Franz Mehring

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Franz Mehring

Franz Erdmann Mehring (born February 27, 1846 in Schlawe in Pomerania ; † January 28 or 29, 1919 in Berlin ) was a German publicist and politician . He was one of the most important Marxist historians of his time and wrote one of the best-known early biographies on Karl Marx . Some of his statements about Judaism are rated as anti-Semitic .

Life

Origin, training, studies

Franz Mehring was the son of Carl Wilhelm Mehring , a former officer and senior tax officer, and Henriette Mehring, b. Schulze . He attended grammar school in Greifenberg and studied classical philology at the University of Leipzig from October 30, 1866 to 1868, and from November 28, 1868 to the forced exmatriculation on July 12, 1870 at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin . In Leipzig he belonged from 1867 to the Leipzig fraternity Dresdensia . He received his doctorate on 9 August 1882, the University of Leipzig Dr. phil. with the dissertation : “The German Social Democracy. Their history and their teaching ”. The work was assessed as “commendable”, the doctorate took place “sine examine”.

First political preferences and journalistic activities

Politically, he was initially a bourgeois democrat . From 1870 he worked for various daily and weekly newspapers . In 1868 he moved to Berlin for further studies and initially worked in the editorial department of the democratic daily newspaper Die Zukunft (editors Johann Jacoby and Guido Weiss ).

Memorial plaque on the house at Beymestrasse 7, Berlin-Steglitz

As early as 1867, Mehring met August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht in Berlin without this initially having any consequences for his political position. Rather, under the impression of the war of 1870/71, he temporarily turned away from the Democrats and towards the national liberal camp. In the following years, however, he returned to his democratic positions. From 1871 to 1874 he reported for the "Oldenberg'sche Korrespondenzbüro" on Reichstag and Landtag sessions and became a well-known parliamentary reporter. He then worked as a political correspondent for Die Waage. Weekly journal for politics and literature . Here he published a series of articles against Heinrich von Treitschke in 1875, which appeared a short time later as a book under the name of Herr von Treitschke, der Sozialistenödter and the final goals of liberalism - a socialist replica . He also worked for the democratically oriented Frankfurter Zeitung of the Jewish publisher Leopold Sonnemann , who was close to social democracy and was valued by the party leaders. In May 1876, Mehring turned against his publisher in an article in the Staatsbürger-Zeitung . He accused him of taking bribes and participating in criminal speculation on the stock market during the start-up crisis . In the opinion of the historian Robert Wistrich , Mehring took up a campaign by radical anti-Semites like Otto Glagau and Wilhelm Marr . Mehring's accusations against Sonnemann were publicly rejected by the leadership of the Social Democrats under August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht. This dispute led to a fifteen-year rift between Mehring and social democracy. Mehring viewed the leadership of the Social Democrats with suspicion, especially since Mehring subsequently wrote several anti-socialist papers. Above all his book Die Deutsche Socialdemokratie, their history and their teaching (1877) was heavily criticized by the SPD. From 1878 to 1884 Mehring worked for the Bremer Weser-Zeitung , and in 1883/84 for the Democratic papers .

However, around 1880 he read the writings of Karl Marx intensively , which had a strong influence on him. The criticism of the socialist laws and the conviction that Bismarck's social legislation would not bring a fundamental solution to the social question led to a rapprochement with social democracy. Between 1884 and 1890 Mehring worked for the liberal people's newspaper. Organ for everyone from the people and in April 1889 editor-in-chief of this newspaper. During this time, a friendly relationship developed with August Bebel and Paul Singer . In the summer of 1890 Mehring got involved in a dispute with Paul Lindau , which also led to a break with the owners of the Volks-Zeitung , Rudolf Mosse and Emil Cohn . In the same year the management of the newspaper was withdrawn from him. According to Robert S. Wistrich, the reasons for this were Mehring's political struggle, such as his opposition to the socialist laws, which had endangered the newspaper's existence through frequent bans. The other reason was the criticism of the crusade led by Mehring against the influential theater man Lindau of Jewish origin . He had tried to prevent his former girlfriend, the actress Elsa von Schabelsky , from working in all theaters in Berlin, which provoked Mehring's journalistic commitment to the woman.

