Eugene Richter

This article refers to the member of the Reichstag, Eugen Richter. The FDP politician of the same name can be found under Eugen Richter (Politiker, 1883) .

Eugen Richter, "Photo studio Jul. Braatz Inh. G. Michaelis", Berlin after 1897

Eugen Richter (born July 30, 1838 in Düsseldorf , † March 10, 1906 in Groß-Lichterfelde , a suburb of Berlin ) was a German politician ( German Progressive Party , German Liberal Party , Liberal People's Party ) and a publicist during the German Empire . He is regarded as one of the best rhetoricians in the Prussian House of Representatives and the German Reichstag . At the time, Richter was one of the first professional politicians and a consistent representative of Manchester liberalism in Germany.

Life

Childhood and school days

Eugen Richter was born as one of two sons of the couple Adolph Leopold Richter (1798–1876) and Bertha Richter, nee. Moor breaker . Like his grandfather, his father was a military doctor, until 1848 as a Prussian regimental doctor in Düsseldorf and then as a general doctor in Koblenz . His mother came from a long-established family of postmasters in Düsseldorf. His relatives included Adolf Richter , President of the German Peace Society , and his cousin, the historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher , who, in contrast to Richter, were staunch supporters of Bismarck. In Düsseldorf he attended Krumbach's private school up to the quinta and then, when the family moved, he moved to the local grammar school in Koblenz , where his later parliamentary colleagues from the Center Party, Karl von Huene and Hermann Mosler, were classmates. When in 1855 he was given the task of delivering a speech on the birthday of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV , he tried "to bring in something of constitutional rights and traditional freedoms with reference to the Swiss and Dutch".

Studies and employment

In the winter semester of 1856, Eugen Richter began studying law and camera science at the University of Bonn . As early as the summer semester of 1857 he moved to the University of Heidelberg , where he stayed for three semesters and, in particular, attended lectures by Karl Heinrich Rau as well as his colleges and seminar exercises. "There he soon belonged to a small group of Baden cameramen who met in Rau's study room and thoroughly discussed economic issues." He wrote articles, for example about the money crisis of 1857 and the suspension of the usury laws , which he offered newspapers for publication. In the winter semester of 1858-1859 he studied law at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin , with Gneist . In the summer semester, he completed his studies at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.

Robert von Mohl's theory of the rule of law and the political economic views of Karl Heinrich Rau had a lasting influence on him.

Richter participated in the congresses of German economists from 1858 to 1865. Here he met Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch , Karl Braun (politician, 1822) , Lette , Hermann Becker (called the 'red Becker'), Prince Smith , Faucher , Engel , Max Wirth and others. Through Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch he became a supporter of his cooperative idea . So he wrote a brochure on his behalf. In 1863 he took part as a delegate at the first day of German workers' associations and saw his later political opponent August Bebel for the first time .

During his training in the Prussian judicial service, he wrote a brochure in Düsseldorf in 1862 on The Freedom of the Bar Trade , which spoke out in favor of reforming the Prussian trade police . This publication, as well as a feature section published in the Niederrheinische (n) Volks-Zeitung in 1862, A Magdeburg Spooky Story from 1862, caught the attention of his superiors and led to disciplinary measures. When the authorities rejected his election as mayor of Neuwied and he was supposed to be transferred to Bromberg without earnings in 1864 , he voluntarily resigned from civil service. In December 1864 he had passed his exam as a government assessor.

At the urging of his parents, he did not devote himself to journalism at first, but in 1865 took a job as an unskilled worker at “Magdeburger Feuerversicherung”, where he took care of press work and supported the “New Magdeburger Konsumverein” in Magdeburg . In July 1865, a meeting of the Cologne Progress Party was dissolved by the Minister of the Interior, Count Friedrich zu Eulenburg , whereupon Richter also took part in a protest meeting of the Magdeburg Citizens' Association. Richter wrote a. a. for the sheets for cooperatives . At the beginning of 1866 he went back to Berlin, where he lived off his work as a journalist. At the same time, Richter was elected to the “Central Committee for the Berlin Reichstag elections.” It can be assumed that he was now a member of the German Progressive Party at the latest.

Richter's political views

Eugen Richter represented the positions of Manchesterism throughout his entire political activity, regardless of social or political development, and subordinated every financial or socio-political question to this maxim. “In freedom, selfishness finds a barrier in the selfishness of the other. Those who want to sell as cheaply as possible find an obstacle in the endeavors of those who want to buy as cheaply as possible. If one is given freedom with the other, both must subordinate their selfishness to the common interest ”. Richter said that the “small worker” tries to become a “small entrepreneur”, “from the small one to a larger entrepreneur” and after buying a house etc. he “doesn't shy away from the prospect of doing it in the end Bring capitalists. (...) Borsig , the millionaire, was originally such a small man. "

Richter stood up for the constitutional monarchy and the rights of the parliament in budget matters as well as for ministerial responsibility . His specialty was budget deliberations, in which he calculated the ministers' mistakes year after year. He meticulously checked every single budget title, and the discovery of camouflaged budget items such as the "stuffed captain" (1870) in Prussia made him known. He spoke of the “taxpayer's penny”, and Franz Mehring called him a “arithmetic servant”. His main field of activity was the budget debate and in particular tax policy. He was the only party to vote against Johannes von Miquel's tax reforms, which guaranteed the state too high a revenue. For fundamental reasons, he opposed Bismarck's protective tariff policy. He did not reject the beginning of the acquisition of colonies for the German Reich, but was guided by economic benefits. He criticized the acquisition of the "Sandloch Angra-Pequena " ( South West Africa ), but here, too, economic arguments and advantages for the German Reich were more in the foreground than fundamental political considerations. He rejected almost all of the Bismarck social laws . He faced "all questions of state power such as the social problem without understanding and counteracted any expansion of state powers."

His main opponent was the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck . The indemnity bill of 1866, which granted Bismarck impunity, put the Progress Party, founded in 1861, “in the shadow of the more powerful national liberals ”. Even before Bismarck's turn to a conservative economic and social policy, he “made it impossible to join forces with the National Liberals”. Richter's constant contradiction once irritated the Chancellor to the point of threatening to leave the room as soon as Richter spoke up, "because the oppositional scent that surrounds the whole person affects my nerves". Richter misjudged Bismarck's goal of weakening both social democracy and the liberals. The Progress Party lost nine seats in the Reichstag election in 1878.

In addition to Bismarck, he fought as the second main opponent, the developing socialist labor movement and the young Social Democratic Party. In his work The Progressive Party and Social Democracy , he made it clear what the goal of his party was: “Let us always regard the progress of the Progressive Party's struggle with the other political parties to the right as a minor matter and let us refer our friends as other political parties, on the fact that our main task is to defeat the enemy we all have in common, the social democracy ”. A leaflet from the Progress Party says: "One wants to keep personal property (meaning the Social Democrats)."

He consistently rejected exceptional laws. He also rejected the Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church , the special laws against the Jews demanded by the anti-Semites , the Jesuit laws or the Polish laws . He also rejected the so-called exception law ( socialist law ). At the same time, however, he fought against the Social Democrats by calling for the election of the free conservative Robert Lucius in 1878 or by accusing the police of “inept handling of the existing law” in the Reichstag. One biographer speaks of “sham opposition”.

He consistently took a stand against the anti-Semitism of Stocker and his Christian-Social Party and condemned all attempts to deprive Jewish citizens of their rights. Because of his defense of the Jewish fellow citizens against the attacks of the anti-Semitic movement, Richter was described by Ernst Henrici as a "Jew servant". Anti-Semitic articles in Vorwärts were also heavily criticized by Richter in the Freising newspaper until shortly before his death .

He could not always choose to include fundamental rights , and his party rejected them in 1870 as "out of date". The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine was called for in the journal Der Volksfreund , which he co-sponsored .

According to the judgment of contemporaries and all historians , Eugen Richter is one of the most prominent members of parliament of the Wilhelmine era. Along with Bismarck, Bebel and Ludwig Windthorst , he was one of the best rhetoricians in the Reichstag. Richter always spoke from his seat and never went to the lectern. He was the main opponent of Chancellor Bismarck in Parliament.

Richter's words: “Why discuss, we vote” (1887) and “The majority of the Reichstag is a fear product of the voters”. (March 9, 1887) even recorded the Büchmann .

Journalist and publicist

journalist

Title page of the Freising Newspaper of June 1, 1892 with part of the leading article Down with the anti-Semites!

Richter made his first steps as a journalist while still a student. In 1858 he was able to place some articles in the Illustrirten Zeitung . His contributions were rewarded with “five pfennigs per line”.

Richter published articles in the weekly magazine published by Ludolf Parisius : Der Volksfreund. A weekly for town and country (1867–1872). Parisius was the editor and on the cover were Dr. Leo (Calbe) , judge, Dr. Max Hirsch and Moritz Wiggers mentioned . The “Reichsfreund” was the successor organ. New weekly paper for town and country ”launched. The editors were Hugo Hermes , Richter and Ludolf Parisius. The title ironically referred to the accusation often raised by Otto von Bismarck in particular, that the progressives were "enemies of the Reich".

In 1885 he founded the Freisinnige Zeitung , for which he acted as the sole publisher and wrote almost all of the articles himself. His idea was to found the “Verlag 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft”. Only party members could become shareholders in order to ensure that no stranger could influence the direction of the newspaper. The nominal value of the shares was 200 marks each  . Richter used the newspaper to consolidate his "autocratic leadership," creating tension in the party that eventually contributed to the split in 1893.

In contrast to Richter, Bebel did not see his attitude towards the Liberal newspaper as tense as Richter himself.

On the part of the Reich government, the information on the leaflets from the publishing house “Progress” was officially corrected in the local press.

The well-known Berlin journalist Isidor Kastan writes that the Freisinnige Zeitung “completely missed the satirical grace” and that Richter gave the young Paul Schlenther an “open postcard” without notice because of a minor matter.

All in all, the Freisinnige Zeitung made losses, which could be offset by a donation on Richter's 50th birthday in 1888 with 100,000 marks, a similar donation on his 60th birthday in 1898 and not least by the inheritance of his brother Paul Richter. By 1904, a total of around 1 million marks had been paid off.

publicist

Richter wrote numerous brochures, mostly speeches from the Reichstag or from meetings of his party. The shorthand reports had the advantage that they could not be censored because they were published “according to the official protocol”. As a left-wing liberal politician, Eugen Richter stood up for freedom of the press , which, however, did not really exist in the German Reich. The main topics were the current debates in the Reichstag and in the Prussian House of Representatives. Almost all of the brochures are structured in the same way, and their titles often began with the word “against”.

Cooperatives - Schulze-Delitzsch - Lassalle

One of Eugen Richter's first political experiences was his collaboration with the Schulze-Delitzsch-inspired consumer cooperatives. He remained loyal to this particular idea for life. In his writing: Die Consumvereine, an emergency and aid book, for the establishment and establishment of which he emphasized the “contrast to Lassalle.” The establishment of consumer associations in Germany “did not come from simple workers, as in England, but from men which belong to the more educated classes ", and" many consumer associations owe their existence to the suggestion of the manufacturers. "Richter now proposed that" § 1 "of his model statutes accumulate the" profit made by each individual member (as) capital " to let. Richter was not so much concerned with the emancipation of the working class or the working class, but with the "principle of self-help and economic performance and consideration".

