capture of Mulhouse by the French
  • Battle of Gumbinnen (East Prussia)

German troops in Brussels on August 20, 1914

• 20th of August:
  • German counter-offensive in Alsace
  • Battle of Lorraine between the German 6th and 7th and French 1st and 2nd armies; Beginning of the border battles
  • Brussels is taken by German troops, the siege of Namur begins .
  • Advance of the French 5th Army on the Sambre
  • The Belgian army reaches the protection of the fortress of Antwerp , beginning of the siege of Antwerp (until October 10th).
  • Pope Pius X dies.
• August 21:
  • Battle of the Sambre between the French 5th and German 2nd and 3rd Armies
  • Tamines (Belgium) massacre by German troops
  • Failure of the Austrian offensive against Serbia
• August 22nd:
  • Battle of the Ardennes, consisting of the Battle of Neufchâteau between the German and French 4th Armies and the Battle of Longwy between the German 5th and French 3rd Armies. With around 27,000 dead, this day is the most lost for the French army during the war.
  • Russian troops march into Galicia
  • Paul von Hindenburg takes over the leadership of the 8th Army on the Eastern Front .
  • The German police force from Togo fights with the British and French on the Chra River for the last major battle before the colony is surrendered (August 27).
• August 23:
  • Battle of Mons between the German 1st Army and British-French troops
  • Battle of Kraśnik
  • Declaration of war by Japan on the German Reich
  • The Dinant massacre is carried out by German troops.
• August 24:
  • End of the Battle of Cer , defeat and withdrawal of the Austro-Hungarian Army from Serbia.
• August 25:
  • Austria-Hungary declares war on Japan
  • The Namur Fortress falls.
  • The Belgian lion is destroyed by German troops .
  • The radio station Kamina ( Togo ; largest German radio station in Africa) is self-destructed.
• 26th of August:
  • Battle of Le Cateau between the German 1st Army and the British II Corps
  • Battle of Tannenberg (until August 30th), destruction of the Russian Narew army
  • Battle of Komarów
  • Government reshuffle in France ( Union sacrée )
• August 27th:
  • The siege of Tsingtau begins with a sea blockade by Japanese warships.
  • Handover of the German colony of Togo to the British and French
• August 28th:
  • Battle of St. Quentin between the German 2nd and French 5th Armies
  • First sea battle near Heligoland
  • Siege of Maubeuge (until September 8th)

Hoisting of the Union Jack in German Samoa, August 30th

• August 30th:
  • Battle of the Gnila Lipa : Russian breakthrough on Lemberg
  • New Zealand occupies German Samoa .
• August 31 (18):
  • The Russian capital Saint Petersburg is renamed Petrograd by order of the Tsar .
  • The conclave begins in Rome .

September 1914

→ Main article : September 1914

Russian troops entering Lviv

• September 2nd:
  • German troops reach the Marne and threaten Paris.
  • Lviv is captured by the Russians during the battle in Galicia .
• September 3:
  • The French government moves its headquarters to Bordeaux .
  • Benedict XV is elected the new Pope.
• 5th September:
  • In the Pact of London, the Entente powers agree not to conclude a separate peace.
• September 6th:
  • Battle of the Marne (until September 12): successful flank attack by the French army against the advancing Germans and thus failure of the Schlieffen Plan
  • Battle of the Masurian Lakes (until September 14th)
  • Serbian offensive on the Lower Sava , Battle of the Drina (until October 4th)
• September 8th:

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan: Allied troops hit the gap between the 1st and 2nd German armies on September 8, 1914

• • SM U 21 sinks the cruiser HMS Pathfinder in the Firth of Forth (first sinking of a warship at sea by a submarine).
  • Apostolic Letter Ubi primum Benedict XV.
  • Declaration of war by the South African Union on the German Empire
  • Battle of Rawa Ruska (until September 11th)
• the 9th of September:
  • Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg formulates the September program .
  • Battle of the Marne: order to withdraw German troops
• September 11:
  • Battle of Galicia: Retreat of the Austro-Hungarian troops to the San .
  • Australian troops land on the island of Neupommern, part of German New Guinea, and win the battle at Bita Paka .
• 12th September:
  • Battle of the Aisne begins (until September 20th)
• 13.september:
  • A British offensive against German South West Africa begins.
• September 14th:
  • The German chief of the general staff Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke is replaced by Erich von Falkenhayn (2nd OHL ).
  • The so-called " Race to the Sea " begins (until October 19th).
• September 15th:
  • Start of the Maritz rebellion in South Africa

A shell struck Reims Cathedral on September 20, 1914

• 16th September:
  • Siege of Przemyśl begins (first phase; until October 11th)
• September 18:
  • Bombardment of Reims Cathedral by German troops (until September 20th)
  • Landing of South African troops in Lüderitz Bay (German South West Africa)
• September 20th:
  • SMS Königsberg attacks Zanzibar and sinks HMS Pegasus .
• 21st September:
  • The “armed power” of the German New Guinea protected area surrenders to Australian units ( Hermann Detzner only surrenders in November 1918).
• September 22nd:
  • SM U 9 sinks three British armored cruisers in the North Sea - the importance of the submarine weapon becomes obvious.
  • Gneisenau and Scharnhorst shell Papeete ( Tahiti ).
• September 23rd:
  • The German cruiser SMS Emden fires at tank farms in Madras ( British India ).
• September 24th:
  • The first Russian attack on the Przemysl fortress is launched.
• 25th of September:
  • The German headquarters moves from Luxembourg to Mézières .
• September 26th:
  • Battle of Sandfontein (until September 29) - South Africans and British can be repulsed in German South West Africa for the time being.
• September 27th:
  • The Dardanelles are closed to all ships and mined by the Ottoman government.
• September 28th:
  • Douala ( Cameroon ) is occupied by British-French troops.
• September 29th:
  • The battle of the Vistula begins (until October 31).
  • Russian troops enter Hungarian territory.

October 1914

• 4th of October:
  • The justification to the world of culture signed by 93 dignitaries (also known as the Manifesto of 93 ) is published in the German Reich.
• 5th October:
  • Decree by Reich Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg to establish a central intelligence office , which later became the central office for foreign service at the Foreign Office
  • The crew of a French Voisin III , consisting of pilot Joseph Frantz and machine gunner Louis Quenault , achieved the first aerial victory in a war near Reims (against a German aviation BI ).
• October 10th:
  • Antwerp is captured, the Belgian government escapes via Ostend to Le Havre .
  • Charles I of Romania dies, his successor is Ferdinand I.
• October 11th:
  • The siege of Przemyśl is temporarily lifted.
• October, 16th:
  • Battle of the Yser (until October 31)
  • The declaration of the university professors of the German Reich , signed by over 3000 German scientists, is published.
• October 17th:
  • Naval battle off Texel
• the 20th of October:
  • The First Battle of Flanders begins (until November 18th).
  • first sinking of a merchant ship by SM U 17
• October 21:
  • The answer to the German professors will be published in the New York Times .
• October 22nd:
  • The Belgian Aid Commission is set up in the USA.
  • Austro-Hungarian troops recapture Chernivtsi
• October 27th:
  • Unsuccessful use of 3,000 German irritant gas grenades at Neuve-Chapelle ( Aubers )
  • The British dreadnought HMS Audacious sinks after a mine hit off the Northern Irish coast near Lough Swilly .
• 28th of October:
  • Five accomplices in the Sarajevo assassination attempt are sentenced to death.
  • The Flemish coastal area is flooded by the Belgian army.
  • SMS Emden attacks Penang ( Malaysia ).

The burning Novorossiysk on October 29, 1914

• October 29th:
  • Bombing of Russian Black Sea ports by the Ottoman fleet led by Wilhelm Souchon
  • A British Order-in-Council declares food to be “absolutely banned goods ”.

November 1914

• November 1st:
  • Declaration of war by Russia on the Ottoman Empire
  • Sea battle at Coronel , German naval victory against the British
  • Paul von Hindenburg becomes German Commander-in-Chief for the East , Erich Ludendorff remains his Chief of Staff.
  • Encyclical Ad beatissimi Apostolorum principis by Benedict XV.
  • The news office for the Orient begins its work in Berlin.
• November 2:
  • Russian troops start the miners offensive in the Caucasus .
  • The British Admiralty declares the North Sea a war zone and a complete blockade of Germany and its allies.
  • Battle of Tanga in German East Africa (until November 4th), the protection force repulses British troops
  • Serbia's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire
• November 3rd:
  • The German deep sea fleet bombs Yarmouth and Lowestoft on the British coast.
  • British and French warships bomb Turkish positions on the Dardanelles.
• November 5th:
  • Declaration of war by France and Great Britain on the Ottoman Empire
  • Great Britain annexed the island of Cyprus , which it had occupied since 1878 and which formally belonged to the Ottoman Empire .
• November 6th:
  • British landing at Fao in what is now Iraq
• November 7th:
  • Tsingtao is taken.
  • A Turkish counter-offensive in the Caucasus begins.
• November 8th
  • Battle of the Kolubara : first withdrawal of the Serbian army (until the counter-offensive on December 3rd).
• November 9th
  • The siege of Przemyśl resumed (until March 22, 1915).
  • SMS Emden is set aground after a sea battle on the Cocos Islands .
• November 11th:
  • The battle for Łódź begins (until December 5th).
  • The Battle of Basra begins (until November 23).

Call for jihad by Sheikhul Islam, November 14, 1914

• 14th November:
  • The Scheichülislam calls for jihad on the enemies of the Ottoman Empire.
• November 18:
  • Erich von Falkenhayn tells Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg that the war for Germany could no longer be won after the failure of the war of movement because of the resources of the Entente.
  • The western front freezes in trench warfare after the end of the First Battle of Flanders .
• November 23:
  • Call to Holy War in the Ottoman Empire
• 25. November:
  • Winston Churchill presents his plan for the Dardanelles enterprise to the British government .
• November 27th:
  • Another evacuation of Chernivtsi by Austro-Hungarian troops
• 30th of November:
  • Belgrade is taken (until December 2nd).
  • Turkish troops advance into Egypt.

December 1914

→ Main article : December 1914

• December 1:
  • Battle of Limanowa – Lapanow (until December 14th)
• 3rd of December:
  • Battle of the Kolubara : counter-offensive by the Serbian army (until December 15)
• December 4th:
  • Battle of al-Qurna
• 6th of December:
  • Capture of Łódź by German troops

The British battle cruiser HMS Inflexible takes survivors of the armored cruiser SMS Gneisenau on board after the sea battle in the Falkland Islands

• December 8th:
  • The German East Asia squadron is destroyed in the sea battle near the Falkland Islands .
  • The French government returns to Paris.
• 13th December:
  • Belgrade is retaken by the Serbian army.
  • The Turkish liner Mesudiye is sunk near Çanakkale by a British submarine.
• December 16:
  • German Seeraid against Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby
• December 17th
  • First French attacks in the winter battle in Champagne , at the same time attack near Arras (also known as the “1st Artois Offensive”; until December 20th).
• December 18th:
  • Great Britain declares Egypt its protectorate.
  • first Turkish advance to the Suez Canal
  • Battle for Naulila ( Angola )
• 19. December:
  • The Sultanate of Egypt is founded.
• December 22:
  • The battle of Sarıkamış begins (until January 15, 1915).
• December 24th ff .:
  • An unofficial Christmas peace is observed on parts of the front.
• 25 December:
  • Battle of Ardahan (until January 18, 1915)
• December 28th:
  • Russian counterattack in the winter battle in the Carpathian Mountains
  • Troops from previously neutral Italy occupy Vlora in Albania.