Franz Mehring monument by Heinrich Apel on the square of the same name in Berlin-Friedrichshain.

Commitment to social democracy

In 1891 Mehring joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany . In the following years he worked for various social democratic papers. From June 1891 to 1913 he wrote leading articles for Die Neue Zeit , at that time the most important theoretical journal of the SPD and strongly influenced by Marxism. From 1902 to 1907 Mehring was editor-in-chief of the social democratic Leipziger Volkszeitung . He continued to work for the paper until 1913. He also published in Vorwärts and other social democratic papers. In 1913/14 he was co-editor of the Social Democratic Correspondence . In addition to his journalistic activities, Mehring taught at the central party school of the SPD from 1906 to 1911 . In addition, from 1892 to 1895 he was director of the Free People's Stage Association in Berlin. 1917/1918 he was a member of the Prussian House of Representatives . Within the SPD, the educated middle class Mehring remained an outsider. The party chairman August Bebel wrote to Friedrich Engels on March 20, 1892 :

“Mehring's work is excellent, but despite all of this, it is not possible to establish a more intimate relationship with him; one fears again and again that he would relapse; And besides, one has to be afraid to get more confidential with him because there is a suspicion that he wrote down everything he hears. These are fatal qualities that do not allow his person to come into their own. "

Opposition to the majority social democracy

In the fundamental debates within the party before the First World War , in which Eduard Bernstein and the new party chairman Friedrich Ebert took revisionist , reform-oriented positions, Mehring, like Karl Liebknecht , insisted on the traditional notion of class struggle . During the First World War he distanced himself further from the SPD due to the truce policy and the approval of large parts of the party for the war credits . Together with Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and Clara Zetkin , he saw in it submission to the ruling class and the death of the International . This dispute split the party. Mehring was co-editor of the magazine Die Internationale in 1915 and founded the Spartacus group in 1916 with other leading leftists in the SPD. In 1917 he joined the USPD , which advocated an immediate end to the war. At the end of 1918, Mehring played a decisive role in the preparation of the founding party congress of the KPD , which continued the work of the Spartakusbund .

Act

Relationship to Judaism

Since 1876, Mehring has repeatedly commented on the Jewish question and criticized both anti-Semitism and philosemitism . According to the historian Lars Fischer, no other socialist author has dealt so intensively with this complex of topics; Fischer speaks of an " obsession ".

After the Berlin anti-Semitism controversy, Mehring defended Heinrich von Treitschke in 1882 against his critics, because he named the - in his opinion - negative sides of the emancipation of Jews . In this context he dismissed anti-Jewish riots in his homeland in the rear of Pomerania , in which the synagogue in Neustettin had been burned down , as “nonsense”, which the noise raised above only allowed to arise. In order to counter anti-Semitism, he recommended naming grievances allegedly caused by Jews "with the utmost, sharpest certainty". Mehring engaged in arguments with members of the Liberal Party , whom he called "philosemites" and whom he accused of not protecting the Jews as claimed - he cites the conflict between Marx and Eugen Richter as an example - but defending capitalism :

“On the other hand, however, philosemitism is not a hair better than anti-Semitism. If it claims to fight capitalism by persecuting the Jews, it claims to protect the Jews by defending capitalism through thick and thin. "