Since Lassalle demanded productive cooperatives with “state aid”, he was already in opposition to the Progressive Party. Much more serious, however, was that Lassalle proclaimed an independent workers' movement that was also to compete with the liberals for votes. The fact that Lassalle also tried to make arrangements with Bismarck prompted Richter to publish his brochure The History of the Social Democratic Party in Germany since the death of Ferdinand Lassalle , published in 1865 . In it, he almost exclusively evaluated newspaper reports from the various social democratic splinter groups of the ADAV . His main conclusion from this book was that social democracy, and thus the entire organized labor movement, owes its origin and existence to Bismarck alone.

Richter's credo read: “The Progress Party under the leadership of Schulze-Delitsch” has “always endeavored to counter the superstition of the power of the state, to refer the individual to himself and his own strength and the responsibility of the state for the good of the state To reject individuals ”. In terms of economic policy, he assumed that the "absolute productivity of the large company (...) was a big mistake".

Social democratic images of the future

Front page of the Social Democratic Future Pictures. Freely adapted from Bebel (November 1891)

His greatest book success in terms of circulation was the book published in 1890: Social Democratic Future Pictures. Freely based on Bebel . Suggestion for this title gave him on the one hand August Bebel's The Woman and Socialism and on the other hand Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward 2000–1887 . Bellamy was not a socialist, as is sometimes thought, but a science fiction writer. The success of his novel is probably due to the practical treatment of America's economic problems at the end of the 19th century. In any case, Richter's book was "printed in mass circulation and given away by employers to their workforce". The book had a circulation of '254,000' and was translated into 'nine' languages. In the Reichstag he justified the publication of the book: "Only the repeal of the Socialist Law made such a criticism possible again, because one can successfully criticize that which is prohibited to reproduce or defend."

In this book, Eugen Richter described a dystopian scenario that was to arise after a social democratic revolution: an 'educational dictatorship', ubiquitous state controls and even the nationalization of individual ' trousseau '. "All government papers (...) and banknotes have been declared null and void", furniture is confiscated. Ralph Raico, a liberal historian, judges Richter's images of the future as follows: “It must be admitted that Richter's statements do not bring to light any previously unexpected poetic talent. The representation is based too much on emotions about family difficulties that are supposed to emanate from the new socialist system. The notion of almost perfect economic equality, which is not really an integral part of socialism, is over-emphasized. However, Richter was able to foresee many characteristics of a Marxist form of government with remarkable clarity. [...] Richter also foresaw that the attempt of socialism to base all economic life on central planning, despite all talk about "cooperatives" etc., would require centralized control by the state. In his little social-democratic pictures of the future, Richter already painted a true picture of what whole peoples had to learn in painful experience, namely that the socialist project would result in the destruction of civil society. "

The reception of the Social Democrats affected by Richter's criticism was of course still critical at that time. The social democratic joke paper Der Wahre Jacob summarized Richter's key words: “'False doctrines' - 'World improvers' - 'Abolition of personal freedom' - 'Forced and police state' - ' Fantastica ' - ' fantasies ' - 'general confusion' - 'incitator' - 'Dissatisfaction' - 'Class hatred' - ' Mob ' - 'Possessing classes' - 'No information' - 'Future state'. "The Social Democrats reacted violently with various brochures. But Richter's book had no real influence on the social democratic voters, so that as early as 1892 Mehring complained that his own social democratic party press took "no notice" of his writing.

Political ABC book

Eugen Richter: Political ABC book . 8th edition. 1896

In a compendium , he presented the positions of himself and his political direction in articles arranged in alphabetical order. He placed particular emphasis on argumentation aids towards other parties, especially the Social Democratic Party. It was first published in 1881 under the title ABC book for free-spirited voters , in 1884 and 1885 as a new ABC book for free-spirited voters , in 1889 and 1890 again as an ABC book for free-spirited voters, and from 1892, no longer anonymously , as a political ABC book . A lexicon of parliamentary time and disputes . The last 10th edition appeared in 1903. In the foreword to the 8th edition in 1898, Richter writes that this book “(discusses) the individual questions from my personal point of view (...) so it can (...) just as little (...) contain binding interpretations of the liberal Point of view (...) deliver ". The book was funded by full-page advertisements from banks and insurance companies. In addition to alphabetically sorted keywords, which were adapted to the respective political situation with each year, Richter also set current priorities, e.g. B. 1898 "The German Fleet" or 1903 "The Customs Tariff Template of 1902".

This manual for free-spirited politicians is often rumored to be an original idea of ​​Richter. The suggestion for this publication came from a similarly designed paper by August Bebel from 1873. In his memoirs, Bebel noted a train trip with Richter in the 1890s. It was the first personal discussion that did not take place coram publico : “Then he decided to implement the idea, albeit in a different form, for his party as well (...) At that moment I was a little proud, mine To sit opposite much-vaunted political opponents as a teacher. "

In 1884, Richter said in the Reichstag that “frankly speaking, it is a question of power for the near future”, because it is not only the socialist law that is at stake. It is about whether liberalism still has a future or whether Bismarck succeeds in “walling up the future of liberalism” in the election campaign.

As recently as 1898, Eugen Richter asserted under the keyword 'detachment': "The Social Democrats are now falsely claiming that a majority against the extension of the Socialist Law would have been possible in 1884 if the liberals who were absent from the vote had been present and voted against the Socialist Law would have. - This is also incorrect. Even if all 13 missing members of the Free Party had been present at the vote and voted against the extension of the Socialist Law, the Socialist Law would nevertheless have been extended with 183 against 158 ​​+ 13 = 171 votes, i.e. with a majority of 12 votes. Of the 13 members who were absent from the vote among the 100 members, 2 were absent as sick, 3 as on leave, 4 as excused and 4 as unexcused. Among the innocent members, one member had been sick for months and another had been paired with a conservative. "

Ludwig Bamberger describes in his diaries that on May 5, 1884, during a meeting in a narrow circle, Richter "very coolly (pulled) out a slip of paper with probability calculations about how many votes our parliamentary group would have to deliver in order for the law to be adopted". Since the Center Party behaved in a similar way to the liberals, 26 liberals voted for the law, 13 were detached. Overall, the law was passed with 189 votes to 157.

A year later, after the above-mentioned extension of the exceptional law against social democracy, z. B. spread this message in local newspapers. "As is well known, soon after the vote on the law regarding the extension of the validity of the Socialist Law last May, it became known that the liberals, although opponents of the law, for fear that a rejection of the law might harm them, 'ordered' some of theirs had to prevent rejection. Soon after the elections this matter was brought up again in a Berlin party meeting, but was denied by the leaders of the 'liberals'. Recently, when the report on the implementation of the Socialist Act was being discussed, the matter came up again in the Reichstag, and here Herr Eugen Richter took the opportunity to explain that neither Herr Abg. Kämffer (who had been cited as a witness for this) nor another member of the free-thinking party, on behalf of the party executive committee, received a request not to appear here. But now comes the former liberal Abg. Kämffer with the revelation that the Abg. Günther -Berlin and 10 or 12 other colleagues with the same name, 'i. A .: Dr. Hermes ' signed letters stating that 'their presence is not necessary for the vote on the Socialist Law' and that Dr. O. Hermes, asked by Kämpffer on whose behalf he wrote these letters, replied: 'Well, in Eugen's name'. Now, as noted above, Eugen Richter has denied that such letters were written on behalf of the party executive. It follows either that Herr Eugen Richter was untruthful or that he appears in two roles, as required, now as a party executive, now as a private individual, and that he uses the invisibility cloak as a private individual when he is accountable as a party executive is pulled. That's quite convenient. "

In the Reichstag and in the Prussian House of Representatives

The "old Reichstag" (Leipziger Str. 4), in which Richter worked from 1871 to 1884.

Eugen Richter as a young MP.

Richter was a member of the Prussian House of Representatives from 1869 to 1906 , to which three-class suffrage was elected. In February 1867 he was elected to the Reichstag of the North German Confederation for Nordhausen and in 1871 to the Reichstag of the Empire for the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . From 1874 to 1906 he represented the constituency Arnsberg 4 (Hagen- Schwelm ). In the election for the ordinary Reichstag in August 1867 , however, he fell through in the runoff election against Georg von Bunsen in the Solingen constituency .

Its various party affiliations reflect the history of German liberalism in the 19th century. Richter joined the Progress Party in 1867 . In March 1884, the Progressive Party united with the Liberal Association to form the German Freedom Party under the leadership of Franz August Schenk Freiherr von Stauffenberg (1884-1893), who represented those forces in the party that were formed by Crown Prince Friedrich , who later became “99 days -Kaiser “Friedrich III., A liberal policy after Bismarck promised. After the break-up of the German Liberal Party in 1893, Richter became the leader of the newly formed Liberal People's Party , which continued the tradition of the Progressive Party, but could no longer build on its old successes and was finally merged into the Progressive People's Party in 1910 .

At first, Richter did not play a special role in his party or faction. Leopold von Hoverbeck , Wilhelm Loewe-Calbe , Franz Duncker , Rudolf Virchow and Albert Hänel were the leading representatives of the party. Richter earned his first merits in 1867 when he led the election campaign as a general representative in the Düsseldorf administrative district with a hitherto unknown plan and ruthlessness. He was also noticed in the same year because he rejected the constitution of the North German Confederation. After Hoverbeck's death in August 1875, Richter initially competed with Saucken-Tarputschen , Hänel and Duncker for the leadership of the party. As the only professional politician he was finally able to prevail against his competitors and became leader of the progressive faction in the Reichstag. From January 1884 Richter began secret negotiations with the secessionists of the National Liberal Party and in March 1884 was elected "Chairman of the Executive Committee" of the German Liberal Party. When Richter split his party in May 1893 because of Caprivi's army bill , he became chairman of the new Liberal People's Party.

Member of the Progressive Party (1867-1884)

Election results and committees

from left to right: the leaders of the Progressive Party: Ludwig Loewe , Rudolf Virchow, Albert Haenel, Albert Traeger , Eugen Richter around 1881

• For the 1st legislative period (February – August 1867) of the Reichstag he was elected in the constituency of Nordhausen. In the Reichstag election in February 1867 , one of 297 members was elected. The Progress Party had 29 MPs, i. H. 6.4% of the seats.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives January 16, 1870. Of 432 members 49 seats, that is 11.34%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.
• For the III. Legislative period (March 1871 to January 1874) of the Reichstag he was elected in the constituency of Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt with 50.47% in the first ballot according to the absolute majority vote, but only with a "21 vote" lead. In the Reichstag elections in 1871 , one of 382 was MPs. The Progress Party had 45 MPs, i. H. 11.84% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Budget Commission; Federal budget; Matriculation contributions and spoke on the following topics: Matriculation contributions for 1869 and the state budget for 1871
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives January 4, 1873. 68 seats out of 432 members, that is 15.74%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.
• For the fourth legislative period (January 1874 to January 1877) of the Reichstag he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 53.82% in the first ballot. In the Reichstag elections in 1874 , one of 397 was MPs. The Progress Party had 49 MPs, i. H. 12.3% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: general accounts; Income and expenditure and spoke to: Reichs -military law and to the realm budget budget.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives October 27, 1876. 63 seats out of 433 members, that is 14.55%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.
• For the fifth legislative period (January 1877 to July 1878) of the Reichstag, he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 37.7% in the first ballot and 53.3% in the runoff election. In the Reichstag elections in 1877 , one of 397 was MPs. The Progress Party had 35 MPs, i. H. 8.8% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Reich Budget Budget.
• From 1876 to 1877 Richter was also a member of the city ​​council in Berlin.
• For the VI. Legislative period (July 1878 to October 1881) of the Reichstag, he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 42.04% in the first ballot and with 53.3% in the runoff election. In the Reichstag election in 1878 he was one of 397 members of parliament. The Progress Party had 26 MPs, i. H. 6.5% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Reich Budget Budget.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives October 7, 1879. 38 seats out of 433 members, that is 8.78%. Richter was elected in the Berlin IV constituency.
• For the 7th legislative period (October 1881 to October 1884) of the Reichstag, he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 60.34% in the first ballot. In the Reichstag election in 1881 , one of 397 was a member of the parliament. The Progress Party had 60 MPs, i. H. 15.1% of the seats. Richter belonged to the following committees: Reich Budget Budget and the Budget Commission as well as the Commission for the Military Pension Act. On March 5, 1884, the German Liberal Party was founded, which Eugen Richter joined.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives October 26, 1882. 38 seats out of 433 members, that is 8.78%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.