1915

January 1915

→ Main article : January 1915

• January 1st:
  • SM U 24 sinks the British liner HMS Formidable in the English Channel .
• January 4th:
  • Beginning of the Battle of Soissons (until January 14th)
• January 5th:
  • The Turkish withdrawal in the Caucasus begins.
  • A German civil administration is set up in the occupied part of Poland.
• January 8th:
  • An official report on German war crimes at the beginning of the war is published in France.
• January 9th:
  • The head of the German admiral's staff, Hugo von Pohl, calls for the submarine war to be intensified .
• 10. January:
  • German bombs dropped on Dover , Dunkirk and Ostend
• 11th January:
  • In Morobe (New Guinea) the last German government station is occupied by Australian units.
• 13th January:
  • The British government approves Churchill's plan to breach the Dardanelles.
  • Turkish troops capture Tabriz in northwest Persia.
  • Stephan Burián becomes the new Austrian-Hungarian Foreign Minister.
• January 14th:
  • South African troops capture Swakopmund .
• 15. January:
  • Soissons is evacuated by the French at the end of the Battle of Soissons .
• January 18th:
  • The Battle of Sarıkamış in the Caucasus ends with a heavy Turkish defeat.
  • The Japanese government presents its twenty-one demands to Chinese President Yuan Shikai .
  • German East Africa protection force beats the British at Jassini (on the Indian Ocean, not far from the Kenyan border)
• January 19:
  • German naval airships attack the British east coast for the first time.
• 21th January:
  • Adolf Wild von Hohenborn becomes the new Prussian war minister.
• 22nd of January:
  • German-Austria-Hungarian offensive on the Carpathian Front

Sinking of the German large cruiser SMS Blücher on January 24, 1915

• January 24th:
  • The German large cruiser SMS Blücher is sunk in the battle on the Dogger Bank .
• January 25th:
  • Introduction of bread brands (start of food rationing) in Germany
• January 26th:
  • France decides to participate in the Dardanelles company.
  • The Uschok Pass is captured by Austro-Hungarian troops.
• January 28th:
  • A Turkish offensive (in command: Friedrich Freiherr Kreß von Kressenstein ) against the Suez Canal begins.
• 31 January:
  • Use of irritant gas ( xylyl bromide ) by the German army on the Eastern Front near Bolimów
  • The British Admiralty calls on the merchant navy to hoist flags of neutral countries because of the German submarine danger.

February 1915

• February 1st:
  • Conference of Finance Ministers of Great Britain, France and Russia in Paris
• February 2nd:
  • Friedrich von Ingenohl , the chief of the deep sea fleet , is replaced by Hugo von Pohl .
• 3 February:
  • Three accomplices in the Sarajevo assassination attempt are executed in Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip escaped the death penalty because of his youth at the time of the crime.
  • A Turkish attack on the Suez Canal is repulsed by the British.

War zone around the British Isles, as it was proclaimed in February 1915

• February 4th:
  • Wilhelm II approves unlimited submarine warfare, which is due to begin two weeks later. The waters around the British Isles are declared a war zone, in which merchant ships can be sunk without warning.
• February 7th:
  • The winter battle in Masuria begins (until February 22nd).
• February 9:
  • The Suez Canal will be closed to ships from neutral states.
• February 10th:
  • The British House of Commons approves the army estimates, which provide for a war strength of 3 million men, and approves a corresponding army budget.
• February 12th:
  • The US government protests against the German decision to unrestricted submarine warfare.
• 14th of February:
  • The US government has issued a note protesting the British practice of allowing merchant ships to sail under neutral flags.
• February 16:
  • new French attack in Champagne (until March 15)
• 19th of February:
  • The bombardment of the Dardanelles by Anglo-French warships begins.
• February 22nd:
  • Beginning of the unrestricted submarine war

March 1915

• 1st March:
  • The Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient (CEO) under General Albert d'Amade is set up.
• 4th of March:
  • Russia declares its ambitions for Constantinople and the Dardanelles.
• 6th March:
  • The Greek government of Venizelos falls.
• 8th of March:
  • Austria-Hungary offers Italy the cession of Trentino in exchange for its continued neutrality.
• March 10th:
  • The battle of Neuve-Chapelle begins (until March 12th).
• March 11:
  • Landing of the CEO on Limnos
• March 12th:
  • The British and French governments give notes in their approval of the Russian claim to Constantinople.
• March 13th:
  • General Ian Hamilton takes command of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force .
• the 14th of March:
  • The SMS Dresden , the last ship of the German East Asia Squadron, is scuttled off the Chilean coast.

The sinking HMS Irresistible on March 18, 1915

• March 18th:
  • British and French warships penetrate the Dardanelles, the attempt to break through fails. The ships of the line Irresistible , Bouvet and Ocean are lost .
  • Russian troops temporarily occupy Memel .
• March, 20th:
  • The Reichstag decides on the new budget and a war loan.
  • German troops in South West Africa withdraw from South African attacks.
• March 21st:
  • A German zeppelin bombs Paris.
• March 22:
  • The Przemyśl fortress falls to the Russians.
• 26th of March:
  • The international conference of socialist women against war begins in Bern .
• 28th March:
  • The Russian Black Sea Fleet shells Turkish coastal cities.
  • Turkish troops invade the British Aden Protectorate from Yemen .

April 1915

• April 6th:
  • Austria-Hungary rejects Italian claims on South Tyrol .
• April 8th:
  • The French Croix de Guerre is donated.
• 11 April:
  • Start of a recruitment campaign in the UK
• April 14th:
  • The first edition of the left-wing socialist magazine Die Internationale appears in the German Reich.
  • The blockade breaker Rubens reaches the Mansa Bay (German East Africa).
• April 18:
  • The Turkish troops withdraw completely from Persia.
• April 19th:
  • The uprising of Van begins (until May 17th).
• April 22nd:
  • The second Battle of Flanders begins (until May 25th), first use of poison gas ( chlorine ), actual start of the gas war .
• April 24th:
  • Deportations of Armenian intellectuals from Constantinople

Landing of Australian troops on Gallipoli, April 25, 1915

• April 25th:
  • British-French and ANZAC troops land on the Gallipoli peninsula (Memorial Day: ANZAC Day ).
  • The Russian Black Sea Fleet shelled the forts on the Bosphorus .
• 26th of April:
  • In the London treaty , Italy undertakes to enter the war on the side of the Entente within one month.
• April 28th:
  • A German offensive against Lithuania and Courland begins.
  • The International Women's Peace Congress begins in The Hague (until April 30th).
• April, 30th:
  • The Yugoslav Committee was founded in London and advocated a state of its own for the Southern Slavs and against the far-reaching concessions made by the Entente to Italy at the expense of such a state.

May 1915

• 1st of May:
  • SM U 30 torpedoes the US tanker Gulflight , killing two Americans.
• 2.May:
  • The battle of Gorlice-Tarnów begins, as a result Russia has to largely evacuate Galicia .
• May 3rd:
  • A German naval airship sinks a British submarine in the North Sea.
• May 4th:
  • The Italian government terminates the Triple Alliance Treaty .
• 5th of May:
  • Submission of war aims of the Pan-German Association to Reich Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg

German troops in Libau, May 8, 1915

• May 7th:
  • Sinking of the RMS Lusitania by SM U 20 , 120 US citizens are among the 1198 fatalities
  • Libau is taken by German troops.
  • Japanese ultimatum to accept all Twenty-one Claims on China on Jan. 18
• May 9:
  • The Loretto Battle (also: 2nd Artois Offensive) begins (until June 25th / July 17th).
• 12th of May:
  • Windhoek is occupied by South African troops under Louis Botha .
  • The Bryce Report is published.
• May 13th:
  • HMS Goliath is sunk in front of the Dardanelles by the Turkish torpedo boat Muavenet-i Milliye .
  • The US government demanded in a protest note to return to the boat war to prize regulations .
• May 15th:
  • In a note, the US government calls on Germany to renounce submarine warfare.
• 17th of May:
  • The British First Sea Lord John Fisher resigns.
• May 20th:
  • Van is horrified by Russian troops.
  • First climax of war target agitation in Germany, memorandum of the six big business associations demands extensive annexations
• 23. May:
  • Declaration of war by Italy on Austria-Hungary
• May 24th:
  • Bombing of the Italian Adriatic coast by the Austro-Hungarian fleet (see attack on Ancona ).
  • The Entente Powers are demanding that Turkey cease its actions against the Armenians (→  genocide against the Armenians ).
• 25. May:
  • HMS Triumph is sunk at the Dardanelles by SM U 21 .
  • Signing of a Japanese-Chinese treaty. The 21 demands are thus accepted.
  • Government reshuffle in Great Britain: the Conservatives under Andrew Bonar Law join a coalition government under the previous Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith .

The Sinking Majestic ( photomontage , The War Illustrated , June 26, 1915)

• May 27th:
  • The deportation law is passed in the Ottoman Empire.
  • HMS Majestic is sunk by SM U 21 , the allied fleet at the Dardanelles withdraws to Mudros .
• 28th of May:
  • The German government rejects the US government's call to end the submarine war.
• 31. May:
  • first zeppelin attack on London
  • First use of phosgene as an admixture to chlorine gas on the Eastern Front

June 1915

• 3rd of June:
  • Przemyśl is retaken by Austro-Hungarian troops.
• June 5th:
  • In a secret order, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered no more attacks by submarines on large passenger steamers.
• June 9th:
  • US Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over the Lusitania crisis.
• June 10th:
  • in northern Cameroon, Garoua is taken after siege by British-French troops
• June 11th:
  • Albania is occupied by Serbian troops.
• June 13th:
  • Eleftherios Venizelos wins the parliamentary elections in Greece.
• 15th June:
  • French air raid on Karlsruhe
• 20th June:
  • An entry by German professors ( Seeberg address ) demands a victory peace.
• June 22:
  • Lemberg is recaptured by Austro-Hungarian troops.
• 23rd June:
  • The first Isonzo battle begins on the Italian front (until July 7th).
  • A military administration is formed for the conquered areas in Courland, Lithuania and Belarus ( Upper East ).
• June 29th:
  • The German-Austrian Bug Offensive begins and leads to the “ Great Retreat ” of the Russian Army.

July 1915

• 2nd July:
  • There is a sea battle during the Gotland raid .
• 5th July:
  • Italian troops begin the first Dolomite offensive (until August).
• July 9:
  • Surrender of the German troops in German South West Africa near Otavi
• July 11th:
  • The SMS Königsberg is sunk in the Rufiji Delta ( German East Africa ).
• July 13th:
  • The German Narew offensive begins.
• July 14;
  • Beginning of the Hussein-McMahon correspondence .
• 17th July:
  • The Second Battle of the Isonzo begins (until August 3rd).
• 22nd of July:
  • third Lusitania note
• July 28th:
  • On the occasion of the first anniversary of the outbreak of war, Benedict XV. a condemnation of the war entitled Allorché fummo chiamati .
• 29th of July:
  • US troops land in Haiti to end the unrest there.

August 1915

• August 1st:
  • Mitau , the capital of Courland, is taken by German troops.
• 4th of August:
  • Ivangorod fortress is evacuated by the Russians.
  • The siege of Novogeorgiewsk begins (until August 20).
  • In the German Empire, the Reichsdeutsche Brother-in-Arms Association is founded.

Entry of German cavalry into Warsaw on August 5th

• 5th of August:
  • Warsaw is occupied by German troops.
• 6th of August:
  • Allied troops land in Suvla Bay, the beginning of the so-called “August Offensive” on Gallipoli.
• 8th August:
  • Advance into the Riga Bay of the German fleet (until August 20)
• 13 August:
  • The British troop carrier Royal Edward is sunk in the Aegean by SM UB 14 .
• 18th of August:
  • The Kovno fortress is captured.
• August 19th:
  • The steamer Arabic is sunk south of Ireland by SM U 24 , killing 44 people, including three Americans.
  • In the Baralong incident , the entire crew of the German submarine SM U 27 is killed by the crew of the British submarine trap Baralong .
  • War target speech Bethmann Hollweg in the Reichstag
• 20th of August:
  • Declaration of war by Italy on the Ottoman Empire
• August 21:
  • The British attack fails in the Battle of Scimitar Hill .
• August 22nd:
  • Formation of the "Progressive Bloc" in the Russian Duma
• August 23:
  • Eleftherios Venizelos will once again be Prime Minister of Greece.
• August 24th:
  • The German Generalgouvernement Warsaw is formed.
• August 25:
  • Brest-Litovsk is occupied by Central Powers.
• August 31:
  • The Austro-Hungarian army conquers Lutsk .