Mehring's polemics against the Philosemites led to a controversy with the party theorist Eduard Bernstein in 1893 . According to Mehring's conviction, only a new organization of society would abolish the "haggling" and bring about an "emancipation ... from practical, real Judaism". Mehring found similar theses in Marx's early work On the Jewish Question , which was little noticed within the workers' movement , and which he endeavored to disseminate. In a foreword criticized Mehring, the really democratic and liberal Judaism would be immediately ready to democracy and liberalism "to betray when his own rule should be a hindrance." 1893 defended Mehring in an article the anti-Semitic politician Adolf Stoecker , whose "lucky recklessness in Assertion and revocation of facts [...] has been exploited with the utmost effort by the pay clerks of monetary Jewry to turn Stocker into a scarecrow of untruthfulness ”. In the same year he expressed the hope in Vorwärts that anti-Semitic petty bourgeoisie would “go through a very instructive preliminary course on social democracy” and that anti-Semites and socialists would soon fight together the “accumulated sins of bourgeois liberalism”.

Whether Mehring can be described as an anti-Semite because of these statements is controversial in research. Edmund Silberner counted Mehring among the important socialists with a prejudice against Jews. According to the Israeli historian Robert S. Wistrich , Mehring's attitude towards Jews in the press was "practically indistinguishable from the refined anti-Semitism that went along with a whole line of conservative cultural criticism ." Mehring illustrates the difficulties of the labor movement "to clearly differentiate the Marxist from the anti-Semitic criticism of liberal capitalism". Paul Massing sees Mehring's publications on Judaism as the reason why the labor movement was rather indifferent to the Nazi persecution of Jews . Shlomo Na'aman , on the other hand, denies that Mehring was an anti-Semite because he never called for the emancipation to be reversed. Although Mehring's “aversion to 'Judaism'” both religiously and with regard to his successes in capitalism and the press is clear, Matthias Vetter does not believe either that he was an “ideological anti-Semite”. Rosemarie Leuschen-Seppel takes a mediating position and points out that Mehring, as a “special phenomenon”, is not typical for social democracy. Also Götz Aly is the overt or covert anti-Semitic statements Mehring's the attitude of the vast majority of German social democracy towards clearly condemned any anti-Semitism.

Fonts

Mehring's importance lies less in his concrete political actions than in his numerous writings, especially on the history of the labor movement and social democracy . These include the two-volume history of German social democracy (1898). His German history of the end of the Middle Ages , published in 1910/11, used the method of historical materialism established by Marx and Engels. Mehring was one of the first historians to consistently apply Marxist theory to the study of history. He dealt with the history of the Reformation and tried to “disenchant” the historical myths surrounding the ruling dynasty of the Hohenzollern . Shortly before his death in 1918, he published the first and still influential biography of Karl Marx.

Honors

tomb
Postage stamp of the German Post of the GDR, 1955.

His grave is in the Berlin Central Cemetery Friedrichsfelde in the memorial of the socialists in the roundabout G3.

In the GDR , an institute at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig was named after him and had a branch in Berlin-Biesdorf . The German post office of the GDR was on 20 June 1955 at the part of the issue, "leader of the German workers' movement" a special stamp in his honor out. The Franz Mehring badge of honor of the Association of Journalists of the GDR was named after him.

Today around seventy streets, squares, paths and quarters across Germany are named after Mehring, in Berlin for example Mehringplatz and the neighboring Mehringdamm . The bronze memorial created by Heinrich Apel in 1978/81 stands in front of the editorial building of the daily newspaper Neues Deutschland on Franz-Mehring-Platz in Friedrichshain .

In 2009, the publishing house, which is related to the Party for Social Equality (PSG) and is based in Essen , was renamed Mehring Verlag .