Progress Party politician

Wrong world. Eugen Richter disputes the court preacher Adolph Stöcker: "You shouldn't give false testimony against your neighbor" . From: Berliner Wespen , June 8, 1881.

Like most of his countrymen and parliamentarians, with the exception of August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht , Richter was an ardent patriot during the Franco-Prussian War . Shortly after the beginning of the war in 1870, Virchow organized the first "medical train" (September 1870) to France, and Richter took part as a "material administrator".

In addition to the Socialist Law and its extensions, Bismarck initiated his protective tariff policy from 1878/79 . It was about grain and iron tariffs. Richter asked Bismarck to consider the "disadvantages of tax burdens". And: “We are not calling on class interests, but the Chancellor of the Reich did it. That is much more dangerous than the socialist agitation on the other side ”.

With the publication of the article “Our prospects” (1879) by Heinrich von Treitschke in the Prussian yearbooks and the speeches of the court preacher Adolph Stöcker , who tried to establish a German-Christian state of God as a corporate state with his Christian-Social Workers' Party , anti-Semitism experienced one Boom. The anti-Semitism dispute (1879–1881) prepared the ground with a violent anti-Semitic campaign. On October 22nd, 1880, Richter said in the Prussian state parliament: "No, gentlemen, you beat the Jews and you think the liberals". And then went on: “Gentlemen, I am known as one who fought the social democratic movement from the beginning and in all stages in the most violent and decisive manner; But I have to say: in my eyes that Christian-social movement is much more pernicious, much more dangerous than the social-democratic one ”. The historian Klaus-Dieter Weber emphasizes Richter's stance on this question by quoting him: “That is precisely what is particularly perfidious about the whole movement, that while the socialists only turn away the economically wealthy, racial hatred is nurtured here , so something like that what the individual cannot change and what can only be ended by either being beaten to death or being carried over the border. "

Member of the German Liberal Party (1884-1893)

Election results and committees

Friedrich III. - because he was the first to send a congratulatory telegram in 1884, the German Liberal Party was called the “Crown Prince Party”.

• For the eighth legislative period (October 1884 to February 1887) of the Reichstag he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 52.21% in the first ballot. In the Reichstag election in 1884 he was one of 397 members of parliament. The German Liberal Party had 67 members, i. H. 16.9% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Peace Presence Strength, Mail Steamship Connections and Spirits Monopoly .
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives on November 5, 1885. 40 seats out of 433 members, that is 9.24%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.
• For the IX. Legislative period (February 1887 to February 1890) of the Reichstag, he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 51.55% in the first ballot. In the Reichstag election in 1887 he was one of 397 members of parliament. The German Liberal Party had 32 members, i. H. 8.1% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Reich Budget, Conscription and Customs Tariff Laws.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives November 6, 1888. 29 seats out of 433 members, that is 6.7%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.
• For the 10th legislative period (February 1890 to June 1893) of the Reichstag, he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 56.08% in the first ballot. In the Reichstag elections in 1890 , one of 397 was MPs. The German Liberal Party had 68 members, i. H. 16.6% of the seats. Richter belonged to the following committees: memorial, peace attendance, imperial budget and sugar tax . In May 1893 the German Liberal Party split and Richter became chairman of the Progressive People's Party.

Politician of the German Liberal Party

Title page of the heresies of social democracy illuminated by Eugen Richter . 66th thousand, November 1890.

Eugen Richter between 1900 and 1905 (postcard)

Eugen Richter Tower in Hagen i. W., photograph 1911

Memorial plaque on the house, Kadettenweg 35, in Berlin-Lichterfelde

In addition to the socialist law, with which Bismarck wanted to bring down social democracy, he developed his ' state socialism '. The most important point was the Accident Insurance Act . Richter criticized the law as "undemocratic" and "social autocratic". Richter saw this insurance as a "compulsory" one that contradicted his liberal ideas.

Richter voted against the steam subsidy in 1885 , "partly for financial reasons".

In the case of the spirits tax, Richter criticized the fact that "there is a whole chain of legislative measures, all of which are calculated to give advantages to a certain class of distilleries."

Regarding the extension of the electoral term from three to five years, Richter said, "By extending the electoral term, the connection between the electorate and the elected loosens and weakens the support of the representatives in the people."

When Bismarck was dismissed in 1890, Richter wrote in his Liberal newspaper: “The fact that a fifth of the German population supported a republican party in the last elections is mainly the result of Bismarck's system of government, which was only too suitable to raise the social democracy artificially, sometimes by means of the carrot that is served, sometimes by means of the applied stick ”. In doing so, he overlooked the fact that the rapid development of society and industry itself had spawned the workers' movement in the German Reich and in Europe. Immediately after the fall of the Socialist Law, Richter gave a speech in his constituency of Hagen and published his book Die Herrlehren der Sozialdemokratie .

In 1893 there was a dispute over Caprivi's new military bill . It was about reducing military service from three to two years. Eugen Richter refused. The party broke up and was split into the 'Liberal Association', consisting of the members who had approved the government bill, and the 'Liberal People's Party'. The Kladderadatsch commented on the dissolution of the German Liberal Party as follows: “'This time it must be very finely turned!' said Eugen - shortly before the dissolution of the Reichstag he split up the German liberal party. "

Member of the Liberal People's Party (1893–1906)

Election results and committees

• For the XI. Legislative period (June 1893 to June 1898) of the Reichstag he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 38.9% in the first ballot and with 59.82% in the runoff ballot in the second ballot. In the Reichstag election in 1893 he was one of 397 members. The Progressive People's Party had 24 MPs, i. H. 6.0% of the seats. Richter belonged to the following committees: Imperial budget budget, Imperial stamp duties , tobacco tax and sugar tax.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives November 7, 1893. Of 433 members 14 seats, that is 3.23%. Richter was elected in the Berlin II constituency.
• For the XII. Legislative period (June 1898 to June 1903) of the Reichstag he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 33.8% in the first ballot and with 63.78% in the runoff election in the second ballot. In the Reichstag election in 1898 , one of 397 was a member of the parliament. The Progressive People's Party had 29 MPs, i. H. 7.3% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Reich Budget Budget.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives on November 3, 1898. 26 seats out of 433 members, that is 6.00%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.
• For the XIII. Legislative period (June 1903 to June 1906) of the Reichstag, he was elected in the constituency of Hagen with 29.7% in the first ballot and with 58.29% in the runoff in the second ballot. In the Reichstag election in 1903 he was one of 397 members. The Progressive People's Party had 21 MPs, i. H. 5.2% of the seats. Richter was a member of the following committees: Audit Commission.
• Election to the Prussian House of Representatives January 20, 1903. Of 433 members 24 seats, that is 5.54%. Richter was elected in the constituency of Hagen.

Leader of the Liberal People's Party

Even after Bismarck's departure in 1890 , Richter continued his personal fight against Bismarck. On the occasion of Bismarck's eightieth birthday, the parties in the Reichstag (163 votes to 146) rejected a motion on March 23, 1895 to honor the old Chancellor. In the Prussian House of Representatives, however, this proposal was accepted.

After lengthy discussions in the Reichstag, a “margarine law” was passed. Richter commented on this law in great detail in his ABC book - at least on four pages - and came to the conclusion: “But be it as he pleases, for the sake of the butter producers, the less affluent classes of the people must not be deprived of a cheaper and at the same time healthy food become".

He rejected the so-called overturn bill of 1894/95, the “little socialist law”.

In 1897 Eugen Richter came to the conclusion: "The only right thing would be to gradually repeal the entire law on old-age and disability insurance ".

Because of the murder of two missionaries , Kiautschou was occupied in 1897. On the occasion of a debate in the Reichstag on January 31, 1899, Eugen Richter turned the previous attitude of his party on the colonial question. “Gentlemen, I don't judge Kiautschou as unfavorably as I do about colonial policy in Africa. (...) what kind of interest would we have in dominating the Chinese? We just want to earn money from them, nothing more. Only economic interests come into question. ”As Wilhelm II (German Empire) stated in his well-known“ Hun Speech ”on July 27, 1900:“ How a thousand years ago the Huns made a name for themselves under their King Etzel Even now in the tradition it seems mighty, the name Germany should be confirmed in China in such a way that a Chinese never again dares to look at a German, for example, "said Richter against this policy. “The recognition of the need for a military development of power does not imply recognition of all measures of China policy. (...) As for the announcement that this campaign must be a campaign of vengeance, (...) that this expression does not correspond to Christian views. "

In 1896, the Reichstag refused to enlarge the fleet . Two years later, however, a first naval law was passed by the Reichstag against the votes of the Social Democrats, the Free People's Party, the national minorities and a small part of the center. Eugen Richter wrote a series of brochures because he saw a danger in the relationship with England, which could lead to armed conflicts.

"The 'fall' in the customs tariff debates in 1902" was carried out by Eugen Richter in that he was the only one of his party to agree to a proposal by the MP Herold , who only proposed an insufficient reduction in the most important grain tariffs. In doing so, Richter had isolated himself within his party and revised his previous position on the collection of tariffs.

Last years

Between 1892 and 1896, Eugen Richter wrote his autobiography , “Jugenderinnerungen” and “In the old Reichstag” (2 volumes), which were published by the party-affiliated publisher “Progress, Aktiengesellschaft”, which was co-founded by Eugen Richter.

Towards the end of his political career, when he and his party had increasingly lost influence, he summed up his political maxim in a speech in honor of Virchow: “We are honored because we have become fewer because we never meet have accepted compromises. "

In the last years of his life he was in correspondence with his successor in the Free People's Party Hermann Müller-Sagan (1899–1904). Finally, the 63-year-old judge married the widow of his late colleague Ludolf Parisius in 1901. In 1903 Richter fell ill with rheumatism and an eye disease , so that he (1904/1905) had to give up his mandate. He died on March 10, 1906 in Groß-Lichterfelde- West, Sternstrasse 62 .

Eugen Richter was buried on March 13th in the Luisenstadt cemetery in Kreuzberg . A portrait bust of Richter by the sculptor Ernst Wenck is placed on the grave. He was exhumed on October 13, 1983 , and his remains were transferred to Hagen, where they were then buried in the Delstern cemetery. He received a grave of honor that is maintained by the city of Hagen.

Parisius widowed the gravestones of Eugen Richter and his wife Elise in the Delstern cemetery in Hagen.

His death sparked varied echoes in the contemporary press, from the left-wing liberal side in the German press , from the member of the Liberal Association Friedrich Naumann , from the Jewish side through Adolf Friedemann, through the liberal publicist and Bismarck admirer Maximilian Harden and of course also through the social democrat Franz Mehring.

Honors

Olaf Gulbransson published a portrait caricature of Eugen Richter in the Simplicissimus in the series “Gallery of Famous Contemporaries IX” .

The city councilor Max Loesenbeck gave a speech on June 9, 1911 for the laying of the foundation stone of the tower, which was made on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Progressive Party.