September 1915

• September 1:
  • In the crisis caused by the sinking of the Arabic , the German ambassador to the USA, Johann Heinrich Graf von Bernstorff , informed the US government that passenger steamers should no longer be attacked by German submarines without warning.
• September 4th:
  • Grodno is occupied by German troops.
• 5th September:
  • Tsar Nicholas II takes command of the Russian armed forces from Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich .
  • The Zimmerwald Conference of Socialist Parties begins in Switzerland (until September 8th).
• September 6th:
  • Alliance treaty and military convention between the Central Powers and Bulgaria
• 7th of September:
  • French air raid on Freiburg i. Br.
• September 8th:
  • The Dubno fortress is conquered by the Austro-Hungarian army.
• the 9th of September:
  • German airship attacks on England, including bombing London.
• September 18:
  • End of the unlimited submarine war by the German Reich
  • Wilna is conquered by German troops.
• 21st September:
  • Mobilization order in Bulgaria
• September 24th:
  • Decision to mobilize in Greece

British infantry on the move during the Battle of Loos, September 25th

• 25th of September:
  • The autumn battle in Champagne begins (until November 6th).
  • The autumn battle at La Bassée and Arras (also: 3rd Artois Offensive) begins (until October 13th), the British part of this battle is known as the Battle of Loos (first British use of poison gas - chlorine).
• September 26th:
  • The Niedermayer-Hentig expedition reaches Kabul .

October 1915

• October 1:
  • The General Government of Lublin is established.
• October 3:
  • The Arabic conflict between the German and American governments is resolved.
• 4th of October:
  • The Entente Powers give Bulgaria an ultimatum to expel the German officers serving in the Bulgarian army within 24 hours.
• 5th October:
  • Anglo-French troops land in Salonika in violation of Greek neutrality. They are supposed to support Serbia in an expected attack by the Central Powers (see Salonikifront ).
  • Breaking off diplomatic relations between Russia and Bulgaria.
  • Eleftherios Venizelos declares his resignation.
• October 6th:
  • Beginning of the Central Powers' Serbian campaign by German and Austro-Hungarian troops of Army Group Mackensen .
  • The Entente states are following the example of Russia and breaking off their relations with Bulgaria.
• October 8: German airships launch the most devastating air raid of the war, triggering a major fire in London. This started the bombing of the civilian population far behind the front as a means of warfare.
• 9th October:
  • Belgrade is conquered by the Central Powers.
• October 10th:
  • Serbia calls on Greece to honor its alliance commitments in the event of a Bulgarian attack.
• October 11th:
  • Bulgarian troops cross the Serbian border near Knjaževac . They are initially limited to local advances.
• October 12th:
  • The British nurse Edith Cavell , convicted of helping to escape , is executed in Brussels.
  • Théophile Delcassé resigns as French foreign minister.
• October 13th:
  • Greece rejects Serbian October 10th demand.
  • German zeppelin attack on London
• October 14th:
  • Declaration of war and attack by Bulgaria on Serbia
• 15th October:
  • Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria
  • The Serbian seat of government is moved from Niš to Mitrovica .
• October, 16th:
  • France declares war on Bulgaria
  • Establishment of the war press office in the German Reich
• October 18th:
  • The Third Isonzo Battle begins (until November 3rd).
• October 19:
  • Declaration of war by Italy on Bulgaria
• the 20th of October:
  • Declaration of war by Russia on Bulgaria
  • Šabac is occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops.
• October 24th:
  • In the Hussein-McMahon correspondence , Great Britain assures the Arabs of support for their striving for independence if they rebel against the Turks.
• October 25:
  • In the USA, the representations of the Czechs and Slovaks in exile conclude the Cleveland Agreement. In it the common goal of an independent, federal and democratic Czechoslovak state is mentioned.
  • The Belgian War Cross is donated.
• October 27th:
  • Troops of the Central Powers unite in Serbia.
• October 29th:
  • René Viviani resigns as French Prime Minister. He will be succeeded by Aristide Briand .

November 1915

• November 5th:
  • Nis is captured by Bulgarian troops.
  • In China, the re-establishment of the monarchy is being voted on.
• November 8th:
  • The Italian steamer Ancona is sunk by SM U 38 .
• November 9th:
  • The fourth battle of the Isonzo begins (until December 15th).
• November 10th:
  • Reich Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and the Hungarian Foreign Minister Burian negotiate in Berlin on the future status of Poland.
• November 12th:
  • The Greek Parliament will of King Constantine I dissolved.
• November 13th:
  • The US Congress ratifies a treaty with Haiti that makes this country a de facto protectorate.
• 14th November:
  • Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk founds a Czech action committee in Paris to strive for an independent state.
• November 16:
  • The government of Ahmad Shah Kajar leaves Tehran (see First World War in Persia ).
  • Winston Churchill leaves the British government.
• November 19th:
  • Charges are brought against Rosa Luxemburg , Franz Mehring and Clara Zetkin for publishing the magazine Die Internationale .
  • Japan joins the London Pact.
• 21st November:
  • The Serbian government moves its seat to Scutari in Albania.
• 22nd of November:
  • The Battle of Ctesiphon begins (until November 25th).
• November 23:
  • Completion of the offensive against Serbia, the remnants of the Serbian army withdraw to the Adriatic coast.
• 30th of November:
  • Cabinet reshuffle in Austria-Hungary
  • Italy joins the London Pact.
  • After a protest meeting against the poor supply situation in Berlin, 53 women are arrested.

December 1915

• 3rd of December:
  • Joseph Joffre officially becomes commander in chief of the French army.
• December 4th:
  • German and Bulgarian troops occupy Monastir in Macedonia.
• 6th of December:
  • A conference of the Allied powers begins in Chantilly , at which the warfare of 1916 is discussed and timed offensives are agreed (until December 8th).
• December 7th:
  • The siege of Kut begins (until April 29, 1916).
• 9th of December:
  • A peace interpellation by the SPD in the Reichstag is answered by Reich Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg to the effect that annexations in East and West are indispensable for securing peace.
• 11th December:
  • Yuan Shikai can be elected Chinese emperor.
  • first use of phosgene by German troops near Wieltje (Flanders)
• 13th December:
  • Bulgarian troops stop pursuing the Entente Army on the Greek border.
• December 17th:
  • SMS Bremen sinks after a mine hit in the Baltic Sea.
• 19. December:
  • Embarkation of the Allied Expeditionary Force on Gallipoli begins
  • Douglas Haig replaces John French as British Commander in Chief on the Western Front.
• 21st December:
  • In the Reichstag, 20 SPD members, including party leader Hugo Haase , vote against the new war credit; in a statement, Bethmann Hollweg is accused (see December 9) of favoring annexation drivers.
  • The Montenegrin King Nikola sends a request for peace to Franz Joseph I.
• 30th of December:
  • The passenger ship Persia is sunk in the Mediterranean by SM U 38 .
  • Saloniki is bombed by German planes.

1916

January 1916

• January 1st:
  • Yaoundé , the capital of Cameroon , is occupied by Allied troops.
• January 5th:
  • The campaign in Montenegro begins (until January 17th).
• January 9th:
  • The last British associations evacuate Gallipoli.
• 10. January:
  • The Russian army in the Caucasus begins its Erzurum offensive (until February 16).
• 11th January:
  • Friedrich Ebert is elected as the new SPD parliamentary group leader.
  • Corfu is occupied by Allied troops, it is to serve as a retreat for the defeated Serbian army.
• 15. January:
  • The first Balkan train travels from Germany to Constantinople.

Wilhelm II and Ferdinand I of Bulgaria inspecting Bulgarian troops, Niš , January 18, 1916

• January 16:
  • Montenegro is defeated.
• January 23:
  • Austro-Hungarian troops occupy the Albanian Skutari .
  • King Nikola of Montenegro surrenders and goes into French exile.
• January 24th:
  • Reinhard Scheer becomes the new head of the deep sea fleet .
• January 25th:
  • Armistice between Austria-Hungary and Montenegro

Poster for the introduction of conscription in Great Britain

• January 26th:
  • A conscription law is adopted in the British House of Commons, initially for all single men between 18 and 41 years of age (extended to married couples in May), to be introduced the following day.
• January 29th:
  • German zeppelin attack on Paris
• 31 January:
  • German zeppelin attacks on English industrial cities

February 1916

• February 2nd:
  • Boris W. Stürmer becomes the new Russian Prime Minister.
• February 8th:
  • The German government decides to sink armed merchant ships without warning, announced on February 11th.
• February 9:
  • Tirana is occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops.
• 13th February:
  • Led by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , Edvard Beneš and the Slovak Milan Rastislav Štefánik , the Czechoslovak National Council is formed from the Czech Action Committee .
• February 16:
  • Russian troops march into Erzurum .
• 19th of February:
  • The last German troops in Cameroon are taken prisoner near Mora .
• 21st of February:
  • The battle for Verdun begins with a major German attack.
• February 22nd:
  • In the House-Gray Memorandum , Edward M. House and Edward Gray urge US President Wilson to prepare a peace conference, and if Germany rejects it, the US should join the war on the Entente side.
• February 23:
  • 35 German merchant ships are confiscated by the Portuguese government.
• February 25th:
  • German troops capture Fort Douaumont near Verdun.
  • Philippe Pétain takes command of the French troops at Verdun.
• February 26th:
  • The French troop transport Provence is sunk in the Mediterranean by SM U 35 .
• 27th of February:
  • The Albanian Durazzo is captured by the Austro-Hungarian army.
  • The German government reacted with a sharp protest note to the confiscation of German ships by Portugal.
• February 29th:
  • Greif sinks the British auxiliary cruiser Alcantara in the North Seaand is sunk himself shortly afterwards.

March 1916

• 3 March:
  • The village of Douaumont near Verdun is taken by the Germans.
• 4th of March:
  • France and Great Britain decide to partition Cameroon.
• 6th March:
  • At the conference in the main headquarters in Pless, Kaiser Wilhelm II decided against a resumption of unlimited submarine warfare, which was demanded by Secretary of State for the Navy, Alfred von Tirpitz .
  • Attack by attack group West on the left bank of the Meuse near Verdun
• 9th March:
  • Declaration of war by the German Reich on Portugal
  • Pancho Villa raids the small town of Columbus in New Mexico, and the US moves troops to the border.
• March 11:
  • The Fifth Battle of the Isonzo begins (until March 16).
• the 14th of March:

March 14, 1916: German infantrymen attack the heights of the dead man

• • The height of the “dead man” before Verdun is stormed.
  • US troops under John J. Pershing begin the Mexican expedition .
• March, 15:
  • Alfred von Tirpitz says goodbye, his successor as Secretary of State for the Navy is Eduard von Capelle .
  • Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal
• March 16:
  • The French Minister of War Joseph Gallieni resigns, Pierre Auguste Roques is his successor .
  • António José de Almeida is the new Portuguese Prime Minister, succeeding Afonso Costa .
  • Anglo-Egyptian troops begin an expedition to what is now the Sudanese region of Darfur , the area is brought under control by November 1916.
  • The blockade breaker Marie reaches Sudi (last direct supply for German East Africa until the end of the war).
• March 18th:
  • The battle on Lake Naratsch begins (until March 30th).
• 19th March:
  • Isfahan is captured by the Russian army.
  • Antonio Salandra wins a vote of confidence in the Italian Parliament.
  • Conference of the Spartacus group in Berlin
• March, 20th:
  • The German naval base in Zeebrugge is attacked by British planes.
• March 24th:
  • The British mail steamer Sussex is torpedoed in the English Channel by SM UB 29 ; three Americans are among the victims, and the submarine war is temporarily stopped after American protests.
  • Under the leadership of Hugo Haase , 17 SPD members in the Reichstag declare their exit from the parliamentary group and the establishment of a social democratic working group .
• 25th March:
  • Hugo Haase resigns as chairman of the SPD, Friedrich Ebert is now the sole chairman of the party.
• 26th of March:
  • The Stotzingen mission arrives in Damascus .