Fonts

  • Herr von Treitschke, the socialist killer and the ultimate goals of liberalism - a socialist reply. Cooperative book printing company, Leipzig 1875.
  • Mr. Sonnemann . Two editorials from the Citizens' Newspaper. Dedicated to the Frankfurt Reichstag voters. Berlin 1876.
  • On the history of German social democracy. A historical attempt. Faber, Magdeburg 1877.
  • The German social democracy: its history u. their teaching; A historical-critical account . C. Schünemann, Bremen 1877.
  • Court preacher Stöcker the social politician. A polemic. Schünemann, Bremen 1882.
  • Franz Duncker . A memorial sheet. Gutenberg Printing and Publishing, Berlin 1888.
  • The Lindau case . Represented and explained by Franz Mehring. K. Brachvogel & Ranft, Berlin 1890.
  • Capital and press. A sequel to the Lindau case. K.Brachvogel & Ranft, Berlin 1891 Digitized version of the 2nd thousand of the first edition in 1891
  • Mr. Eugen Richter's pictures from the present. A reply. Wörlein & Co., Nuremberg 1892.
  • The Lessing legend. A salvation, along with an appendix on historical materialism. JHW Dietz, Stuttgart 1893.
  • Gustav Adolf . A prince mirror for the teaching and benefit of the German workers. Verlag der Expedition des Vorwärts, Berlin 1894 (2nd ed. 1908).
  • Art and the proletariat. In: The New Time. Revue of intellectual and public life, Volume 15 (1896/97), pp. 129-133. Dietz, Stuttgart 1897. ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )
  • History of the German Social Democracy. 2 parts, Dietz, Stuttgart 1897/98 (2nd verb. Ed., 4B de., Stuttgart, Dietz, 1903/04).
  • Mr. Harden's Fables. A necessary defense. H. Walther, Berlin 1899 (digitized version)
  • World noise and world market. A global political sketch. Forward, Berlin 1900 (digitized version)
  • Working class and naval submission. Forward, Berlin 1900.
  • Collected writings by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , volumes 1–3. Dietz, Stuttgart 1902 digitized volume 2
  • Letters from Ferdinand Lassalle to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 1849 to 1862 ed. by Franz Mehring. JHW Dietz Nachf. (GmbH), Stuttgart 1902 (digitized)
  • My justification. A subsequent word on the Dresden party congress. Verlag der Leipziger Buchdruckerei, Leipzig 1903 (digitized version)
  • Schiller . An image of life for German workers. Verlag der Leipziger Buchdruckerei, Leipzig 1905.
  • Jena and Tilsit . A chapter of the East Elbe Junker history. Verlag der Leipziger Buchdruckerei, Leipzig 1906.
  • A history of the art of war. Paul Singer, Stuttgart 1908.
  • Wilhelm Wolff : Collected writings. Along with a biography of Wolff by Friedrich Engels. With introduction and comments. Edited by Ms. Mehring. Anniversary edition. Buchhandlung Vorwärts, Berlin 1909 (= socialist reprints. III). (Digitized version)
  • Antonio Labriola . In memory of the Communist Manifesto. Introduced and translated by Franz Mehring. With a portrait of the author. Verlag der Leipziger Buchdruckerei Aktiengesellschaft, Leipzig 1909 (Reprint: New Criticism Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1970 (= archive of socialist literature)).
  • German history of the end of the Middle Ages. A guide for teachers and learners. 2 parts, Vorwärts, Berlin 1910/11 (digitized version) ; ( Digitized version of part 1, 1910 ).
  • Heinrich Heine's works in ten volumes. With a biographical introduction. Vorwärts bookstore, Berlin 1911.
  • Freiligrath and Marx in their correspondence. Singer, Stuttgart 1912 (= supplementary books for the new time).
  • 1807 to 1812. From Tilsit to Tauroggen . Dietz, Stuttgart 1912.
  • Political speeches and essays by JB Schwitzer . Forward, Berlin 1912 (digitized version)
  • 1813 to 1819. From Kalisch to Karlsbad. Dietz, Stuttgart 1913.
  • War articles. Action, Berlin 1918.
  • Karl Marx. Story of his life. Leipziger Buchdruckerei, Leipzig 1918 = Collected Writings, Volume 3. Berlin, 1960, pp. 3–552 online .