In his honor, an Eugen Richter tower was inaugurated in his former constituency of Hagen on October 22, 1911, financed by the “Eugen Richter Fund” (1910) .

A planned bronze statue, which was supposed to cost 36,000 marks and which was originally to be erected on Dönhoffsplatz in Berlin, was ultimately not made for financial reasons.

Eugen-Richter-Strasse named after him can be found in Beeskow , Beichlingen , Berlin-Kaulsdorf , Bernburg , Dortmund , Düsseldorf, Erfurt , Hagen, Kassel , Karlsruhe , Kölleda , Mannheim , Oldenburg , Rietz-Neuendorf , Schönaich and in Worms .

A memorial plaque is attached to his former home in Berlin-Lichterfelde , Kadettenweg 35.

Contemporaries and historians on judges

"No political party in Germany and Austria, perhaps none on the whole of the continent, has a folk man of eloquence, wealth of political knowledge, energy and ruthlessness and the constant spiritual freshness that Eugen Richter possesses."

- Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, September 30, 1881, p. 4.

“That was the rooster (…) that screamed the loudest on the progressive dung heap. I do not misunderstand his great knowledge. He was the leader within his party, who always drew fluctuations in mind. "

- Otto von Bismarck (1894)

"At nine, Innstetten came back for tea, mostly with the newspaper in hand, spoke of the prince who was in a lot of trouble again, especially about this Eugen Richter, whose attitude and language were completely unqualified ..."

- Theodor Fontane : Effi Briest . 1896, Chapter 13, digitized version .

“(...) The capital must always whine a little, / So that its charms earn decent interest. / The rest of the work is done by the advertising expedition / Eugen Richter and Arthur Levysohn . (...) "

- Hieronymum: A political song . In: Simplicissimus . 2 Vol. 1897. No. 19, p. 146.

“For Bismarck's old and still unsettled hatred of socialists, it made sense to think of the red ghost as an excellent driver for his hunt for the pockets of the people. If, however, he still needed a nudge in this respect, he would have been delivered by the Progressive Party, which at that time took over the head of the bourgeois socialist incitement. Their older and at least more clever leaders had died, and the good Eugen Richter now had their notebook in hand. It might in some benevolence as morbid, but harmless riot happen if this outstanding thinker cursed social democracy than afterbirth of the police state ', or when he thought no one need capital from Marx to read, in which nothing was proved as that capitalist Production method has its downsides as long as people are not angels. Eugen Richter alone, in the name of his party, declares the fight with the reactionary parties literally as a secondary issue, but the fight with social democracy as the main one and issued the slogan: Dear Lucius, as a band. "

- Franz Mehring : History of Social Democracy (1902)

“If one does justice to the dead in this way, one must not forget that he was not a creative mind. He was really big only in criticism, and he probably knew that himself. That is why he never strived for an office or positive power. It only grew with the size of others. As long as he could cross the blade with Bismarck he was a hero. With the fall of the giant, he too fell into the abyss. What he did later on was detailed work. (...) At that time, anti-Semitism began its triumphant run. The Jewish parliamentarians could have confronted him, the Löwe , Bamberger , Hirsch were not zealous Jews, but men of a strong sense of honor. Richter, however, did not like it at all for his followers to take on the role of defending the Jews, and so they had to be silent. The good-hearted and benevolent Rickert founded the defense association. Richter stayed away from the leadership. He remembered the Jews in the elections, and the party leadership, which was always in need of money, then sparingly not with demands, but with mandates. When the German liberals divorced, things got worse. The free-thinking association hardly had a secure seat to give, but the Richter People's Party was probably able to bring a determined Jew into the Landtag. Occasionally anti-Semitic remarks were made in his paper, such as in the socialist 'Vorwärts', and the corresponding efforts of the Jewish notables were unsuccessful. "

- Adolf Friedemann: Eugen Richter , 1906, pp. 11–12.

"Richter hoped that the success, the more ruthless the break, the stronger the jolt to the left, the more securely it would have to be chained to its flags. The disappointment he now experienced was probably the worst he has ever met; in conjunction with the state elections in autumn that year, it meant the bankruptcy of resolute liberalism. "

- Felix Rachfahl (1912)

"Here an idea occurred to him, or was it a memory, he didn't know. “His Majesty spoke the lofty word: 'My African colonial empire for an arrest warrant against Eugen Richter!' But I, gentlemen, deliver the closest friends of Richter to His Majesty! ""

- Heinrich Mann : The subject . 1914, pp. 445-446. Digitized

“When the President gave him the floor, all the members gathered around him because he was always speaking from the seat. (...). Few debaters had the courage to measure their strength against the dreaded polemicist. Kardorff and Kanitz or Bebel and Singer only reluctantly accepted the fight with the man who mostly had laughter on his side. "

- Translated from Emile Wetterlé : Behind the Scenes in the Reichstag , New York, 1918, pp. 47–48.

“ Ludwig Erhard : No, not at all, because my father started from nothing and from his point of view has certainly come a long way. Loyal to the emperors and kings is perhaps not quite the right term, it was actually more loyal to the authorities; But not in the slavish sense, but he belonged to the Freethinking Party, he was a man of Eugene Richter, and we were soaked with this spirit from our youth. Günter Gaus : So you definitely have the memory that you already came into contact with political ideas in your parents' home? "

- To protect the German people from harm. Günter Gaus in conversation with Ludwig Erhard April 10, 1963.

"By showing that he was incapable of advocating a clear alternative to Bismarck's policy and by thwarting efforts to unite petty-bourgeois democrats for all of Germany in the mid-1970s, he contributed to the failure of left-wing liberalism in Germany."

- H. Müller / Helmuth Stoecker (1963), p. 392.

“The ideal of a party aimed at by [Richter] was not so much the large but rather the unified association. The equality of opinion, the party-orthodox outlook was the standard by which everyone was measured. (...) Only with a really homogeneous party did he believe that he could pursue his policy, a policy of resolute democratic opposition, unwavering adherence to principles once recognized as correct, repelling every attempt to compromise in order to gain influence; only in this way could liberalism be saved from corrupting itself once and for all. He considered any reorientation of the party entirely superfluous. In doing so, the party almost became an end in itself as a means of politics. Just as he judged people essentially according to their suitability for the party, so he viewed political questions essentially from the point of view of what could result from them, especially in terms of agitation, for the party, an attitude that a party without any future prospects of its own and without hope would have to take overall responsibility was irresponsible. So politics meant primarily party and faction politics to him in such a way that over tactical gains he lost sight of the strategic victory, indeed the difference between the important and the unimportant. In elections, he almost only looked at the success of his own party, not at the overall constellation, for example for liberalism, and in his view that justifies the demagoguery and irrelevance of his agitation. "

- Thomas Nipperdey : The organization of the German parties before 1918 , Düsseldorf 1961, pp. 210–211.

“Richter entered the political scene at a time when the great days of German liberalism were already over. (...) Richter was a skilled, quick-witted speaker, but his great talent was mainly limited to criticism. As a representative of extreme individualism, he fought all efforts aimed at strengthening state power and was a sharp opponent of Bismarck. In his constant opposition, Richter is a typical expression of the time. (...) The left-wing liberalism of Richter's stamp had outlived itself in terms of its principles. "

- Hans Herzfeld (1963), pp. 33-34.

“In parliament, Richter was respected and feared by everyone as an excellent critic of the state budget. Incorruptible in his faithfulness to convictions, he was more of a harsh critic than an uplifting politician. (...) When Richter died in 1906, developments had passed over him. "

- Biographical dictionary on German history (1974) column 2320

“As versatile as Richter was in the development of party journalism, the content of his innumerable articles and brochures and ABC books resembled a dry register of political facts, the 'Liberal Newspaper', which he designed almost entirely by himself for years - also in its form - resembled an upturned card index. If the conveyance of material for the political struggle was also his intention, then (...) it becomes clear that the inability to present political contexts in a journalistically appealing form was at the same time a side effect of the dwindling potency of left-wing liberalism. "

- Gustav Seeber (1978), p. 316.

“After all, it was Richter who formulated the evil word that a social question does not exist. At least he restricted it, albeit undecided in the assessment, to the fact that the social question was the totality of all cultural questions. In doing so, he placed himself among those who answered the social question with bourgeois phrases . In his weaknesses - and that is why he could not overcome them - his strengths were also rooted, such as the will-driven criticism, which always found the same cause in everything negative. "

- Ina Susanne Lorenz (1981), p. 237.

“But Eugen Richter accepted that, although he remained stuck with the views of the old Progress Party, which when it was founded did not come close to the radicalism of the forty-eight revolution and therefore did not want to be called 'democratic'. Richter was so narrow-minded that besides his anti-socialism he knew only two principles: the expansion of the constitutional monarchy , especially the rights of parliament in financial matters; and economic policy based on free trade . His inability to grasp newly emerging questions was already recognized by many contemporaries "

- Ernst Engelberg : Bismarck. The empire in the middle of Europe . Berlin 1990, p. 399.

“Richter certainly 'failed'. But if this is seen as a reason for neglecting the most important political representative of German liberalism, then the question arises as to which politicians in recent German history before Adenauer and Erhard did not ultimately fail? National liberals like Bennigsen and Miquel? Socialist leaders during the Second International, such as Bebel, Kautsky and Rosa Luxemburg ? The Conservative Establishment Before 1914? The high priest of the zeitgeist cult Friedrich Naumann? Or even Bismarck himself? "

- Ralph Raico (1999), p. 151.