Allied conference of Paris on 27./28. March 1916

• 27.-28. March:
  • At a conference in Paris the Allies decide to work more closely together on economic issues and on the blockade of the Central Powers.
• March 29th:
  • A state of emergency is imposed on Dublin after unrest.

April 1916

• 9th April:
  • new German attacks at Verdun
• April 13th:
  • The Mexican government is calling on the US to withdraw its troops from the country.
• April 16:
  • The first units of the Russian Army Expeditionary Force in France arrive in Marseille .
• 17th April:
  • Russian troops occupy Trebizond on the Black Sea coast.
  • The summit of the Col di Lana is blown up by Italian pioneers, 200 Kaiserjäger are killed.
• April 18:
  • The Escadrille La Fayette is founded in Luxeuil .
• 20th of April:
  • The USA is threatening the German Reich with breaking off relations because of the Sussex incident.
• April 21:
  • Roger Casement was dropped off in southern Ireland by the German submarine SM U 19 and arrested shortly afterwards.
• April 22nd:
  • The German freighter Libau , which carries weapons for an Irish uprising, is self- sunk .
• April 24th:
  • The Easter Rising of the Irish Volunteers begins in Dublin.
  • The head of the German Naval Staff Henning von Holtzendorff 's command, the submarine warfare in future only to prize regulations to lead.
  • The Kienthal Conference of European Socialists begins (until April 30th).
• April 25th:
  • Raid German battle cruisers on Yarmouth and Lowestoft
• April 29th:
  • Siege of Kut : The British Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force surrenders in Kut al Amara .
  • The Easter Rising is suppressed.

May 1916

• 1st of May:
  • Philippe Pétain becomes the new Commander-in-Chief of the Groupe d'Armées du Center , while Robert Nivelle takes over the command of Verdun .
  • Karl Liebknecht is arrested at an anti-war demonstration in Berlin.
• May 4th:
  • The German government gives in to American pressure and does the Sussex pledge .
• May 15th:
  • The Austro-Hungarian army's South Tyrol offensive begins (until June 18).
  • US troops land in the Dominican Republic.
• May 16:
  • The Sykes-Picot Agreement between France and Great Britain defines the boundaries of the spheres of interest in the Middle East.
• 17th of May:
  • general conscription law in Great Britain
• May 22:
  • The War Food Office is founded in the German Reich.
• 23. May:
  • Government reshuffle in the German Reich, Karl Helfferich becomes the new State Secretary of the Interior and Vice Chancellor, Siegfried von Roedern takes his post in the Reich Treasury , Adolf Tortilowicz von Batocki-Friebe becomes President of the War Food Office with the rank of State Secretary.
• May 27th:
  • Woodrow Wilson calls for a "peace without victors and conquered".
• 28th of May:
  • Bulgarian troops breach the Greek border and occupy Fort Roupel .

Sinking of the Queen Mary on May 31, 1916 during the Battle of the Skagerrak

• 31. May:
  • The Battle of the Skagerrak begins in the North Sea (until June 1st), the result is a tactical success of the Germans without changing the strategic situation dominated by the British.

June 1916

• 3rd of June:
  • The National Defense Act is passed in the USA.
• June 4th:
  • The Russian Brusilov offensive (until September 20th) begins on a front length of 350 kilometers .
• June 5th:
  • The British Minister of War Lord Kitchener is killed by a mine hit in the sinking of HMS Hampshire , he was on his way to Russia, his successor is the previous Minister of Munitions, David Lloyd George .
  • The Arab revolt begins in the Ottoman Empire, it is supported by the British ( TE Lawrence ).
• 6th of June:
  • The Greek ports are blocked by the Entente, the goal is new elections and a demobilization of the armed forces (until June 22nd).
  • Death of Yuan Shikai . Li Yuanhong becomes Chinese President.
• June 7th:
  • The Fort Vaux in Verdun capitulated.
• 8th June:
  • Lutsk is retaken by the Russian army.
  • second Turkish invasion of Persia
• June 9th:
  • Dubno is retaken by the Russian army.
• June 11th:
  • Antonio Salandra resigns after a vote of no confidence, his successor as Italian Prime Minister will be Paolo Boselli .
• 17th of June:
  • Russian troops take Chernivtsi .
• June 21st:
  • The Greek Prime Minister Stephanos Skouloudis resigns, his successor will be Alexandros Zaimis .
• June 22:
  • heavy French air raid on Karlsruhe
• 23rd June:
  • The Thiaumont intermediate plant and the village of Fleury are stormed near Verdun .
  • The merchant submarine Germany leaves for a trip to the USA.
• June 24th:
  • On the Somme, a week-long barrage began on the German positions.
• June 28th:
  • Karl Liebknecht is sentenced to two and a half years in prison for high treason.

July 1916

A mine near Beaumont-Hamel was blown up on the first day of the Somme battle

Battle of the Somme: British and German wounded on July 19, 1916

• July 1:
  • The Battle of the Somme begins (until November 18). On the first day of the offensive alone, the British Army lost 57,000 men, including 19,000 dead.
• 10th of July:
  • Rosa Luxemburg is taken into protective custody in the German Reich.
• July 12:
  • After the failure of German attacks on Fort de Souville , Chief of Staff Falkenhayn orders the offensive at Verdun to be suspended.
• July 19:
  • The Battle of Fromelles begins (diversionary attack for the Battle of the Somme; until July 21).
• July 23:
  • Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Sasonow resigns, Boris Stürmer takes over his office.
• July 28th:
  • Brody is taken by the Russians.

Destruction in Jersey City harbor on July 31st

• 30th July:
  • Black Tom Explosion in Jersey City Harbor , USA
  • The "Army Front Hindenburg" is formed on the eastern front.

August 1916

• August 2nd:
  • Paul von Hindenburg was given supreme command of the entire German front between the Baltic Sea and the Ukraine.
• 3rd August:
  • A Turkish offensive on the Suez Canal begins (until August 5th).
  • The novel Das Feuer ( Le Feu ) by Henri Barbusse is published for the first time in feature sections.
• 6th of August:
  • The Sixth Battle of the Isonzo begins (until August 16).
• August 9:
  • Fort Thiaumont is retaken by the Germans in a surprise attack.
  • Gorizia falls to the Italians.
• August 10:
  • Stanislau falls to the Russians.
• 12. August:
  • Reich Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and kuk Foreign Minister Burian decide in Vienna to form a Polish state.
• August 17th:
  • A German-Bulgarian offensive in Macedonia begins, in which parts of Greece are occupied.
  • Romania signs an alliance treaty with the Entente, which promises it large territorial gains at the expense of Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.
• August 19th:
  • A second major naval battle between the deep-sea fleet and the Grand Fleet is narrowly avoided, the British lose two light cruisers.
• August 23:
  • Karl Liebknecht is sentenced to over four years imprisonment in the appeal proceedings in Berlin.
• August 27th:
  • Romania's declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Romanian troops invade Transylvania .
  • Declaration of war by Italy on the German Reich
• August 28th:
  • Declaration of war by the German Reich on Romania
• 29th August:
  • Erich von Falkenhayn is replaced as Chief of Staff by Paul von Hindenburg, Erich Ludendorff becomes First Quartermaster General (“Third OHL”), and the new German Supreme Commander of the Eastern Front becomes Prince Leopold of Bavaria .
• August 30th:
  • Declaration of war by the Ottoman Empire on Romania
  • Romania's diplomatic relations with Bulgaria are broken off
• August 31:
  • The 3rd OHL presents the " Hindenburg Program ".

September 1916

• September 1:
  • Bulgaria's declaration of war on Romania
• September 2nd:
  • In another attack against London for the first time after the further development of the engl. Air defense of one of the German airships shot down directly by the air defense with phosphorus ammunition. As a result, the losses in the aerial bombings in England increase. The German army command stopped the attacks because the risk of loss had become too great.
• September 3:
  • Beginning of the Central Powers' campaign against Romania
• September 4th:
  • Dar es Salaam is conquered by the British.
• September 6th:
  • The Tutrakan fortress on the Danube is captured by Bulgarian-German troops.
  • The "provisions for the unified supreme command of the central powers and their allies" are issued, the "Supreme War Command" should lie with the German Kaiser ( de facto with the OHL).
• September 10:
  • The fortress Silistra on the Danube is conquered by Bulgarian-German troops.
• 12th September:
  • The allied Monastir offensive begins.
• 13.september:
  • A Greek army corps comes under German protection near Kavala .
• September 14th:
  • The Seventh Battle of the Isonzo begins (until September 18).

British Mark I tank (male) near Flers / Courcelette, September 15, 1916

• September 15th:
  • First use of tanks by the British on the Somme near Flers - Courcelette
• 16th September:
  • Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
• September 18:
  • A German offensive against the Romanian army in Transylvania begins.
  • Florina is retaken from the Allies.
• September 19th:
  • Tabora in German East Africa is taken by Belgian troops.
• September 22
  • The battle of Sibiu begins (until September 29th), German attack under the command of Falkenhayn.
• September 23rd:
  • The construction of the Siegfriedstellung begins. It is part of the Hindenburg program .
• September 29th:
  • A Romanian counter-offensive on the Danube begins (until October 5th).
  • Eleftherios Venizelos establishes a Greek counter-government in Crete.

October 1916

• 4th of October:
  • The French troop carrier Gallia is sunk in the Mediterranean by SM U 35 .
  • Formation of the "Archduke Karl Army Front" on the Eastern Front
• October 7th:
  • The Reichstag parliamentary group of the Center Party declares that the decision on unrestricted submarine warfare is left to the OHL, so that the supporters have the upper hand in the Reichstag for the first time.
• 8th October:
  • The German air forces are placed under a single command by cabinet order .
  • The appearance of the SPD party organ Vorwärts is again banned, as a result of which the party executive takes control of the paper.
  • Kronstadt is taken by the Austro-Hungarian army.
• 9th October:
  • The Eighth Battle of the Isonzo begins (until October 12).
  • Venizelos lands in Saloniki, he wants to raise an army to fight on the side of the Allies.
• October 10th:
  • Spyridon Lambros becomes the new Greek Prime Minister.
• October 11th:
  • After an Allied ultimatum, the Greek fleet is handed over.
  • The Prussian War Minister Adolf Wild von Hohenborn orders the census of Jews in the German army.
  • The Reichstag resolves to extend the legislative period that lasted until the beginning of 1917 by one year.
• October, 16th:
  • TE Lawrence arrives in Jeddah , where he becomes an advisor to Prince Faisal .
• October 21:
  • massive French artillery attacks on the forts Douaumont and Vaux
  • The Imperial and Royal Prime Minister Karl Graf Stürgkh is shot in Vienna by the Social Democrat Friedrich Adler .
• 23rd October:
  • Fort Douaumont is abandoned by the Germans.
  • Constanța is captured by German troops under General Field Marshal August von Mackensen .
• October 24th:
  • French major attack near Verdun
• 28th of October:
  • Oswald Boelcke , the most successful German fighter pilot to date, dies after a collision.
• October 29th:
  • Hussein ibn Ali declares himself king of the Arabs.
  • Hermann von Stein becomes the new Prussian Minister of War.