Work editions

  • Collected writings and essays in separate editions. ( Eduard Fuchs ), Vol. 1–6 and 12, Sociological Publishing House, Berlin 1929–1933.
  • Walter Heist (Ed.): Contributions to the history of literature. Berlin 1948.
  • War and politics. Two volumes. Publishing house of the Ministry for National Defense, Berlin 1959/1961.
  • Collected Writings. (Ed. By Thomas Höhle , Hans Koch and Josef Schleifstein ). 15 volumes. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1960–1967, ISBN 3-320-00762-9 .
  • Günther Cwojdrak (Ed.): With an inserted lance. Literary pamphlets from Hutten to Mehring. Reclam, Leipzig 1968.
  • Fritz J. Raddatz (Ed.): Selection of works. (= Luchterhand collection. 170, 177 and. 198). Volume 1–3, Luchterhand, Neuwied / Darmstadt 1974–1975.
  • On the history of Prussia. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1981.
  • Political journalism. A selection in two volumes. Selected and introduced by Josef Schleifstein . Verlag Marxistische Blätter, Frankfurt am Maim 1977, ISBN 3-88012-445-0 (Marxist paperbacks. Socialist classics 45/46)

literature

  • Manfred Asendorf: Mehring, Franz. In: Manfred Asendorf, Rolf von Bockel (ed.): Democratic ways. German résumés from five centuries . JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1997, ISBN 3-476-01244-1 , pp. 421-422.
  • Helga Grebing , Monika Kramme: Franz Mehring. In: Hans-Ulrich Wehler : German historians. Volume 5, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1972, pp. 73-94.
  • Hartmut Henicke: Labor movement and reception of the Reformation from the Vormärz to the First World War - knowledge and limits. In: Work - Movement - History , Issue II / 2017, pp. 86-106.
  • Thomas Höhle : Franz Mehring - His way to Marxism. Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1956. (2nd improved and expanded edition. 1958) (contains on pages 321–492 articles from 1874 to 1891 that were not printed in any work edition).
  • Reinhold Jaretzky : "Interim Aesthetics". Franz Mehring's early attempt at a socio-historical literature review. Frankfurt am Main, New York 1991.
  • Peter Kiefer: Educational experience and economic burden. Franz Mehring's historical strategy of a culture of the proletariat. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York 1986.
  • Hans Koch : Franz Mehring's contribution to Marxist literary theory. Dietz, Berlin 1959; Bibliography of works and writings by Mehring, pp. 385–432.
  • Mehring, Franz. In: Biographical dictionary on German history. 2 volumes. Francke, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-7720-1082-2 , Sp. 1861-1862.
  • Glen Ronald McDougal: Franz Mehring: Politics and history in the Making of radical German social democracy 1869–1903. Columbia Univ., New York 1977.
  • Christoph Stamm:  Mehring, Franz. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-428-00197-4 , pp. 623-625 ( digitized version ).
  • Josef Schleifstein : Franz Mehring. His Marxist work 1891-1919. Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1959.
  • Wilhelm Heinz Schröder : Social Democratic Parliamentarians in the German Reich and Landtag 1867-1933. Biographies, chronicles and election documentation. A manual. Droste, Düsseldorf 1995, ISBN 3-7700-5192-0 , p. 609.
  • Hans-Dieter Schütt (Ed.): Franz Mehring or: "The best publicist currently living". Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-320-02358-4 .
  • Hermann Weber , Andreas Herbst : Mehring, Franz . In: German Communists. Biographical Handbook 1918 to 1945. 2., revised. and strong exp. Edition. Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-320-02130-6 .