Sources and literature

Works (selection) in chronological order

• anonymous: The money crisis and its causes. In: Illustrirte Zeitung . Leipzig No. 748 and 759; January 9th and 16th, 1858.
• anonymous: The repeal of the usury laws. In: Illustrirte Zeitung. Leipzig No. 765, 766 and 767; February 27, 1858, March 3 and 13, 1858.
• anonymous: Volkswirthschaftliche Letters. (1-5). In: Illustrirte Zeitung. Leipzig No. 847, 849, 850, 852 and 854; September 24 to November 12, 1859.
• anonymous: About the freedom of the bar trade. A contribution to the reform of the Prussian trade police, especially the concession system. Publishing house of the trade and industry association for Rhineland and Westphalia, Düsseldorf 1862.
• The Prussian trade tax legislation . In: Quarterly for Volkswirthschaft and Culturgeschichte ed. by Julius Faucher. Born 1863, third vol. 3. FA Herbig, Berlin 1863, pp. 1-43. books.google.de
• The economic aspirations of Schulze-Delitzsch in contrast to the social democratic heresies of Lassalle . Th.Lembke's Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf 1863
• The agricultural credit unions of Prussia and the mortgage banks of France and Belgium . In: Quarterly for Volkswirthschaft and Culturgeschichte ed. by Julius Faucher and Otto Michaelis. 2nd year, first volume FA Herbig, Berlin 1864, pp. 40-69. books.google.de
• Friedrich Knoblauch: The mistakes and shortcomings of fire insurance law in the German federal states. For the third German trading day following the application by the Magdeburg merchants regarding general German insurance legislation. Haenel, Magdeburg 1865
• anonymous: The history of the Social Democratic Party in Germany since the death of Ferdinand Lassalle. Compiled and documented from the two organs of the party, the Social Democrat in Berlin and the Nordstern in Hamburg . Th. Lembke's Buchhandlung, Berlin 1865, books.google.de
• The previous education of the higher administrative officials in Prussia . In: Prussian year books . Vol. 17, 1866, pp. 1-19. books.google.de
• Nature and meaning of the consumer associations in England . In: Deutsche Industrie-Zeitung . Chemnitz No. 50 of December 13, 1866, books.google.de
• The reform of the insurance laws in the North German Confederation . In: Julius Faucher (Hrsg.): Quarterly for Volkswirthschaft and Culturgeschichte . 5. Vol. II. FA Herbig, Berlin 1867, pp. 54-91. books.google.de
• The Consumvereine, an emergency and aid book, for their establishment and establishment . Franz Duncker , Berlin 1867, books.google.de
• On the natural history of the millionaires in Prussia . In: The People's Friend. A weekly for town and country . Berlin 1868
• The Prussian State Debt System and the Prussian State Papers . Maruschke & Berendt, Breslau 1869, books.google.de
• The new law on the consolidation of Prussian government bonds with the implementing provisions. (...) as an addendum to (...) 'The Prussian State Debt System and the Prussian State Papers' . Maruschke & Berendt, Breslau 1870.
• Field post letters from the Virchow hospital train of the Berlin Aid Association . In: Supplement to Landshuter Zeitung No. 42, 43 and 44 of October 23, 1870, October 30, 1870 and November 6, 1870 (pp. 169–179.) Books.google.de
• The German Progressive Party and the National Liberal Party . Berlin 1874
• Speech by the MP Richter (Hagen) on the disposition fund for general political purposes. According to the stenographic report of the session of the House of Representatives on January 20, 1874 . 'Germania', Berlin 1874.
• From the debate on the military question. Speech by the MP Richter and von Mallinckrodt (...) April 14, 1874 . 'Germania', Berlin 1874
• The Progressive Party and Social Democracy. Lecture given on May 9, 1877 in the electoral association of the Progressive Party in the 6th Berlin Reichstag constituency. Recorded in shorthand by Max Bäckler . Salewski, Berlin 1877
• Stenographic reports of the German Reichstag , 3rd legislative period, 1878.2, 54th session, pp. 1515–1523. reichstagsprotocol.de
• The Progress Party and Social Democracy . New edition with annotations. Barthel, Berlin 1878 (Political Issues of the Time 1)
• The Social Democrats, what they want and how they work . Barthel, Berlin 1878 (Political Issues of the Time 5)
• The wrong railway policy of Prince Bismarck, presented by Eugen Richter to the Prussian House of Representatives in three speeches on April 26, 1876, December 12 and 13, 1877 with an introduction and comments . German Progressive Party, Berlin 1878 (Political Time Issues 3)
• Self-government and government officials. A lecture about the errors and shortcomings of the newer Prussian administrative laws given by the member of parliament Eugen Richter before the liberal electoral association in Brieg on January 4, 1878 . Barthel, Berlin 1878 (Political Issues of the Time 4)
• Assassination attempt and socialist law . Barthel, Berlin undated (1878) (Political Issues of the Time 7)
• Against grain tariffs . Lecture by the member of parliament, Eugen Richter, on the increase in food prices and the damage to agriculture by grain tariffs, held at the general Berlin electoral meeting on January 27, 1879, along with statistical comments . Barthel, Berlin 1879 (Political Issues of the Time 12)
• The new customs and tax templates. Statistically illuminated by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter . Barthel, Berlin 1879 (Political Issues of the Time 13)
• anonymous: The liberal primary voter or what you need to know to vote. Political handbook . Barthel, Berlin 1879 (Political Issues of the Time 14).
• The Imperial Chancellor's Customs Projects. Speech by the MP Richter (Hagen) given at the session of the Reichstag on March 15, 1879 . Barthel, Berlin 1879.
• Against the Chancellor's customs and tax proposals. Speech given at the session of the Reichstag on May 5, 1879 . Barthel, Berlin 1879.
• anonymous: The fight against the reaction and the upcoming state elections. Speech in Stettin on September 4th for the state elections of 1879 . Barthel, Berlin 1879
• Against the national liberals. Reply of the MP Eugen Richter to the attack by MP Rickert against the Progressive Party in the military debate. Reich meeting on April 15, 1880 . Berlin 1880.
• Speech by the deputy judge on November 22, 1880 in the German Reichstag . In: The Jewish question before the Prussian Diet 1880 . Grosser, Berlin 1880, pp. 55–65 and 121–122. Digitized version (PDF)
• About craftsmen's questions. Lecture in the electoral association of the Progressive Party for the 3rd Berlin Reichstag constituency on Friday, February 11, 1881 . Barthel, Berlin 1881.
• The new taxes and the reactionary aspirations. Lecture given at the Görlitz concert hall on March 3, 1881 . Barthel, Berlin 1881 (from: Neuer Görlitzer Anzeiger No. 54 and 55)
• Liability and accident insurance . Schade, Berlin 1881.
• The Chancellor and the City of Berlin. Lecture by the member of parliament Eugen Richter, given at the electoral meeting of the fourth Berlin constituency of the Reichstag on April 8, 1881 . Barthel, Berlin 1881 (Brochure Fund of the German Progressive Party)
• The response of the Progressive Party in the Reichstag to the chancellor program in the Imperial Embassy on November 17, 1881. The opening of the German Reichstag on November 17 and the first consultation of the Reich budget at the meeting on November 24. Shown according to the stenographic reports with the wording of the speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter , Barthel, Berlin 1881.
• Lecture by the Member of Parliament, Mr. Eugen Richter, held on April 1, 1882 in the Victoria Hall in Cologne . Warnitz, Cologne 1882.
• anonymous: New ABC book for free-spirited voters. A lexicon of parliamentary time and disputes . 3. completely redesigned Jg. 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1881
• Against the tobacco monopoly. Speech by the Member of Parliament Eugen Richter, given on March 12, 1882 in the large Tivoli Hall in Berlin . Schade, Berlin 1882 (Brochure Fund of the German Progressive Party)
• The Chancellor and the German Liberal Party. The speeches of Prince Bismarck and the answer of the deputy Eugen Richter in the session of the Reichstag on May 9, 1884 . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1884.
• Against the monopoly. Reichstag speech of March 4, 1886 against the spirits monopoly. According to shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1886.
• About the military template. Reichstag speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter, delivered on January 13, 1887 . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1887.
• The spirit ring and the new liquor tax. Speech (...) given on August 26, 1887 at the Waldeckverein in Berlin. According to shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1887
• Against the extension of the electoral term. Reichstag speech after the shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1888.
• From the deliberations of the Reichstag on the Reich budget budget 1886–87. Speeches by E. Richter and W. Liebknecht. Verbatim copy of the shorthand report . Grillenberger , Nuremberg 1888
• Against the extension of the electoral term. Reichstag speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter. According to shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1888.
• Eugen Richter versus von Bennigsen. Speech (...) on the Reich budget in the Reichstag session on October 31, 1889 . Issac, Berlin 1889.
• Against the social democrats. Lecture of the Abg. Eugen Richter in Hagen-Eilpe . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1890.
• The false doctrines of social democracy. Illuminated by Eugen Richter . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1890. Edition Berlin 1893 ( digitized version )
• The secret issues and the Welfenfonds , lecture by the member of parliament Eugen Richter, held on April 6, 1891 in the electoral association of the Progressive Party for the 2nd Berlin Reichstag constituency. Nordhannoversche book and art print shop, Zeven 1891 digitized
• Against the new draft of the elementary school law. Speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter, given in the House of Representatives on January 26, 1892. According to the shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1892.
• Political ABC book. A lexicon of parliamentary time and disputes . 7., completely redesigned. and exp. Jg. “Progress” Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1892; 8. redesigned and exp. Born 1896 1896 digitized ; 9. redesigned and exp. Born in 1898; 10. redesigned and exp. Born 1903 1903 digitized
• Social democratic images of the future. Freely based on Bebel . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1891 171.-175. Th. January 1892 digitized , '181 to 185th thousand' February 1892 digitized , social democratic images of the future, '206 to 210th thousand'. March 1892 , November 1893 archive.org
• Judge against Bebel. Two Reichstag speeches on the social democratic future state held on February 4th and 6th, 1893. According to the shorthand record . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1893.
• The military bill and other issues of the day. A voting booklet . New redesigned Edition 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1893.
• On the Berlin state elections. Speech by the member of parliament Eugen Richter, given in the winter garden on September 10th in front of electors and voters of the 1st Berlin electoral district . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1893.
• Childhood memories . March 1871 to January 1877 “Progress” Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1892 archive.org ; (6th and 7th thousand, 1893)
• In the old Reichstag. Memories. March 1871 to January 1877 . Vol. 1 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1894 In the old Reichstag Volumes 1 and 2 archive.org (Verlag Anstalt Deutsche Presse, Berlin 1914)
• Budget speech about Germany's military strength and financial situation. According to the shorthand record . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1892.
• Against the military bill! Reichstag speech, given on December 10, 1892 according to the shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1893.
• About chambers of agriculture and agriculture. Speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter given in the House of Representatives on February 7, 1894 . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1894.
• The Russian trade treaty and the national liberals. Speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter, given on February 28 in the Reichstag . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1894.
• Against the projected stamp taxes on receipts, waybills, checks and giro instructions . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1894.
• The currency debate in the Reichstag on February 15 and 16, 1895. Speeches by the MPs Count Mirbach , Barth , Count Bismarck-Schönhausen , Lieber , Siegle , Leuschner , Richter, Friedberg , v. Kardorff , Meyer , Reich Chancellor Prince of Hohenlohe and the Reich Treasury Secretary Count von Posadowski . Walther, Berlin 1895 (publications of the German Association for International Double Currency 20)
• Against the compulsory guilds . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1896.
• Against the sugar tax bill! Reichstag speech (...) of March 3, 1896 . Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1896.
• In the old Reichstag. Memories. January 1877 to November 1881 . Vol. 2 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1896 (Verlag Anstalt Deutsche Presse, Berlin 1914)
• For the freedom of association. Speech given at the session of the Reichstag on May 18, 1897. With foreword and comments by Guido Leser . National-Verein bookstore, Munich 1911 (champions of German freedom 27)
• The naval speech of the Member of Parliament Eugen Richter at the session of the Reichstag on December 7, 1897 . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1897.
• Against the conservatives. Speech by the member of parliament Eugen Richter, given in the district association of the Hamburger Vorstadt for the 3rd Berlin state parliament constituency. According to shorthand recording . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1898.
• The canal speech of the representative Eugen Richter in the session of the House of Representatives on April 17, 1899 after the official stenographic report . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1899
• Speech on the new fleet plan, given in the Reichstag during the budget consultation on December 14, 1899. According to the official stenographic report . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1899.
• Schulze-Delitzsch. A picture of life for the unveiling of the monument . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1899.
• Second speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter on the draft of the fleet delivered in the Reichstag at the first meeting on February 9, 1900 . 'Progress' corporation, Berlin 1900.
• Rudolf Virchow as a politician. Ceremonial speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter at the 80th birthday party on October 15 in Berlin in the Friedrichshain brewery . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1901.

Contemporary translations (until 1906)

• Co-operative stores. Their history, organization and management. Based on the recent work of Eugene Richter (...) specially adapted for use in the United States. . Leypoldt & Holt, New York 1867 books.google.de 1867 edition archive.org

The following translations are all abbreviated.