November 1916

• November 1st:
  • The ninth battle of the Isonzo begins (until November 4th).
  • The War Office is founded in the German Reich .
  • Carrying out the census of Jews
• November 2:
  • Fort Vaux is abandoned and blown up by the Germans.
• November 5th:
  • The reign of Poland is proclaimed by the Central Powers.
  • SMS Kronprinz and SMS Großer Kurfürst are torpedoed in the North Sea.
• November 7th:
  • President Woodrow Wilson wins the presidential election in the United States .
• November 13th:
  • The Battle of the Ancre begins (until November 18th), with it the Battle of the Somme ends after enormous losses on both sides.
• 15th of November:
  • New Allied conference in Chantilly , at which the planning for offensives in 1917 is coordinated
• November 19th:
  • Monastir is taken by the Allies.
  • In an ultimatum, the Allies demand the expulsion of the Central Powers' envoys from Greece.
• 21st November:
  • Franz Joseph I dies, he is succeeded by his great-nephew Karl I.
  • HMHS Britannic sinks after a mine hit in the Aegean Sea (largest sunk non-warship in World War I, sister ship of the RMS Titanic ).
• November 23:
  • Troops under August von Mackensen cross the Danube at Zimnicea .
  • The provisional Greek government under Venizelos declares war on Germany and Bulgaria.
  • Lanoe Hawker is shot down by Manfred von Richthofen near Bapaume .
• November 24th:
  • Russian Prime Minister Boris Stürmer is stepping down, his successor being Alexander F. Trepow .
• 25. November:
  • Arthur Zimmermann becomes the new State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, succeeding Gottlieb von Jagow .
• November 29th:
  • David Beatty succeeds John Jellicoe as Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet.
• 30th of November:
  • King Constantine I rejects the Allied ultimatum of November 19th. Allied troops land in Piraeus .

December 1916

→ Main article : December 1916

• December 1:
  • The battle of the Argesch begins (until December 3rd).
• December 5th:
  • British Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith resigns, and will be succeeded by David Lloyd George .
  • A provisional State Council for the Kingdom of Poland is created in Warsaw.

Austrian-Hungarian troops march into Bucharest on December 6, 1916; on horseback Field Marshal von Mackensen

• 6th of December:
  • Bucharest is occupied by troops from the Central Powers. The Romanian army is retreating on the Sereth , the government had previously moved to Iași . The British John Norton-Griffiths successfully sabotages the Romanian oil fields before German troops can reach them.
  • In the German Reich, the law on patriotic auxiliary service comes into force (resolution the day before).
• December 7th:
  • The Russian offensive in the Carpathian Mountains is ended.
• December 8th:
  • The blockade of Greece by allied naval forces begins.
• 11th December:
  • The Allied offensive in Macedonia is suspended.
• 12th of December:
  • Bethmann Hollweg announces the peace offer of the Central Powers in the Reichstag .
• 13th December:
  • A British offensive in Mesopotamia begins under Frederick Stanley Maude .
  • In a series of avalanches in the Southern Alps, several thousand soldiers are dying on both sides.
• December 14th:
  • Russian Foreign Minister Nikolai Pokrovsky rejects the December 12th peace offer.
  • Government reshuffle in France, new Minister of War is Hubert Lyautey , Albert Thomas Minister for Armaments.
• 15th December:
  • A limited French offensive on the east bank of the Meuse near Verdun was successful.
• December 18th:
  • President Wilson calls on all warring powers to disclose their peace terms.
• 19. December:
  • David Lloyd George rejects the German peace offer in front of the House of Commons.
• 20th of December:
  • Heinrich Graf Clam-Martinic becomes the new Austrian Prime Minister.
• 21st December:
  • A British offensive on Sinai begins.
• December 22:
  • The battle of Rimnicul-Sarat begins (until December 27th).
  • Ottokar Graf Czernin becomes the new Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister.
• December 26th:
  • General Joseph Joffre is forced to retire, and is succeeded by Robert Nivelle .
  • The German Reich declares its willingness to participate in a peace conference in accordance with its peace offer of December 12th, but rejects American mediation.
• 30th of December:
  • The Allies jointly announce that they reject the peace offer of the Central Powers as insincere.
  • Rasputin is murdered in Petrograd.

1917

January 1917

• January 5th:
  • Brăila is taken by the Central Powers.
  • A Russian offensive on the Courland Aa begins (until January 11th).
• January 9th:
  • Battle of Rafah, the Turks must evacuate Sinai.
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II gives in to the OHL's pressure for unrestricted submarine warfare, despite Bethmann Hollweg's (cautious) concerns.
  • Nicholas II appoints Nikolai D. Golitsyn as the new Russian Prime Minister.
• 10. January:
  • Allied governments respond to President Wilson's December 18 note at their conference in Rome. They demand from the Central Powers the evacuation of the occupied territories, the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France, the return of Poland to Russia and the restoration of the independence of Belgium, Serbia and Montenegro.
• 11th January:
  • The Reich government informs the neutral states of their peace conditions.
• January 12th:
  • The Entente powers announce their response to the US President's appeal for peace on December 21st (compare January 10th).
  • Hunger protests in front of the Hamburg city hall, further protests in the turnip winter follow.
• January 14th:
  • Opening of the Polish State Council in Warsaw
• 15. January:
  • The Mexican President Venustiano Carranza calls for the immediate withdrawal of the US punitive expedition.
• January 16:
  • The Zimmermann telegram is sent and intercepted by the British radio reconnaissance ( Room 40 ).
• January 17th:
  • The Danish Virgin Islands are taken over by the USA.
• January 18th:
  • President Wilson orders the Mexico expedition to withdraw.
• 22nd of January:
  • In a Senate speech, President Wilson calls for a “peace without victory” and a right of peoples to self-determination.
• January 23:
  • A German offensive against Riga begins (until February 3rd).
• 31 January:
  • In a note, the German government announces the start of unrestricted submarine warfare on February 1st.

February 1917

• In the course of the month, the difficulties in supplying the German population with food escalated and the average daily ration fell to 1,000 kilocalories per day (average requirement: 2,410 kilocalories).
• February 1st:
  • Conference of the Entente Powers in Petrograd
• 3 February:
  • The US freighter Housatonic is sunk by SM U 53 .
  • The US breaks off relations with the German Reich and calls on other neutral states to take the same step.
• February 6th:
  • The Mexican government has announced its neutrality should the USA enter the war.
• February 9
  • The Alberich company begins to take back a front arch with massive destruction (" scorched earth ").
• February 12th:
  • Franco-Russian secret treaty
• 13th February:
  • Mata Hari is arrested in Paris.
• 19th of February:
  • The Zimmermann telegram decrypted by Room 40 is leaked to US diplomats .
• February 23:
  • The British cross the Tigris and conquer Kut .
• February 24th:
  • President Wilson learns of the Zimmermann dispatch.
• February 25th:
  • The British steamer Laconia is sunk by SM U 50 on its voyage from New York to Great Britain .
• February 26th:
  • President Wilson speaks to Congress and announces the arming of US merchant ships.
  • Anglo-French Conference in Calais
• 27th of February:
  • Large demonstration in Petrograd for the opening of the Duma
• February 28th:
  • The content of the Zimmermann dispatch is given to the press.

March 1917

• 1st March:
  • Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf is replaced as kuk General Staff Chief by Arthur Arz von Straussenburg .
• March 3rd (February 18th):
  • A strike breaks out in the Putilov works in Petrograd .
• 5. March:
  • Armament of US merchant ships begins.
• March 8 (February 23):
  • Beginning of the February Revolution of 1917 : General strike in Petrograd. Nicholas II goes to the front.
• March 10th:
  • Clashes between demonstrators and the military in Petrograd, parts of the Petrograd garrison show solidarity with the demonstrators.
• March 11:
  • Nicholas II dissolves the Duma.
  • Baghdad is taken by the British.
• March 12 (February 27):
  • The parliament in Petrograd seizes power from the tsarist government. Participation of the Duma in the revolution, constitution of the Petrograd Soviet (“Red Monday”).
• March 14 (1):
  • Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet , formation of soldiers' councils
• March 15th (2nd):
  • Nicholas II abdicates, formation of a provisional government under Prince Georgi Lwow .
• March 16:
  • Completion of the Alberich company: German withdrawal to the Siegfried position (by March 19)
• March 17th (4th):
  • Formation of the Central Na Rada in Kiev
  • Aristide Briand resigns as French Prime Minister. Alexandre Ribot forms a new government.
• March 18th (5th):
  • The new Russian foreign minister, Pavel Miliukov, announced that his country would continue to fight until victory.
• March 22:
  • Recognition of the Provisional Government in Russia by the USA
  • The auxiliary cruiser Möve arrives back in Kiel after its second and last Atlantic voyage (captured a total of 39 enemy merchant ships).
• March 24th:
  • Recognition of the Provisional Government in Russia by France, Great Britain and Italy
  • Charles I's secret offer of peace to Raymond Poincaré by his brother-in-law Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma
• 26th of March:
  • first battle for Gaza
• March 27 (14):
  • In its "Appeal to the Peoples of the Whole World", the Petrograd Soviet calls on the proletarians of all countries to put their governments under pressure so that they enter into peace negotiations as soon as possible.

April 1917

On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on the German Reich

• 2nd of April:
  • Woodrow Wilson asks the United States Congress, which is meeting in a joint session , to declare war on the German Reich.
• 4. April:
  • The US Senate votes 82 to 6 for declaring war on the German Reich.
• April 6th:
  • At around 3 a.m. Washington time, the US House of Representatives voted 373 to 50 for the United States' declaration of war on the German Reich, which was thus decided.
• 6-8 April:
  • The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) is founded in Gotha .
• 7th of April:
  • Easter message from the German Emperor, he holds out the prospect of reforming the Prussian three-class suffrage after the war.
  • Declarations of war by Cuba and Panama to the German Reich
• 9th April:
  • The Battle of Arras begins (until May 16).
  • Breakdown of diplomatic relations between Austria-Hungary and the USA
  • Lenin is traveling through the German Empire on his return trip from Switzerland to Russia .
• 10th of April:
  • The Polish Wehrmacht is formed.
  • Diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and the USA are broken off
  • Alexander von Krobatin resigns as kuk war minister, successor is Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten .
• 11 April:
  • Declaration of war by the Ottoman Empire on the USA
• April 13th:
  • In the USA the Committee on Public Information is formed.
• April 16:
  • The battle of the Aisne begins (until May 9th). First use of French tanks.
  • Beginning of " April Strikes " in the German Reich
  • Break of diplomatic relations between Brazil and the German Reich
  • Lenin arrives in Petrograd.
• April 17th (4th):
  • Lenin proclaims his “ April theses ”.
• April 19th:
  • second battle for Gaza
  • The majority SPD is calling for Germany to be parliamentarized .
• 20th of April:
  • Raid of German torpedo boats on Dover
  • Allied agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (France), which provides for the participation of Italy in the Nazi occupation of Anatolia.
• April 22nd:
  • second battle at Lake Dojran
• April 23:
  • Kreuznacher war target conference : far-reaching German annexation targets
• April 24th:
  • Raid of German torpedo boats on Dunkirk
• April 28th:
  • The US Congress votes for a general draft law ( Selective Service Act ).
• April 29th:
  • The beginning of mutinies in the French army
  • Philippe Pétain becomes Chief of the French General Staff.