Web links

Wikisource: Franz Mehring  - Sources and full texts
Wikiquote: Franz Mehring  - Quotes
Commons : Franz Mehring  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gerhard Engel , Bärbel Holtz, Gaby Huch, Ingo Materna (eds.): Greater Berlin Workers 'and Soldiers' Councils in the Revolution 1918/19. Documents of the plenary meetings and the executive council. From the outbreak of the revolution to the 1st Reich Councilor Congress. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1997, p. 528, note 5; Alexander Mühle, Arnulf Scriba: Franz Mehring 1846–1919 . In: LeMO , September 14, 2014.
  2. ^ Karl Römpler: Festgabe for the fiftieth foundation festival of the fraternity Dresdensia in Leipzig - 1853-1903. Dieterich, Göttingen 1902.
  3. ↑ The work had previously been published by C. Schünemann in Bremen in 1877.
  4. ^ Thomas cave: Franz Mehring. His way to Marxism . Berlin 1958, p. 156.
  5. ↑ Gustav Mayer: Memories: From Journalist to Historian of the German Labor Movement. Zurich / Munich 1949. (Reprint: Hildesheim 1993, ISBN 3-487-09688-9 , p. 198, limited preview in the Google book search)
  6. ^ Werner Ruch: Learning from history with Franz Mehring: Contributions to life and work. Norderstedt 2010, ISBN 978-3-8482-0818-0 , p. 13.
  7. ^ Robert S. Wistrich: Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring. In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 22, 1977, p. 37.
  8. ^ Hermann Weber , Andreas Herbst: Mehring, Franz . In: German Communists. Biographical Handbook 1918 to 1945. 2., revised. and strong exp. Edition. Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-320-02130-6 .
  9. ^ This newspaper appeared from April 5, 1853 to June 30, 1904 under this title.
  10. ^ Thomas cave: Franz Mehring. His way to Marxism . Berlin 1958, p. 245.
  11. ↑ 1884 to 1886 was the chief editor of the newspaper Adolph Phillips and his successor was Hermann Trescher.
  12. ^ Protocol on the negotiations of the SPD party congress, held in Dresden . Berlin 1903, pp. 166, 218, 242.
  13. ^ Franz Mehring: The Lindau case . Berlin 1890.
  14. ^ Thomas cave: Franz Mehring. His way to Marxism . Berlin 1958, pp. 267-284.
  15. ^ Franz Mehring. In: Project literary criticism Germany at the University of Marburg. ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cgi-host.uni-marburg.de
  16. ^ Robert S. Wistrich: From Ambivalence to Betrayal. The Left, the Jews and Israel . University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 2012, p. 160.
  17. ^ Josef Schleifstein: Franz Mehring. His Marxist work . Berlin 1959.
  18. ↑ Werner Blumenberg (Ed.): August Bebel's correspondence with Friedrich Engels . Mouton, London, The Hague and Paris 1965, p. 527; see. Robert S. Wistrich: Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring. In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 22, 1977, p. 43.
  19. ^ Helga Grebing : History of the German labor movement . dtv. Munich 1973, p. 142.
  20. ↑ “One cannot approve of this practical anti-Semitism, but one can understand it; on the other hand, a riddle, equally mysterious for wise men and fools, is theoretical anti-Semitism. […] The first and last conclusion of your wisdom is the catchphrase: 'The Jews are our misfortune after all', and a series of sayings 'great men' from Luther to Bismarck serve as evidence for this sentence. The declamations against capital that run alongside are kept as general as possible. […] On the other hand, however, philosemitism is not a hair better than anti-Semitism. If the latter claims to fight capitalism by persecuting the Jews, it claims to protect the Jews by defending capitalism through thick and thin. [...] For the class-conscious workers, the 'opposition' between anti-Semitism and philosemitism has never had any meaning. In the program of the International it is said that 'the international workers' association and all its associated societies and individuals recognize truth, law and morals as the basis of their conduct towards one another and towards all their fellow men regardless of color, creed or nationality.' "Franz Mehring : Anti-Semitic and Philosemitic . 1891. Shlomo Na'aman : The Significance of the Jewish Question in the Early Labor Movement. In: Tel Aviver yearbook for German history. 20, 1991, p. 173.
  21. ^ Lars Fischer: The Socialist Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany . Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 26.