• Budoucím sociálně-Demokratickém státě. Satira Eugena Richtra přeložil SK V. Praze , Národní tiskárna a nakladatelstvo 1892
• Wizerunki przyszłości socyalistycznej. (podług zasad Bebla) Napisał Eugeniusz Richter. W wolnym przekł. z jęz. no oprac. Stanislaw Ptaszyński . JK Żupański, Poznan 1892
• Eugene Richter. En socialdemokratisk Fremdtidsstat . Jydsk forlags-forretning, Aarhus 1892
• Eugene Richter. Socialdemokratiska framtidsbilder. Fritt efter Bebel. Af Eugen Richter . Norstedt, Stockholm 1893
• Tafereelen uit de sociaal-democratische toekomst. Vrij naar Eugen Richter's 'Social Democratic Future Pictures' (196-200e thousand). With some aanteekeningen in a writing for the year. Rochussen . Smits, 's-Gravenhage 1892
• Eugene Richter. Social democratic foreign bill leather. Frit efter Bebel. Oversat af Martha Ottosen . Frimodt, Kjøbenhavn 1892
• Eugene Richter. Où mène le socialisme. Journal d'un ouvrier; édition française by P. Villard. Avec une preface de Paul Leroy Beaulieu . Librairie H. le Soudie, Paris 1892
• Eugene Richter. Social democratic foreign bill leather. Frit efter Bebel. Autoriseret Oversættelse . Kristiania 1892
• Où mène le socialisme. Journal d'un ouvrier. Eugèn Richter éd. française by P. Villard. Paris 1892 edition 1894 gallica.bnf.fr
• Judge mot Bebel. Två riksdagstal om den socialdemokratiska framtidsstaten. Hållna den 4 and 6 february 1893. Efter shorthand report . Norstedt & Söners, Stockholm 1893
• Pictures of the socialist future. (Freely adopted from Bebel) . Swan Sunshine & Co., London 1893 archive.org
• Pictures of the socialist future. (Freely adopted from Bebel) . George Allen & Comp., London 1893 London 1912 archive.org
• Pictures of the future. An experiment in a model social world and what came of it . Optimus printing company, New York 1894
• Pieter Geiregat: Maatschappelijke vraagstukken. Thought ontleend aan Bebel en Richter . J. Vuylsteke, Gent 1895
• Adonde conduce el socialismo. (Diario de un obrero). Eugenio Richter. version (…) de la 225ª edición alemana por el Conde de San Bernardo . de San Francisco de Sales, Madrid 1896
• Diario de un operario socialista o el socialismo y sus resultados prácticos por Eugenio Richter. Traducido de la 254ª ed. Alemana Publicación . La Hormiga, Barcelona 1898
• Eugene Richter. Social democratic foreign bill leather. Skisse af Eugen Richter . Hønefos 1904
• Eugene Richter. A dónde conduce el socialismo. (Diario de un obrero) version española por el Conde de San Bernardo . Antonio Gascón, Madrid 1905
• Eugene Richter. Sosialidemokraattisia tulevaisuudenkuvia. Vapaasti Bebelin mukaan . Mattila & Kumpp., Helsinki 1906
• Eugene Richter. Sosiaalidemokraattisia tulevaisuudenkuvia. Vapaasti Bebelin mukaan . Helios, Helsinki 1906

Literature (selection) chronologically

• Fritz Schneider : Instructions for consumer associations to be subject to the cooperative law of the North German Confederation along with model statutes and motifs, as a supplement to the book by Eugen Richter 'Die Consum-Vereine' . Berlin 1869.
• The big questions currently moving Germany and the relationship of the Progressive Party to them: extensive material on the assessment of the economic policy of the Reich Chancellor, as well as a contribution to the natural history of the Progressive Party / edit. in the constituencies of the progressive MP Eugen Richter . Risel, Hagen i. W. / Leipzig 1882 digitized
• Friedrich von Werder: Eugen Richter, the leader of the Progress Party, together with an introductory history of the party presented from the liberal standpoint. Julius Engelmann, Berlin 1881 (4th reprint 1882).
• Georg von Viebahn : The attacks of the Reichstag member Mr. Richter against the army illuminated by a German soldier . Helwing, Hanover 1883.
• ( Lothar von Trotha ): Contra judges and comrades. A comment on the parliamentary attacks directed against the army . 4th edition. Eduard Döring, Potsdam 1883 digitized
• Kamp: Against Eugen Richter and his entourage! or liberal - not doctrinal! Election speech by ... delivered on October 26th with addenda and ed. by the board of the national liberal electoral association in Oldenburg . Schmidt in Komm., Oldenburg 1884.
• Hermann Robolsky : The German Radicals. Eugen Richter, Heinrich Rickert, Professor Hänel, Professor Virchow, Max von Forckenbeck, Freiherr Schenk von Stauffenberg, Ludwig Bamberger, Ludwig Löwe, Professor Mommsen . Renger, Leipzig 1884 ( The German Reichstag by H. Wieramann, part 1).
• Eugen Richter the progressive agitator . In: The culture fighter. Public Affairs Journal . Edited by Otto Glagau . Vol. 9, Berlin 1884.
• Eugen Richter as a writer . In: The culture fighter. Public Affairs Journal . Edited by Otto Glagau. Vol. 9, Berlin 1884.
• Witness Stocker. One-time image from the year 1885. The process of negotiations for insulting the court chaplain Stocker before the 2nd Criminal Court of Berlin I . 'Progress' Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin 1885 digitized
• Eugen Richter the leader of the German liberal party. Along with the program of the German liberal party of March 16, 1884 . H. Post, Tilsit 1888.
• Henriette van der Meij: Eugen Richter. Willink, Haarlem 1889.
• Kurt Falk: The efforts of social democracy, illuminated by the insanity of Eugen Richter . Wörlein & Comp., Nuremberg 1891.
• Eugen Richter's social democratic caricature of B. August . F. Thiele, Leipzig 1901 (2nd edition 1895, 3rd edition 1920).
• Eugen Richter's explosive bomb and its effects . Richard Wilhelmi, Berlin 1892.
• Impartial lighting of the military template in contrast to that in the Political ABC book by Eugen Richter . ES Mittler & Sohn , Berlin 1892.
• Franz Mehring: Mr. Eugen Richter's pictures from the present. A reply . Wörlein, Nuremberg 1892.
• How did it come about? A chapter forgotten by Eugen Richter. From happily preserved letters . Ms. Wilh. Grunow, Leipzig 1892.
• Friedrich Richter: A word about the deputy Dr. Eugene Richter . Th. Gotthardt, Wittenberge 1892.
• Fr. vd Gozel: Eugen Richter's heroic deeds that were liberal in Germany . Richard Wilhelmi, Berlin 1893.
• S. Rubinstein: Property in the past, present and future. An easily understandable for everyone introduction to scientific socialism with a polemic against the German Reichstag member Eugen Richter . Self-published by the author, Krakow 1895.
• Political ABC book. From Eugen Richter. Berlin 1896 . In: The Edinburgh review., Edinburgh October 1897.
• The political ABC book by Eugen Richter and the fleet template . In: Deutsches Wochenblatt . Edited by O. Arndt. 11th year 1898.
• Eugen Richter's socialist mirror. The electoral frauds of the public company progress . Expedition of the Vorwärts bookshop (Th. Glocke), Berlin 1903
• Eugene Richter. March 10, 1906 . German press , Berlin 1906.
• Eugen Richter † . In: Die Woche , Berlin 1906, pp. 459–464.
• Friedrich Naumann: Eugen Richter . In: Help. Journal for politics, economics and intellectual movement . Osmer, Berlin 1906, No. 11.
• Adolf Friedemann: Eugen Richter . In: The world . Central organ of the Zionic movement . X. Jg. Cologne 1906, No. 11, Cologne from March 16, 1906, pp. 11-12.
• Maximilian Harden: Richter and Bismarck . In: The future . Vol. 54, G. Stilke, Berlin 1906, 415-432.
• Franz Mehring: Eugen Richter . In: The new time . Weekly of the German Social Democracy . 24th year 1905-1906, 1st volume (1906), issue 25, pp. 801-804. fes.de
• Max Schippel : Eugen Richter and the changes in the progress party . In: Socialist monthly books . 16 vol. (18), 1912, issue 12, pp. 715-720. fes.de
• Eugene Richter . In: Biographisches Jahrbuch and Deutscher Nekrolog . Vol. 13, Reimer, Berlin 1908.
• Felix Rachfahl : Eugen Richter and left-wing liberalism in the new Reich . In: Zeitschrift für Politik Vol. 5, Issue 2/3, 1912, pp. 261–314.
• Oskar Klein-Hattingen: History of German Liberalism. From 1871 to the present . Book publisher 'Hilfe', Berlin-Schöneberg 1912 contains two chapters on Eugen Richter
• Conrad Bornhak: Eugen Richter. A political character image . In: Deutsche Revue , Stuttgart, October 1913 (special print), pp. 77–82.
• Richard Eickhoff : Political Profiles. Memories from four decades of Eugen Richter, Carl Schurz and Virchow , Werner Siemens and Bassermann , Fürst Bülow , Hohenlohe a . a. Reissner, Dresden 1927.
• Leopold Ullstein : Eugen Richter as a publicist and editor. A contribution on the topic of 'party press' Reinicke, Leipzig 1930 (Phil. Diss. Leipzig) (The essence of the newspaper. Ed. By Erich Everth Volume II. Issue 1).
• Heinz Röttger: Bismarck and Eugen Richter in the Reichstag 1879–90. Pöppinghaus, Bochum-Langendreer 1932 (University of Münster Phil. Diss. 1932).
• Judge, Eugene . In: Hans Herzfeld (ed.): History in shapes . Vol. 4, Fischer Bücherei, Frankfurt am Main 1963, pp. 33-34. (The Fischer Lexicon 40).
• Eugen Richter and the constituency of Hagen-Schwelm. On the 60th anniversary of the death of the important parliamentarian on March 10, 1966. An overview in the exhibition rooms of the Hagen City Archives, March 10 - 22, 1966 . Hagen 1966 (exhibition catalog of the Hagen City Archives 6).
• H. Müller / Helmuth Stoecker: Richter, Eugen . In: Biographical Lexicon on German History. From the beginning until 1917 . Edited by Karl Obermann u. a. Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1967, p. 392.
• Heinz Brestel: Pictures of the future from the past. With facsimile reprints by August Bebel, “Our Goals”, 1870, Eugen Richter, “Social Democratic Future Pictures”, 1893. A historical controversy, rediscovered for the present. Fortuna-Finanz-Verlag Heidelberger, Niederglatt 1979, ISBN 3-85684-021-4 .
• F .: Richter, Eugene. In: Karl Bosl , Günther Franz , Hanns Hubert Hofmann: Biographical dictionary on German history . Second volume. IR, Francke, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-7720-1082-2 , column 2319-2320.
• Ina Susanne Lorenz: Eugen Richter - The decided liberalism in the Wilhelminian era 1871 to 1906. Matthiesen, Husum 1980 (= historical studies , 433) ISBN 3-7868-1433-3 . Bibliography of the writings of Richter pp. 239–242.
• Gustav Seeber : Eugen Richter. Liberalism in decline. In: Shaping the Bismarckian Age. Edited by the same volume 2, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1986, pp. 302-324.
• Ralph Raico: The position of Eugen Richter in German liberalism and in German history . In: Journal for Economic Policy 38 (1989), Issue 1, pp. 99–120.
• Dietrich Schabow: Eugen Richter (1838–1906). Elected mayor of Neuwied in 1864. Important politician of the empire . In: Heimat-Jahrbuch des Landkreis Neuwied 1991. Published by the Landkreis, Neuwied 1992.
• Hans-Peter Goldberg: Bismarck and his opponents. The political rhetoric in the Imperial Diet . Droste, Düsseldorf 1998, ISBN 3-7700-5205-6 , pp. 160-250. deals with Richter's rhetoric in the Reichstag in comparison with August Bebel and Ludwig Windthorst
• Ralph Raico: The party of freedom - studies on the history of German liberalism. Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8282-0042-7 , pp. 87-151. mises.de (PDF; 7.9 MB).
• Klaus-Dieter Weber: Richter, Eugen . In: Democratic Ways. German résumés from five centuries . Edited by Manfred Asendorf and Rolf von Bockel. JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1997, ISBN 3-476-01244-1 , pp. 516-518.
• Michael Matthiesen: Richter, Eugen . In: German Biographical Encyclopedia . Edited by Walther Killy and Rudolf Vierhaus . KG Saur, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-598-23168-7 , pp. 277-278.
• Andreas Thier:  Richter, Eugen. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , pp. 526-528 ( digitized version ).
• Bernd Haunfelder : The Liberal Members of the German Reichstag 1871-1918. A biographical handbook. Aschendorff, Münster 2004, pp. 331–332.
• Detmar Doering : Eugen Richter's importance for the present. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 19, 2007, pp. 211-223.
• Jürgen Frölich : Left-wing liberal freedom - Eugen Richter's party? In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 19, 2007, pp. 31-46.