May 1917

• May 1st (April 18th):
  • The Miliukov note is sent, it is the cause of a government crisis in Russia.
• May 4th:
  • A flotilla of American destroyers arrives in Ireland.
• 5th of May:
  • The Ribot government wins a vote of confidence.
• May 9:
  • An Allied spring offensive on the Macedonia front begins.
• 10th of May:
  • John J. Pershing is named commander in chief of the American Expeditionary Forces .
• May 12 (April 29):
  • The Tenth Battle of the Isonzo begins (until June 5th).
  • Russian Minister of War Alexander Guchkov resigns.
• May 15th (2nd):
  • Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander in Chief on the Western Front, Ferdinand Foch becomes Chief of the General Staff.
  • The Russian Foreign Minister Milyukov resigns.
  • Naval battle in the Strait of Otranto
• May 17th (4th):
  • Leon Trotsky returns to Russia from exile.
• May 18th (5th):
  • Government reshuffle in Russia, Alexander Kerensky becomes new Minister of War, Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks join the government.
  • In the United States, military registration begins for all men between the ages of 21 and 30.
• May 19th:
  • Friedrich Adler is sentenced to death in Vienna for the murder of Prime Minister Karl Graf Stürgkh .
• May 20th:
  • The Serbian government moves from Corfu to Saloniki.
• 23. May:
  • István Graf Tisza resigns as Hungarian Prime Minister. Moritz Esterházy de Galantha is his successor .
• 25. May:
  • First major bomb attack on England by Gotha G.IV large aircraft; the destination London is not found.
• May 26:
  • The hospital ship Dover Castle is sunk in the Mediterranean by SM UC 67 .
• 28th of May:
  • General Pershing and his staff leave the United States for Europe.
• 30th May:
  • The preparatory fire at Messines begins.

June 1917

Delegate to the Stockholm Peace Conference on May 29, 1917

• 2th of June:
  • The Stockholm Peace Conference of European Socialists begins.
• 3rd of June:
  • Italy proclaims a protectorate over Albania.
• June 4th:
  • The Russian Minister of War Kerensky forces Mikhail Alexejew to resign as head of the Stawka, and Alexei Brusilov becomes the new commander-in-chief .
  • The French government decides to set up an army of Polish exiles (" Blue Army ").
• June 7th:
  • The Battle of Messines begins (until June 14th). In mine explosions alone, around 10,000 German soldiers are likely to die that day.
• 8th June:
  • With the arrival of the vanguard of the American expeditionary forces in Liverpool , the first US soldiers arrive in Europe.
• June 10th:
  • An Italian offensive begins in South Tyrol.
• June 12:
  • King Constantine I of Greece abdicates under Allied pressure. His successor is his son Alexander .
• June 13th:
  • First Gotha attack on London, killing 162 people and injuring hundreds more.
  • Arrival of the AEF staff under General Pershing in Paris.
• 14th June:
  • The British Admiralty decides to introduce the convoy system due to the high losses in the submarine war .
• 15th June:
  • The Espionage Act comes into force in the USA .
• 17th of June:
  • first deployment of Portuguese troops on the western front
• June 21st:
  • Mutiny in the Russian Black Sea Fleet
• 23rd June:
  • Ernst Ritter von Seidler becomes Austrian Prime Minister.
• June 26th:
  • The first US combat troops (parts of the 1st Infantry Division ) land in Saint-Nazaire , France.
• June 27th:
  • Battery Pomerania , the largest gun in the world, fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk (± 50 km).
  • Eleftherios Venizelos proclaims his government in Athens and joins the Entente.
• June 28th:
  • A successful German attack near Verdun thwarted a French offensive planned there.
• June 29th
  • Greece declares war on the Central Powers.

July 1917

• July 1:
  • The Kerensky offensive begins.
• July 6th:
  • Matthias Erzberger calls for a mutual agreement in the Reichstag. The majority party Intergroup is formed.
  • Aqaba is taken by Arab insurgents.
• 7th of July
  • The largest air strike to date on London leaves 54 dead and 190 wounded.
• July 9:
  • Oath crisis in Poland
  • 840 crew members died in the explosion of the dreadnought battleship HMS Vanguard in Scapa Flow .
• July 11th:
  • Hindenburg and Ludendorff demand the removal of Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg.
• July 12:
  • Government crisis in the German Reich, five state secretaries submit their resignation.
  • First use of mustard gas by German troops near Ypres
• July 14th:
  • Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg resigns. Georg Michaelis is his successor .
• 15th of July:
  • The Russian Provisional Government announces the recognition of Ukraine's independence.

Shooting on the Petrograd Nevsky Prospect on July 17th (4th) 1917

• July 16 (3):
  • July uprising in Petrograd (until July 20th [7th])
• July 18th:
  • Winston Churchill becomes British Minister of Munitions.
• July 19:
  • The Kerensky offensive failed, the German counterattack began ( Tarnopol offensive , by the end of the month).
  • Peace resolution of the Reichstag
• 20th of July:
  • Declaration of Corfu on the intention to found a South Slavic state under the rule of the House of Karađorđević .
• July 21st (8th):
  • Resignation of the Lvov government in Russia. Alexander Kerensky becomes the new head of government .
• 22nd of July:
  • The battle of Mărăşti begins (until August 1st).
• July 31:
  • The Third Battle of Flanders begins (until November 6th).

August 1917

• August 1st (July 19th):
  • Alexei Brusilov is replaced as Russian Supreme Commander by Lawr G. Kornilov .
• August 2nd:
  • Chernivtsi is recaptured by Austro-Hungarian troops.
  • After an eight-month pirate voyage, the auxiliary cruiser SMS Seeadler runs aground off Maupihaa ( Polynesia ).
• 5th of August:
  • Richard von Kühlmann becomes State Secretary of the Foreign Office.
  • Leon Trotsky is arrested by the Provisional Government.
  • Mutinies in the German deep sea fleet in Wilhelmshaven
• 6th of August:
  • The battle of Mărăşeşti begins (until September 8).
• 8th August:
  • The second battle of Oituz begins (until August 20th).
• August 14:
  • Declarations of war by China on the German Reich and Austria-Hungary
• 15th of August:
  • The peace note Dès le début by Benedict XV. will be published (from August 1st).
  • The Polish National Committee under Roman Dmowski is founded in Lausanne .
  • The Battle of Hill 70 near Lens begins (until August 25).
• August 17th:
  • The Eleventh Battle of Isonzo begins (until September 12th).
• 18th of August:
  • The old town of Saloniki burns down .
• 20th of August:
  • A French offensive begins near Verdun.
• 26th of August
  • Reclaiming the height of the "dead man"

September 1917

• September 2nd:
  • Alfred von Tirpitz and Wolfgang Kapp found the German Fatherland Party in Königsberg .

German troops march into Riga, September 3, 1917

• September 3:
  • Riga is captured by German troops in the course of the Battle of Riga .
• 7th of September:
  • The Ribot government resigns. The new French government is formed by Paul Painlevé .
• 12th September:
  • A provisional Polish constitution comes into force.
• September 14th:
  • The Kornilov putsch failed. Kerensky proclaims the republic.

October 1917

• 8th October:
  • Government reshuffle in Russia
• 9th October:
  • Richard von Kühlmann declared in the Reichstag that Germany would not give up Alsace-Lorraine.
  • Leon Trotsky becomes chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
• October 12th:
  • The Albion company begins.
• 15th October:
  • In Poland, the Regency Council is sworn in.
  • Mata Hari is shot dead in Vincennes.
• 19./20. October:
  • When returning from a squadron attack on London with eleven German zeppelins led by Horst Treusch von Buttlar-Brandenfels ( Silent Raid ) five of the airships are lost.
• October 21:
  • American troops are deployed to the front for the first time.
• 23rd October:
  • French troops begin a limited offensive at Chemin des Dames , which is evacuated by the Germans (by October 25th).
  • Louis Barthou becomes French Foreign Minister.
• October 24th:
  • The Twelfth Battle of Isonzo begins (until November 12th), it leads to the temporary collapse of the Italian front.

Scene during the Battle of Flanders, October 29, 1917

• October 26th:
  • Declaration of war by Brazil on the German Reich
  • Attack by Canadian troops at Passendale
• October 29th:
  • Vittorio Emanuele Orlando becomes the new Italian Prime Minister.
• 30th of October:
  • Georg Michaelis resigns as Chancellor, he is replaced by Georg von Hertling .
• October 31st:
  • Breakthrough of the British in the Battle of Beersheba on the Palestine Front

November 1917

• November 1st
  • Chancellor Michaelis is replaced by Georg von Hertling .
• November 2:
  • Balfour Declaration to Create a National Homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine
  • Japan-US Lansing Ishii Agreement on China
• November 3rd:
  • The marine zeppelin LZ 104 starts on an Africa mission with supplies for the German protection force in East Africa.
• November 5th:
  • The Central Powers decide to annex Poland to Austria-Hungary.
• November 6th:
  • Canadian troops conquer the completely destroyed Passendale (compare October 26th).
• November 7th (October 25th):
  • October Revolution in Russia
  • The Allies decide to form a Supreme War Council in Rapallo .
  • Gaza is captured by British troops in the third battle for Gaza .
• November 8th:
  • Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Italian commander-in-chief.
  • Decree on peace of the new Russian government
• November 9th:
  • The first battle of the Piave begins.
• November 13th:
  • Georges Clemenceau becomes French Prime Minister.
• November 16:
  • Jaffa and Ramallah are conquered.
• November 17th:
  • Second sea battle near Heligoland
  • The battle for Jerusalem begins (until December 30th).
• 20th November:
  • The Battle of Cambrai begins (until December 8th).
• 22nd of November:
  • The Bolshevik government offers the Central Powers ceasefire negotiations and begins publishing the Tsarist war target plans and secret treaties.
• November 23:
  • LZ 104 is ordered back before reaching the Makonde plateau in German East Africa (still long-distance record of 6,700 kilometers).
• 25. November:
  • Elections to the Constituent Assembly in Russia
  • The German protection force for East Africa crosses the Rowuma (East Africa) and wins the Battle of Ngomano (beginning of the guerrilla war in Portuguese East Africa , today Mozambique ).
• 30th of November:
  • Start of the German counterattack at Cambrai

December 1917

British soldiers at Jaffa Gate , Jerusalem, December 9, 1917

Signing of the armistice agreement with Soviet Russia on December 15, 1917

• 3rd of December
  • Negotiations between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia on a separate peace begin
• December 4th:
  • Senate President Pehr Svinhufvud Evind submit to the Finnish Parliament , the declaration of independence of his country before (adopted on 6 December).
• December 5th:
  • Armistice on the Eastern Front for an initial ten days (extended on December 15)
• 6th of December:
  • Explosion accident in Halifax
• December 7th:
  • Declaration of war by the United States on Austria-Hungary
  • Establishment of the Cheka in Russia
• 9th of December:
  • British troops invade Jerusalem.
  • Armistice of the Central Powers with Romania and Russia on the Romanian Front ( Armistice of Focșani )
• 11th December:
  • Declaration of the independent state of Lithuania in Vilnius . The state is under “German protection”.
• December 18th:
  • The United States Congress passes the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution .
  • Erzincan Armistice between the Ottoman Empire and the Transcaucasian Commissariat
• December 22:
  • Start of peace negotiations with Russia in Brest-Litovsk
• December 26th:
  • Rosslyn Wemyss becomes First Sea Lord.
• December 31:
  • The Council of People's Commissars recognizes Finland's independence .

1918

January 1918

• January 3rd:
  • Start of the January strikes in Austria-Hungary
• 6th January:
  • The German Reich recognizes Finland's independence.

Woodrow Wilson before Congress on January 8, 1918

• January 8th:
  • Woodrow Wilson's 14-point program read out to the US Congress

Session of the Russian Constituent Assembly, January 18, 1918

• January 19:
  • Dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks
  • Ultimately, Germany is demanding that Russia renounce Poland.
• January 24th:
  • Germany and Austria-Hungary reject Wilson's 14-point program.
• January 25th:
  • Proclamation of the People's Republic of Ukraine
• January 27th:
  • Start of the Finnish Civil War
• January 28th:
  • Beginning of the January strike in the German Reich
  • The Red Army is founded.
• 31 January:
  • heavy air raid on Paris
  • In Berlin, in view of the strikes, an intensified state of siege is declared.