  22. ^ Robert S. Wistrich: Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring. In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 22, 1977, pp. 38-41; Götz Aly: Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 127 f. (here the quote).
  23. ↑ Never an anti-Semitic leader tried to annihilate a single Jew so mercilessly as Herr Eugen Richter, the supreme leader of “free-spirited” philosemitism, only recently the Jewish writer Marx, just because he dared to publicly complain that he was only about For the sake of his status as a Jew, a liberal-philosemitic paper had made him unemployed. Franz Mehring: Anti-Semitic and Philosemitic , 1891.
  24. ^ Franz Mehring: Anti-Semitic and Philosemitic. In: The new time. 9th year, Volume 2 (1890–1891), No. 45, pp. 585 ff. ( Online , accessed on December 20, 2012); see. Götz Aly: Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 127 f.
  25. ^ Eduard Bernstein: The catchphrase and anti-Semitism. In: The New Time. XI. Volume, Volume 2, No. 35, 1893, pp. 228-237 ( online , accessed January 2, 2013); Franz Mehring: The first election result. In: The New Time. XI. Vol., Volume 2, No. 40, 1893, pp. 385-389 ( online , accessed January 2, 2013); see. Robert S. Wistrich: Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring. In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 22, 1977, p. 47 f.
  26. ↑ Franz Mehring: Capitalist agony. In: The New Time. Volume X (1891–1892), Volume 2, No. 44, 1892, p. 546 ( online , accessed on January 2, 2013; Mehring here cites Marx, Zur Judenfrage ); see. Götz Aly: Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 127.
  27. ↑ Introductory remarks by Mehrings in: Derselbe (Ed.): From the literary estate of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Ferdinand Lassalle. I. Collected writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. From March 1841 to March 1844 . JHW Dietz Nachf. Stuttgart 1902, p. 356 ff .; see. Robert S. Wistrich: Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring. In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 22, 1977, pp. 43-45.
  28. ↑ Franz Mehring: The end of a demagogue. In: The New Time. XI. Volume II (1892-1893), No. 45, p. 545 ( online , accessed December 20, 2012).
  29. ↑ Götz Aly: Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 135.
  30. ↑ Edmund Silberner: Socialists on the Jewish question. A contribution to the history of socialism from the beginning of the 19th century to 1914 . Colloquium Verlag, Berlin 1962, pp. 198-203; similar to Micha Brumlik in a review of Götz Aly: Why the Germans ... : Holocaust research: robbers and murderers like you and me. In: The time . No. 33/2011 (online)
  31. ^ Robert S. Wistrich: Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring. In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 22, 1977, pp. 42 and 36.
  32. ^ Paul Massing: Prehistory of political anti-Semitism . Europäische Verlags-Anstalt, Hamburg 1986, quoted from Matthias Vetter: Franz Mehring. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Band 1.2: Persons L-Z . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2009, p. 536.
  33. ↑ Shlomo Na'aman: The Jewish question as a question of anti-Semitism. In: Ludger Heid and Arnold Paucker (eds.): Jews and German workers' movement until 1933 . JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1992, p. 50; similar to Wolfgang Wippermann in a review of Götz Aly, Why the Germans ... : History: Reiner Neid? In: Jüdische Allgemeine . August 18, 2011 ( online , accessed December 20, 2012).
  34. ^ Matthias Vetter: Franz Mehring. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Band 1.2: Persons L-Z . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2009, p. 536.
  35. ↑ Quoted from Peter GJ Pulzer : The emergence of political anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria 1867–1914 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, p. 26, note 77.
  36. ↑ Götz Aly : Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 129.
  37. ↑ See Hartmut Henicke: Workers' Movement and Reformation Reception from the Vormärz to the First World War - knowledge and limits. In: Work - Movement - History , Issue II / 2017, pp. 86-106.
  38. ↑ Klicktel autumn 2012.
personal data
SURNAME Mehring, Franz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mehring, Franz Erdmann (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German publicist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH February 27, 1846
PLACE OF BIRTH Schlawe , Pomerania
DATE OF DEATH January 28, 1919 or January 29, 1919
Place of death Berlin