estate

• Federal Archives Koblenz; Signature N 1630 Finding aid for the Eugen judge's estate
• Kalliope (database) Kalliope input Search for person "Richter, Eugen" required
• Federal Archives Berlin; Estate Theodor Barth Signature N 2010 (letters from Eugen Richter)
• Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg Department of the Main State Archive Stuttgart Partial estate of Conrad Haußmann Signature Q 1/2
• Federal Archives Berlin; Part of the estate 1 Eduard Lasker; Signature 2167; Letters from Eugen Richter
• Federal Archives Berlin; Johann Ernst Nizze ; Signature 2211; Letters from judges
• Historical Archive of the City of Cologne ; Johann Classen-Kappelmann's estate ; Signature 1025; Letters from Eugen Richter
• City Archives Düsseldorf; Part of the estate 2 Günter Aders ; Collection of materials on Eugen Richter
• Photographs by Eugen Richter are kept:
  • Bavarian State Library: Photo atelier Jul. Braatz Inh. G. Michaelis, Berlin-W Mohrenstr. 63/64 '(photo number 014111).
  • Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation , bpk picture agency around 1875 (picture number 10006316); approx. 1878 (picture number 10006770); 'Fraction of the Liberal Party in the Reichstag' (1888). Photographer Julius Braatz (picture number 10006770).
  • New York Public Library postcard 'Photographische Gesellschaft Berlin' (picture number 1158473).
  • Friedrich Naumann Foundation Postcard 1907.
  • In the antiquarian trade were u. a. offered: a half-length portrait (wood engraving by Spamer, 1881 9 × 7.5 cm) and a half-figure (original etching: Breslau, Schlesische Verlagsanstalt v. S. Schottlaender n.d. 3.8 × 9.5 cm)

Web links

Commons : Eugen Richter  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikiquote: Eugen Richter  - Quotes

Wikisource: Eugen Richter  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about Eugen Richter in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Eugen Richter  in the German Digital Library
• Eugen Richter in the database of members of the Reichstag
• Biography of Eugen Richter . In: Heinrich Best : database of the members of the Reichstag of the Empire 1867/71 to 1918 (Biorab - Kaiserreich)
• Johannes Leicht: Eugen Richter. Tabular curriculum vitae in the LeMO ( DHM and HdG )
• Works by and about Eugen Richter at Open Library
• Judge, Eugene . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , Volume 16. Leipzig 1908, p. 908. zeno.org
• Eugene Richter . Portal Rhenish History
• Eugene Richter . Hagen personalities