February 1918

• February 1st:
  • On the ships of the Austrian Navy anchored in Cattaro ( Kotor ) , the sailors' revolt of Cattaro broke out (until February 3rd).
• 3 February:
  • End of January strikes
• February 7th:
  • Red troops conquer Kiev.
• February 9:
  • Peace treaty between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People's Republic (" Peace of Bread ")
  • The Romanian government of Brătianu resigns.
• February 10th:
  • After receiving a German ultimatum, Trotsky breaks off the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations and uses the slogan “Neither war nor peace”.
• February 16:
  • Proclamation of the Republic in Lithuania
• February 18th:
  • The operation faustschlag begins (March 3), rapid German advance into Russia.
• 19th of February:
  • The ice march of the Baltic Fleet begins.
  • Henry Hughes Wilson becomes Chief of the Imperial General Staff .
• 21st of February:
  • The British conquer Jericho .
• February 23:
  • Ultimatum from the German government to Soviet Russia to accept the peace conditions
• February 24th:
  • A provisional government is being established in Estonia .
  • The Transcaucasian Democratic-Federal Republic is proclaimed.
  • Romania starts peace negotiations with the Central Powers.
  • The auxiliary cruiser SMS Wolf returns home after more than 450 days of patrol
• February 25th:
  • Reval is taken by German troops.
• February 26th
  • Resumption of peace negotiations in Brest-Litovsk
• February 28th:
  • Kuk troops advance into Ukraine.
  • Proclamation of the Republic in Estonia

March 1918

• 1st March:
  • German troops occupy Kiev.
• 3 March:
  • The Brest-Litovsk peace treaty between the Central Powers and Soviet Russia is signed.
• 5. March:
  • The Åland Islands claimed by Sweden are occupied by German troops.
  • Preliminary peace between the Central Powers and Romania
• 6th March:
  • First British troops land in Murmansk .
• 7th March:
  • Peace and friendship treaty between the German Reich and Finland
• 8th of March:
  • The Grand Headquarters is relocated to Spa .
  • The independent Duchy of Courland and Zemgale is proclaimed.
• March 10th:
  • The Soviet government moves its seat to Moscow.
• the 14th of March:
  • A peace conference in Trabzon between members of the Transcaucasian Sejm and representatives of the Ottoman Empire begins (until April 14).
• 19th March:
  • The Romanian Averescu government resigns, the new government is formed by Alexandru Marghiloman .
• March 21st:
  • The German spring offensive on the western front begins north of St. Quentin (" Operation Michael ").
• March 23:
  • The “ Paris Gun ” begins with the bombardment of Paris.
• 25th March:
  • The Belarusian People's Republic is proclaimed in Minsk .
• 26th of March:
  • Ferdinand Foch is appointed Generalissimo of the Allied Forces at the Doullens Conference .
• 27th of March:
  • The first battle for Amman begins (through March 31).
• 28th March:
  • The Czechoslovak legions begin their journey to Vladivostok , from where they are to be embarked for Western Europe.
• March 30:
  • In and around Baku begin pogroms against Azerbaijanis by Bolsheviks and Dashnaks (until April 2nd).

April 1918

• April 1st:
  • The Royal Air Force is formed by the union of the Royal Flying Corps with the Royal Naval Air Service .
• 3rd of April:
  • Marshal Foch is entrusted in Beauvais with the strategic direction of Allied operations on the Western Front.
  • German Finland Intervention ; the Baltic Division lands in Hanko .
• April 5th:
  • First Japanese troops land in Vladivostok .
  • The Ottoman delegation in Trabzon gives the Transcaucasian representatives an ultimatum to recognize the border demarcation in the Caucasus in accordance with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
• April 6th:
  • Operation Michael discontinued
  • Tampere is taken by German-Finnish troops.

British gas victims during the Fourth Battle of Flanders, April 10, 1918

• 9th April:
  • The second part of the German spring offensive, " Operation Georgette ", begins in Flanders.
• 12. April:
  • Sixtus affair : Publication of the Austro-Hungarian separate peace initiative of 1917 by the French government
• April 13th:
  • Helsinki is captured by German-Finnish troops.
  • Russian Civil War : The Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army , Lavr Kornilov , is killed in the attack on Yekaterinodar . He is succeeded by General Denikin .
• April 14th:
  • Foch is appointed Allied Commander in Chief.
  • Ottokar Graf Czernin resigns as foreign minister due to the Sixtus affair. His successor is Count Burián .
  • Batumi is taken by Ottoman troops.
• April 21:
  • Manfred von Richthofen , best known flying ace of the war, is killed near Vaux-sur-Somme .
• April 22nd:
  • The Ottoman government offers the representatives of Transcaucasia to resume peace negotiations.
• April 23:
  • British raid against Zeebrugge
• April 24th:
  • First tank battle in world history near Villers-Bretonneux
• 26th of April:
  • The German Reich and Soviet Russia establish diplomatic relations.
• April 28th:
  • Sidónio Pais is elected President of Portugal by referendum.
• April 29th:
  • Wiborg is conquered by German-Finnish troops.
• April, 30th:
  • The Autonomous Soviet Republic of Turkestan is proclaimed in Tashkent .

May 1918

• 1./2. May:
  • At the conference of the Supreme War Council in Abbeville, Pershing obtained the Allies' approval for the establishment of an American army in France.
• May 4th:
  • Due to the surrender of troops to the threatened western front, the British troops in Palestine are forced to withdraw to the Jordan .
• May 7th:
  • The Bucharest Peace between Romania and the Central Powers is signed.
• 8th of May:
  • German troops in conjunction with troops of the Russian Volunteer Army conquer Rostov-on-Don .
• May 9:
  • British raid against Ostend
• May 11th:
  • Transcaucasia and the Ottoman Empire begin a new round of peace negotiations in Batumi .
• May 20th:
  • After several incidents on the Trans-Siberian Railway, Trotsky orders the disarming of the Czechoslovak legions.
• May 24th:
  • The battle of Sardarapat begins in Armenia (until May 26th).
• May 26:
  • With the exit of Georgia and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Georgia , the Transcaucasian Democratic-Federal Republic is dissolved.
• May 27th:
  • The third part of the German spring offensive ( Battle of the Aisne ) begins at Chemin des Dames (until June 6th).
  • German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupy the Donets basin .
• 28th of May:
  • The Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan is founded (see Azerbaijani Declaration of Independence ).
• 30th May:
  • German troops form a bridgehead over the Marne . American troops march in support of the French to be deployed at Château-Thierry and in the Belleau Forest . Numerous residents leave Paris.
  • In a proclamation of the Armenian National Council , the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (retroactive to May 28th) is announced.
• 31. May:
  • Czech and Slovak exile groups sign the Pittsburgh Agreement in the USA .

June 1918

• June 4th:
  • The Batumi conference ends with a substantial shift of territory in the Caucasus in favor of the Ottoman Empire. In the Treaty of Batumi , the newly formed states of Armenia and Georgia bought with their renunciation not only to the ceded by Soviet Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk areas of Kars, Ardahan and Batumi, but additional areas of Tiflis and Yerevan including the railway line from Alexandropol to Julfa made peace with the Turks.
• 8th June:
  • The German expedition to the Caucasus reaches Georgia.
  • The Komutsch government is formed in Samara .
• June 9th:
  • Another German offensive on Matz begins (until June 14).
• June 10th:
  • The SMS Szent István is sunk in the Adriatic by an Italian torpedo boat.
• June 11th:
  • US Marines land in Murmansk.
• June 12:
  • Tbilisi is occupied by German troops.
  • Start of an Austro-Hungarian offensive on the Tonale Pass .
• June 13th:
  • Armistice between the People's Republic of Ukraine and Soviet Russia
• 14th June:
  • Turkish troops occupy Tabriz .
• 15th June:
  • The Second Battle of the Piave begins (until June 23).
• 18th of June:
  • General Louis Félix Marie Franchet d'Espèrey is appointed Allied Commander in Chief on the Macedonia Front.
  • Self-sinking of the Russian Black Sea Fleet so as not to fall into German hands.
• June 27th:
  • The British hospital ship Llandovery Castle is sunk off the Irish coast by SM U 86 .
• June 29th:
  • US troops have reached the Italian front.

July 1918

• 2nd July:
  • The US government recognizes the Czechoslovak National Council under Masaryk as the provisional Czechoslovak government.
• 2-3 July:
  • Conference in Spa, at which the OHL is confident of victory and affirmed its war aims.
• 3rd of July:
  • Mehmed V dies, his successor as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is Mehmed VI.
  • Namacurra in Portuguese East Africa is captured by German troops under Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck .
• July 4th:
  • Battle of Hamel
• July 6th:
  • A Franco-Italian offensive in Albania begins.
  • The German ambassador in Moscow, Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff , is murdered, uprising of the Left Social Revolutionaries .
• July 9:
  • Richard von Kühlmann is dismissed as State Secretary for Foreign Affairs under pressure from the OHL, and Paul von Hintze is his successor .
• 10th of July:
  • The V All-Russian Congress of Councils adopts the RSFSR constitution.
  • The army of Islam is established.
• July 14th:
  • Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf is dismissed as the Austro-Hungarian Commander-in-Chief of the Southwest Front.
• 15th of July:
  • The fifth and final German offensive of the year begins at Soissons and Reims ( second battle of the Marne ).
• 16./17. July:
  • Assassination of the tsar's family in the Ipatiev house of Ekaterinburg
• 17th July:
  • RMS Carpathia is sunk in the English Channel by SM U 55 .
• July 18th:
  • Beginning of the Allied counter-offensive between Marne and Aisne with massive tank support, break-in into the German lines, final turn of the war
• 21 July:
  • Attack on Orleans (United States) by the German U-cruiser SM U 156
• 22nd of July:
  • The Imperial and Royal Seidler Ministry resigns, followed by the Hussarek Ministry .
• July 26th:
  • A coup in Baku leads to the overthrow of the Baku commune and the establishment of the Central Aspic dictatorship .
• 30th July:
  • Field Marshal General Hermann von Eichhorn is murdered in Kiev by Left Social Revolutionaries.

August 1918

• August 2nd:
  • Allied expedition forces capture Arkhangelsk .
• 3rd August:
  • Siberian intervention : Japanese begin large-scale landings in Vladivostok.
• 4th of August:
  • An advance division of the Dunsterforce reaches Baku .
• 5th of August:
  • The first attack by the army of Islam on Baku is repulsed.
• 6th of August:
  • The French government elevates General Foch to the rank of Marshal of France .

German prisoners of the Battle of Amiens on August 27th

• 8th August:
  • Beginning of an Anglo-French offensive on the Somme ( Battle of Amiens , " Black Day of the German Army "), this initiates the Hundred Days Offensive .
• August 9:
  • The Paris gun fired on the French capital for the last time.
• August 10:
  • The 1st US Army is activated in La Ferté-sous-Jouarre .
• August 11:
  • Ludendorff demands that Kaiser Wilhelm II end the war. At the same time he offers his parting, which is rejected.
• August 13th to 15th:
  • Conference on the war situation at the German headquarters in Spa. In addition to the military leadership of the German Reich and the heads of the political Reich leadership, the Austrian Emperor Karl I with his advisers, Foreign Minister Burián and Chief of Staff Arz von Straussenburg, are also present . There are no longer any hopes of a military victory.
• August 16:
  • First troops of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia land in Vladivostok.
• August 17th:
  • The main forces of the Dunsterforce under Lionel Dunsterville arrive in Baku.
• August 24th:
  • After ten months of guerrilla warfare in Mozambique , the protection force begins the march back to German East Africa.
• August 27th:
  • Supplementary agreements to the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk are signed between the German Reich and Soviet Russia. Russia finally renounces Estonia and Livonia , recognizes the independence of Georgia and promises compensation payments of 6 billion marks. In return, the Germans should withdraw from part of the occupied territories of Russia.
• August 30th:
  • Pistol attack by Fanny Kaplan on Lenin in Moscow

September 1918

• September 2nd:
  • British-Canadian troops break the Drocourt-Quéant line in the run-up to the Siegfriedstellung .
• 12th September:
  • The Battle of St. Mihiel begins (until September 15), the AEF's first independent offensive with French participation.
• September 14th:
  • The allied Vardar offensive begins in Macedonia (until September 29).
  • Austria-Hungary proposes that the Allies start non-binding peace negotiations.
  • Baku is captured by Turkish and Azerbaijani troops after the Dunsterforce retreats across the Caspian Sea . As a result, pogroms begin against the Armenians living here in retaliation for the March events .
• September 18:
  • Battle of Épehy
• September 19th:
  • The Battle of Megiddo begins (through September 25th).
• 25th of September:
  • Allied troops cross the Bulgarian border.
• September 26th:
  • The American Meuse-Argonne offensive begins (until November 11th).
• September 29th:
  • The battle of the Saint-Quentin Canal begins (until October 2nd).
  • Bulgaria signs the Thessaloniki armistice with the allies.
  • Ludendorff informs the emperor and the Reich leadership of the hopelessness of the military situation and ultimately demands that the Entente be asked for a ceasefire.