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The photographer Braatz is listed in the Berlin address books as a court photographer until 1896. A print of this picture with the address “Berlin-W Mohrenstr. 63/64 ”is in the Bavarian State Library with a dedication by Eugen Richter (photo number 014111).
2. ↑ The statement in the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911): 'He died at Jena on the 26th of January 1906' is incorrect.
3. ↑ Hans-Peter Goldberg: Bismarck and his opponents .
4. ↑ Thomas Nipperdey : German History 1866-1918. Vol. 2: Power state before democracy. Munich 1992, p. 516.
5. ↑ Ralph Raico: Eugen Richter and Late German Manchester Liberalism. A re-evaluation. In: The Review of Austrian Economics. Volume 4, 1990, pp. 3-25.
6. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , p. 38.
7. ↑ “In the drafting process I tried to introduce something of constitutional rights and traditional freedoms with reference to the Swiss and Dutch. But the director's censorship made a long line through the concept. From the ancient Romans and Greeks, I had to go straight to the Seven Years' War and the German War of Liberation. But at the end of it all, I absolutely did not want to succeed in getting to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV., The focus of the day. The director didn't know anything better than that King Friedrich Wilhelm IV had also taken part in the war of liberation. History made no fuss about it ”. ( Youth memories , pp. 11-12.)
8. ↑ Leopold Ullstein, p. 6 f.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Youth memories , p. 25.
10. ↑ Directory of staff and students (...), p. 24 digitized
11. ↑ Hermann Becker was one of the convicts in the Cologne communist trial of 1852.
12. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , pp. 31–33.
13. ↑ ^{a b} Die Consumvereine, an emergency and auxiliary book for their establishment and establishment.
14. ↑ Mainly he criticized the police economy of the long dismissed Ministry of Manteuffels . (Gustav Seeger, p. 306.)
15. ↑ Hermann Becker was the director of this newspaper.
16. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , pp. 127–128.
17. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , pp. 140–148.
18. ↑ The Consumvereine, an emergency and auxiliary book for their establishment and establishment , p. 31.
19. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , p. 169.
20. ↑ Political ABC book . (1898) 'Manchester Party', p. 236.
21. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations in the Reichstag. IV. Legislative period I. Session 1878 Vol. 1, p. 237. Cf. Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 136. Digitalisat
22. ↑ In his memories of his youth , Richter spoke of himself that he had suffered from a certain "number anger" since his youth. ( Youth memories , p. 193).
23. ↑ In the old Reichstag . Vol. 1, pp. 38-39.
24. ↑ Eugen Richter (1884): “However, I value the taxpayer's penny”. Stenographic reports. House of Representatives Vol. 1, 1884, p. 43 f. quoted from Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 78.
25. ^ Franz Mehring: Eugen Richter (1906), p. 803.
26. ↑ See also in detail the role of Eugen Richter (Andreas Thier: Tax legislation and constitution in the constitutional monarchy. State tax reforms in Prussia: 1871–1893 . Frankfurt am Main 1999)
27. ↑ The Municipal Tax Act of July 14, 1893 ("Miquel tax reform"). Miquel developed a revolutionary tax system (with the elements of income tax , wealth tax and trade tax ), the main features of which are still valid today. The main innovation was the tax progression : the income tax rate rose from 0.62% (for annual incomes of 900 to 1050 marks) to 4% (for annual incomes over 100,000 marks).
28. ↑ "The colonial policy introduced in 1884 has (...) up to now around 100 million M (ark). Causes costs ". ( Political ABC book (1898), p. 190.)
29. ↑ ^{a b} Biographical Dictionary of German History , column 2319.
30. ↑ Hans Herzfeld, p. 33.
31. ↑ Reichstag election 1878
32. ↑ “As a liberal, Richter saw socialism as a kind of counter-revolution, as a desperate and simple-minded revolt against the private legal system. Socialism's criticism of the economic order based on private property was caught in errors that were as fundamental as they were fatal. In a competitive economy there is no exploitation of the workers, no appropriated surplus value, no inherent class struggle, no natural tendency towards monopoly rule. ”This is how the liberal historian Ralph Raico (1999) justifies Richter's attitude (p. 127).
33. ^ The Progressive Party and Social Democracy, p. 31.
34. ↑ Worker candidate is city counsel cell! Facsimile in: Eduard Bernstein . The history of the Berlin workers' movement . First Part, Berlin 1907, pp. 391–392. Fritzsche was elected with 22,020 against 20,182 votes.
35. ↑ In the old Reichstag . Vol. 2, pp. 176-183 and 200-207.
36. ↑ z. T. against his own party.
37. ↑ Politisches ABC-Buch (1898), pp. 163–165.
38. ↑ The reference is noted by August Kapell .
39. ↑ Attententat and Socialist Law , pp 18-19.
40. ^ Ina Susanne Lorenz, pp. 141-143.
41. ^ Speech by the deputy judge on November 22, 1880 in the German Reichstag .
42. ↑ What is the core of the Jewish question? Lecture given on January 13, 1881 by Dr. Ernst Henrici . Berlin 1881, p. 11, gehove.de (PDF)
43. ↑ The anti-Semitic “Forward”. In: Freisinnige Zeitung No. 249 of May 29, 1905.
44. ↑ Gustav Seeber, p. 311.
45. ↑ "Among all the measures that are to be taken by the conclusion of peace in order to prevent France from disturbed the peace of Europe further away and to invade Germany, the above must be: the surrender of Alsace and German-Lorraine to Germany." ( Der Volksfreund . No. 32 of August 11, 1870).
46. ^ The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine finally resulted in 1914 a. a. in the First World War .
47. ↑ Büchmann . Winged words . Edit again and ed. by Hanns Martin Elster . 2nd Edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 1956, p. 525.
48. ↑ So the article: The money crisis and its causes ; The Repeal of Usury Laws and Economic Letters 1-5 .
49. ↑ Youth memories , pp. 25 and 34.
50. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , pp. 26 and 34.
51. ↑ The Reichsfreund digitized version
52. ↑ Ina Susanne Lorenz quotes voluntary reports from the Freising Newspaper and reports that in 1893 the circulation “fell to below 7,000 copies”. (P. 193)
53. ↑ See Gustav Seeber, p. 316.
54. ^ Biographical dictionary on German history , column 2320.
55. ↑ Julie Bebel to Louis Florentin Hessèle, March 1887. "My husband recommends the 'Freethinking Newspaper' edited by Eugen Richter as a German-free newspaper". In: August and Julie Bebel. Letters of a marriage . Edited by Ursula Hermann. Bonn 1997, p. 415.
56. ↑ z. B. Teltower Kreisblatt 37. Vol. 70 from June 13, 1893 Teltower Kreisblatt . Official press State Library Berlin
57. ↑ Isidor Kastan: Berlin as it was . 7th edition. Rudolf Mosse , Berlin (1919), pp. 223-224.
58. ↑ Gustav Seeber, p. 316.
59. ↑ Against the Conservatives , Against the Social Democrats , Against the National Liberals , Against the Extension of the Election Period , Against the Tobacco Monopoly , Against the Chancellor's Customs and Tax Proposals , Against the Military Proposals or Against Corn Tariffs .
60. ↑ For a detailed explanation (“Der Publist Eugen Richter”) see Ina Susanne Lorenz, pp. 193–238.
61. ^ Compare his youth memories , his Politisches ABC-Buch (1898), pp. 132-136 and Schulze-Delitzsch. A picture of life for the unveiling of the monument .
62. ↑ Memories of youth p. 20.
63. ↑ ibid p. 18.
64. ↑ ibid p. 34.
65. ↑ ibid. 51.
66. ^ Political ABC book (1898), p. 133.
67. ^ Gustav Mayer : Bismarck and Lassalle. Their correspondence and their conversations , Berlin 1926 and the same: Johann Baptist von Schweitzer and the Social Democrats. A contribution to the history of the German labor movement . Jena 1909.
68. ↑ "The struggle against social democracy that I began at that time was based on the same views and has now been waged for almost 30 years." (Jugenderinnerungen, p. 91.)
69. ↑ Eugen Richter Political ABC Book (1898), p. 306.
70. ↑ ibid, p. 309.
71. ↑ The woman and socialism had only reached a total circulation of 146,000 in 1913 and that after 40 years (first edition 1879).
72. ↑ A socialist novel (A Review 2000–1887) based on the American. of Edward Bellamy . Publishing house of the "Berliner Volks-Tribüne", Berlin 1889 (Berlin Workers' Library, issue 1). At the same time the novel was also published by: Reclam , Leipzig 1890; Hendel, Hall a. S. 1890 and Tauchnitz , Leipzig 1890.
73. ↑ Michael Matthiesen, p. 277 f.
74. ↑ Eugen Richter, Political ABC Book (1896), p. II.
75. ↑ Quoted from Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 218.
76. ↑ Social Democratic Future Images , p. 4.
77. ↑ ibid p. 3.
78. ↑ ibid p. 12 ff.
79. ↑ Ralph Raico (1999), pp. 130f.
80. ↑ The old phonograph . In: The True Jacob . No. 138, Stuttgart 1891, p. 1123.
81. ^ Kurt Falk: The aspirations of social democracy, illuminated by the insanity of Eugen Richter ; Eugen Richter's social-democratic caricature of B. August and Mehring's Mr. Eugen Richter's images from the present. A reply .
82. ↑ A forerunner appeared in 1879 under the title Der liberale Urwähler or What one must know to vote. Political handbook 1879.
83. ^ Political ABC book (1898) SV
84. ↑ ibid., After p. 490 through four bank and three insurance notifications.
85. ↑ ibid. 416-490.
86. ↑ ibid, pp. 204-274.
87. ↑ See Max Schippel, p. 720 and Gustav Seeber, p. 316.
88. ^ The parliamentary activities of the German Reichstag and the state parliaments and social democracy . 1873.
89. ↑ August Bebel: From my life . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983, p. 379. ( August Bebel. Selected speeches and writings, Vol. 6)
90. ↑ Reichstag. 5th legislative period. 4. Session 1884, Vol. 1, p. 500.
91. ↑ Politisches ABC-Buch (1898) pp. 4–5.
92. ↑ Ernst Feder : Bismarck's great game. Ludwig Bamberger's secret diaries . Frankfurt am Main 1933, p. 293.
93. ↑ The Socialist Law 1878–1890 . Berlin 1983, p. 169.
94. ↑ Latest Mittheilungen Ed. By Dr. H. Klee. No. 17. Berlin, February 10, 1885, p. 2. Latest communications from the Berlin State Library Official press digitized version  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
95. ↑ In 1869 a judge was elected in the constituency of Königsberg in the Neumark and from 1870 the constituency of Hagen-Schwelm. (Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 31.)
96. ^ He was put up as a candidate on the recommendation of Schulze-Delitzsch. ( In the old Reichstag . Vol. 1, p. 13).
97. ^ Thomas Nipperdey : The organization of the German parties before 1918. Düsseldorf 1961, p. 197 (note 3).
98. ^ Ludolf Parisius: Germany's political parties and the Bismarck Ministry. With a foreword about the current Chancellor crisis . Berlin 1878, p. 95 ff.
99. ↑ H. Müller / Helmuth Stoecker, p. 392.
100. ^ Dictionary of history . Vol. I, Cologne 1984, p. 333.
101. ^ Richter received 11,421 votes, his opponent Bueck 10,005. ( In the old Reichstag, vol. 2, p. 74).
102. ↑ ^{a b} Elected at the same time in the constituency of Berlin V , but accepted a mandate in Hagen.
103. ↑ Field post letters from the Virchow hospital train of the Berlin Aid Association .
104. ^ Rudolf Virchow: The first medical train of the Berlin Hülfs Association for the German armies in the field . Berlin 1870, p. 32. books.google.de
105. ^ In the old Reichstag , vol. 2, p. 111.
106. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations in the Reichstag. IV. Legislative period II. Session 1879 vol. 3, p. 2292. reichstagsprotocol.de
107. ↑ “The Jews are our misfortune.” Quoted from Fritz Stern : Gold und Eisen. Bismarck and his banker Bleichröder . Reinbek near Hamburg 2000, p. 705.
108. ^ The Jewish question before the Prussian Parliament 1880 , p. 57.
109. ^ The Jewish question before the Prussian Parliament 1880 , p. 61.
110. ↑ Meant is horse mackerel.
111. ^ Klaus-Dieter Weber, p. 518.
112. ^ "Postcard that was produced on the occasion of the VII General Congress of the Free People's Party in Berlin in 1907". The photographer is unknown. Information from the Friedrich Naumann Foundation.
113. ↑ quoted from Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 137.
114. ↑ Politisches ABC-Buch (1898), pp. 351–354 and pp. 165–173.
115. ↑ ibid., (1898), p. 82.
116. ↑ Against the monopoly (1886); The spirit ring and the new spirits tax (1887).
117. ↑ ibid. (1898), p. 65.
118. ^ Against the extension of the electoral term in 1888.
119. ↑ ibid., (1898), p. 374.
120. ↑ What are meant are the Social Democrats.
121. ↑ Freisinnige Zeitung No. 68, March 20, 1890 (printed in Gerhard A. Ritter (Ed.): Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1817–1914. A historical reading book , 5th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1992, p. 260.)
122. ↑ See Max Schippel, p. 716.
123. ^ Against the Social Democrats, 1890.
124. ↑ The military draft and other issues of the day. An election booklet in 1893.
125. ↑ "In vain did Caprivi warn who, after all his position as the much feuded successor of Bismarck, had to be very concerned about a good relationship with the liberals: that the draft was based on principles that had always been represented by Richter's party. (...) the main points during the 2-year service were basically completely harmless. "(Max Schippel, p. 717 f.)
126. ↑ Politisches ABC-Buch (1898), p. 110.
127. ↑ Supplement to Kladderadatsch XLVI. Vol. 26 of June 25, 1893.
128. ↑ Politisches ABC-Buch (1898), pp. 50–51.
129. ↑ Political ABC book. 1898, p. 240.
130. ↑ ibid., (1898), p. 173.
131. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations in the Reichstag. Xth legislative period, 1st session . Vol. 1, p. 558 digitized
132. ↑ Richter collected all quotes about the emperor in his ABC book, but he was not prosecuted for insulting majesty like others. ( Political ABC book (1898), pp. 386–394.)
133. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations in the Reichstag. Xth legislative period II. Session 1900 , pp. 52 and 54. Digitized
134. ^ The naval speech of the deputy Eugen Richter in the session of the Reichstag on December 7, 1897 ; Speech on the new fleet plan, given in the Reichstag during the budget consultation on December 14, 1899 ; Second speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter on the draft of the fleet delivered in the Reichstag at the first meeting on February 9, 1900 .
135. ^ Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 183.
136. ^ Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 186.
137. ↑ See the election results of his party in 1898 and 1903.
138. ↑ Eugen Richter: Rudolf Virchow as a politician. Ceremonial speech by Member of Parliament Eugen Richter at the 80th birthday party on October 15 in Berlin. Progress AG, Berlin 1901 (quoted from Eugen Richter in the portal Rhenish History ).
139. ^ Letters are in the Koblenz Federal Archives.
140. ↑ Berlin and the Berliners . Karlsruhe (Baden) 1905, p. 69.
141. ^ Franz Mehring (1906), p. 801.
142. ^ Foundation historical cemeteries Berlin digitized
143. ↑ Information from the Hagen City Archives, February 6, 2012.
144. ↑ Eugene Richter. March 10, 1906 . German press , Berlin 1906.
145. ^ Friedrich Naumann: Eugen Richter .
146. ^ Adolf Friedemann: Eugen Richter .
147. ↑ Maximilian Harden: Richter and Bismarck .
148. ^ Franz Mehring: Eugen Richter (1906).
149. ^ Simplicissimus . Vol. 8 issue 29 of October 13, 1903, p. 226.
150. ↑ A memorial for Eugen Richter . In: Communications from the Progressive Party. 1911, p. 133 f.
151. ↑ Bundesarchiv Potsdam 60, Vo 3 No. 39 (May 24, 1910) Bl. 59 quoted from Manfred Hettling: Politische Bürgerlichkeit. The citizen between individuality and socialization in Germany and Switzerland from 1860 to 1918 . Göttingen 1999 (Bürgertum vol. 13), p. 207.
152. ↑ Manfred Hettling, p. 286.
153. ↑ Collected Works. Conversations. Vol. 9, 1926, p. 385.
154. ↑ Hieronymum is a pseudonym of Frank Wedekind .
155. ^ Franz Mehring: History of Social Democracy, Volume 4, Up to the Erfurt Program. JHW Dietz, Stuttgart, 1906, p. 128. (digitized version)
156. ↑ quoted from Max Schippel, p. 718.
157. ^ "And yet few men exercised over Parliament an action so powerful as his. When the President granted him leave to speak, all the members gathered around him, for he never left his seat to mount the tribune. (...) Bismarck, who could not stand contradiction, used to leave the assembly as soon as Richter began to speak. (...) Few debaters had the courage to try their strength with the terrible polemist. Kardorf and Kanitz, like Bebel and Singer, only reluctantly accepted the struggle with the man who always succeeded in having the laugh on his side. " Digitalisat
158. ^ Günter Gaus in conversation with Ludwig Erhard Digitalisat
159. ↑ Jugenderinnerungen , p. 96.
160. ↑ ^{a b} The title cannot be found in the Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog .
161. ↑ According to Eugen Richter's information in the memories of the youth. P. 147 he is the author.
162. ↑ Proof in: The collector. Supplement to the Augsburger Abendzeitung . Augsburg 1868, No. 67 of June 20, 1868, p. 268.
163. ↑ In the old Reichstag . Vol. 2, p. 142.
164. ^ Ina Susanne Lorenz, p. 240.
165. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} translation of social democratic images of the future .
166. ^ Translation by Richter versus Bebel. Two Reichstag speeches on the future social democratic state held on February 4 and 6, 1893 .
167. ↑ Pseudonym of Bruno Geiser , Wilhelm Liebknecht's son-in-law.
168. ↑ The frequently made assertion that August Bebel was the author of this pamphlet was refuted by August Bebel in the Reichstag on February 12, 1892. Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg asserted there: “I have a classic testimony from a brochure that was published recently, It is published by a Mr. B. August, and there are people who claim that they have to turn this around - it would be called 'August Bebel'. "( Stenographic reports on the negotiations of the German Reichstag. 8th legislative period. I. Session 1890 / 1892. Volume 6, Berlin 1892, p. 4135). Bebel replied: “In doing so, he was referring to a brochure, the author of which is named B. August; he thinks that I must be meant by it. (Laughter) I can say to Baron von Stumm: if I wanted to reveal my anonymity as clearly as that author proceeded, then I would have no hesitation in putting my real name on it. […] The brochure was written by a man who does not even belong to the inner circle of the party, so the brochure is in no way one that can be considered authoritative. ”(Quoted from: August Bebel. Selected speeches and writings . Volume 10/2, Saur, Munich 1996, p. 770 footnote 168).
169. ↑ that is Julius Litten (* 1848).
170. ↑ Eugen Richter was given as the alleged author.
171. ↑ Contains 23 letters from Eugen Richter in various libraries.
172. ↑ Klara van Eyll , Ulrike Duda: Deutsche Wirtschaftsarchive. Holdings of companies, entrepreneurs, chambers and business associations in public archives of the Federal Republic of Germany . Vol. 3, Steiner, Stuttgart 1991, p. 248.
173. ^ Photographer presumably by Julius Braatz.