October 1918

• October 1:
  • Damascus is captured by British and Arab troops.
• October 3:
  • Max von Baden becomes the new Chancellor of the Reich in succession to Georg von Hertling , which is the first time there is a parliamentary government and a short-term parliamentary monarchy in Germany, October reforms .
  • Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in favor of his son Boris .
• 4th of October:
  • Notes from the German and Austro-Hungarian governments to US President Wilson to investigate the terms of a ceasefire
• 5th October:
  • Decision to form a National Council of Yugoslav Peoples in Zagreb
• 8th October:
  • The Ottoman government of the Grand Vizier Talât Pascha resigns, followed by Ahmed İzzet Pascha .
  • First Wilson note calling for Germany to vacate the occupied territories.
• October 10th:
  • Sinking of the RMS Leinster off the Irish coast by SM UB 123
• October 12th:
  • Reply of the Reich leadership to the first Wilson note, conditions are accepted.
  • Serbian troops liberate Niš .
• October 14th:
  • The second Wilson Note specifies the conditions of a ceasefire, including calls for democratic reforms and an end to the submarine war.
  • A provisional Czech-Slovak government under Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk is formed in Paris .
• 15th October:
  • Tirana is conquered by allied troops.
• October, 16th:
  • People's Manifesto of Charles I, in which he announces a reorganization of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy into a federal state
• October 21:
  • End of the submarine war against merchant ships by the German Reich
  • Outbreak of revolutionary unrest in Austria
• 23rd October:
  • Third Wilson note, in which the abdication of Wilhelm II is indirectly requested.
• October 24th:
  • The Third Battle of the Piave, or Battle of Vittorio Veneto, begins (until November 4th).
  • Fleet order of October 24, 1918 , this provides for the departure of the high seas fleet for a final battle with the British Home Fleet.
  • In an army order not agreed with the Kaiser, Hindenburg and Ludendorff demand the continuation of the fighting.
• 25./26. October:
  • The October reforms are passed in the German Reichstag, with them a parliamentary system of government is introduced.
• October 26th:
  • Dismissal Ludendorff, successor Wilhelm Groener (4th OHL)
• October 27th:
  • Austria-Hungary offers the Allies an armistice and a separate peace.

Crowd in Prague's Wenceslas Square on October 28th

Hungarian revolutionaries on October 31, 1918

• 28th of October:
  • Aster Revolution in Hungary
  • Proclamation of the independence of Czechoslovakia
• October 29th:
  • Units of the ocean-going fleet in Wilhelmshaven refuse to sail.
• 30th of October:
  • Signing of the Mudros armistice with the Ottoman Empire, effective from October 31 at noon
  • The Slovak National Council approves the common state of Czechs and Slovaks.
• October 31st:
  • Allied troops take Shkodra .

November 1918

November Revolution : Output of the forward from November 9, 1918

• November 1st:
  • Belgrade is retaken by Serbian troops.
  • Invasion of the German protection force in Northern Rhodesia .
• November 3rd:
  • Signing of the Villa Giusti armistice with Austria, effective from November 4th, 3:00 p.m.
  • The Kiel sailors' uprising begins.
• November 5th:
  • Note from US Secretary of State Lansing expressing the readiness of the Allies to receive a German armistice delegation
  • Spread of the November Revolution in the German Reich, formation of workers 'and soldiers' councils
• November 7th:
  • Chancellor Max von Baden appoints an armistice delegation under State Secretary Matthias Erzberger . Other members: Reich Commissioner Alfred von Oberndorff , Major General Detlof von Winterfeldt , Captain Ernst Vanselow .
  • Formation of a revolutionary government in Munich under Kurt Eisner , proclamation of the Free State (meaning: free from monarchy) Bavaria on the night of November 8th
• November 8th:
  • The armistice negotiations begin in the Compiègne forest
• November 9th:
  • Proclamation of the abdication of Wilhelm II by Max von Baden, transfer of the Reich Chancellorship to Friedrich Ebert, proclamation of the Republic in Germany
  • Call for a general strike in Berlin
• November 10th:
  • The Council of People's Representatives is formed by representatives from the SPD and USPD .

The armistice agreement was signed early in the morning on November 11, 1918

• November 11th:
  • Signing of the Compiègne armistice by Matthias Erzberger , effective from 11:00 a.m.
• November 13th:
  • Occupation of the Bosphorus by an Allied fleet, occupation of Istanbul
  • Armistice of Belgrade between Hungary (after the dissolution of the Realunion with Austria) and the Entente
• 25. November:
  • The East African Schutztruppe surrenders to British troops at Abercorn ( Northern Rhodesia ).

Post-war period 1919–2010

1919

• January: Beginning of the Allied occupation of the Rhineland .
• January 3: Faisal-Weizmann Agreement .
• March 2nd: Protection force returning home for German East Africa in Berlin
• June 21: The German deep sea fleet scuttled in Scapa Flow (6 dead)
• June 28: Signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty
• July 14th: Victory Parade in Paris
• July 8, 21: Ratification of the Versailles Treaty in Germany and the United Kingdom
• September 10: Treaty of St. Germain with German Austria
• 10/11 November: King George V gives a reception in honor of the French President in the Buckingham Palace, celebrations of the armistice anniversary (starting point for other Remembrance Day celebrations in Great Britain).
• November 27: Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria

1920

• January 10: German East Africa is divided into three League of Nations mandates among Belgium, Great Britain and Portugal.
• April 4: Nabi Musa riots , which can be seen as the actual beginning of the Middle East conflict .
• April 19: Sanremo Conference .
• June 4th: Treaty of Trianon with Hungary
• August 10: Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire

1921

• January: Beginning of the Leipzig trials
• March 1st: Start of the London Conference (until May 5th)
• May 5: London ultimatum setting the German war debt at 132 billion gold marks.
• May 6th: London payment plan arrives in Berlin.
• May 11: Reichstag approves London ultimatum.
• August 25: Signing of the Berlin Treaty , the peace treaty between the German Reich and the United States

1922

• January: Cannes conference
• April 10th to May 19th Genoa Conference (34 states, excluding USA)
• April 16: Treaty of Rapallo , normalization of relations between the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic

1923

• January 11th: The occupation of the Ruhr begins due to a backlog in reparations payments.
• July 24th: Treaty of Lausanne , partially revising the Treaty of Sèvres.
• November 23: first contract of the MICUM agreement (last: September 3, 1924), which enables the resumption of work in heavy industry in the Ruhr area.

1924

• January 27: Treaty of Rome between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
• July 16: (2nd) London conference on reparations payments (until August 16).
• August 16: Dawes plan to regulate reparations payments

1925

• December 1: The Locarno Treaties are signed : Germany, France and Belgium renounce violent changes to their borders drawn up in the Versailles Peace Treaty , Germany reserves the right to revise the eastern borders.

1930

• May 17: Young's reparations plan comes into effect retrospectively from September 1, 1929.
• June 30th: Early termination of the Allied occupation of the Rhineland as a result of the Young Plan.

1931

• June 20: Hoover moratorium , suspension of reparations payments.
• August 8: First meeting of the Layton Committee (last: August 18), which examines Germany's solvency.

1932

• June 16: Lausanne conference to regulate reparations payments (until July 9).

1935

• March 10th: Hermann Göring announces the existence of the Air Force , a clear breach of the Versailles Peace Treaty .
• March 16: Adolf Hitler announces that Germany will no longer adhere to the provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty and will introduce conscription .
• June 18: The German-British naval agreement overrides the provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty on the size of the German naval forces.

1936

• March 7th: German occupation of the Rhineland , further breach of the provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty confirmed in the Treaty of Locarno

1939

• September 1: One of the few Germany after the Treaty of Versailles remaining major warships of the Imperial Navy , the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire with the Polish positions on the " Westerplatte " in Gdansk the Second World War .

1953

• February 27: Signing of the London debt agreement , which among other things regulates Germany's reparations payments.

2010

• October 3: Germany transfers the final installment of war reparations .

See also

Portal: Imperialism and World Wars / First World War  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the subject of First World War

• Involved in the First World War
• First World War outside Europe
• Sea warfare in the First World War
• Referendums in the wake of the Versailles Treaty
• Referendums in the wake of the Treaty of Saint-Germain

• Chronology of the Second World War

literature

• Wolfdieter Bihl : The First World War 1914–1918: Chronicle - data - facts. Böhlau, Vienna a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-3-205-78379-4 .
• David F. Burg, L. Edward Purcell: Almanac of World War I. University of Kentucky Press, 2010. ISBN 0-8131-2745-9 .
• Gerhard Hirschfeld , Gerd Krumeich, Irina Renz in connection with Markus Pöhlmann (Ed.): Encyclopedia First World War. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, ISBN 978-3-506-76578-9 . (Chronicle pp. 1011-1018.)
• Janusz Piekałkiewicz : The First World War. Econ Verlag, Düsseldorf / Vienna / New York 1988, ISBN 3-430-17481-3 .
• Ian Westwell: The 1st World War. A chronicle. Translated from the English by Heiko Nonnenmann. Gondrom Verlag, Bindlach 2000, ISBN 3-8112-1748-8 .
• David R. Woodward: World War I Almanac. Facts on File, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8160-7134-0 .

Web links

Commons : World War I by Date  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Chronicle 1914–1918 , Clio Online, Topic Portal First World War.
• Chronologie de la première Guerre mondiale , e-chronologie.org (French).
• Chronologie de la guerre de 1914–1918 , Assemblée nationale (French).
• WW1 Timeline - a detailed timeline of the Great War , greatwar.co.uk (English).
• stahlgewitter.com - depictions of the struggle 1914–1918 from the perspective of that time.
• Chronology , longlongtrail.co.uk (English).
• Chronology , turkeyswar.com (English).
• Chronology , historyplace.com (English).

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} All dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar . The date according to the Julian calendar valid in Russia up to and including January 31, 1918 (July) is noted in brackets for dates with a specific reference to Russia.
2. ^ Staatsarchiv.at: 1914 Serbia 1st offensive
3. ↑ ^{a b} Cay Rademacher: Airships of death. In Die Zeit , 43/1998 of October 15, 1998 (With the bombing of German zeppelins in World War I, a new chapter in modern military history began: total aerial warfare.)
4. ↑ See Sept. 2, 1916
5. ↑ Herder Institute: The Czech Foreign Committee declares its will to found an independent Czechoslovak state , Declaration of the Czech Foreign Committee in Paris 1915 (full text in the original Czech and in German translation).
6. ↑ Hubert Zeinar : History of the Austrian General Staff. Böhlau, Vienna 2006. ISBN 3-205-77415-9 . P. 548.
7. ↑ Declaration of War With Germany ( Memento of the original from January 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on senate.gov 
8. ^ The House Declaration of War Against Germany in 1917 on history.house.gov
9. ↑ ^{a b} Ronald D. Gerste: "Lafayette, here we come!", In: ZEIT Geschichte. No. 2/2017, p. 48 (see also p. 108).
10. ^ Pittsburgh Agreement on the website of the Herder Institute.