Endowment

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Endowment (from Latin dotatus , “amply endowed” or dotalis “belonging to the dowry”) generally means an endowment with income and goods , e.g. B. a body, a fund, a foundation , an institution , especially a church institution by the founder, a general or statesman as a reward for special services.

For state payments to monarchical heads of state, the terms civil list , crown endowment, endowment, disposition fund or supreme disposition fund were and are used in the same way, sometimes side by side.

Endowments in recent and recent history

In the monarchies of the 17th , 18th, and 19th centuries , it was not uncommon to reward statesmen or generals for special services with grants from cash or land. With extensive land and money donations z. B. the French Emperor Napoleon I his marshals , the Prussian King and later Emperor Wilhelm I after the war in 1866 and after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871 Bismarck and the military elite.

The communal self-government introduced in the course of the Prussian reforms and the associated duties required that the respective bodies be adequately financed . In addition to other means, this also included state endowments not tied to a specific purpose to municipalities, municipal and provincial associations. In Prussia, this was regulated, among other things, in the “Law of April 30, 1873, Concerning the Endowment of District and Provincial Associations”, and in the Implementing Act of July 8, 1875 (Endowment Act) passed for this purpose. In their sense, taxes transferred to the municipal associations were also referred to as endowment taxes.

In the civil law of the 19th century, the term “endowment” was also used for the financial endowment of a married woman or for compensation for the loss of sexual honor that a woman pregnant out of wedlock had to receive from the pregnant woman. In canon law , the funding of foundations and institutions was and is also called endowment.

In the Weimar Republic , President Paul von Hindenburg occasionally used amounts from the budget title “Funds of the Reich President” for endowments. A concordat from 1924 states that the state will provide the episcopal chairs with a grant after secularization .

In the Third Reich , Hitler considerably expanded both the funds used and the number of recipients in order to bind loyal followers, but also members of the military elite, more closely to himself. The total amount of the endowments granted by Hitler without a recognizable system can no longer be determined. However, the endowments amounted to at least approx. 18 million Reichsmarks in cash, the value of the leased property was at least 6.5 million Reichsmarks, and the areas left as endowments were approx. 11,330,000 square meters. In addition, in April 1945 99 out of 115 people received monthly special payments totaling 311,450 Reichsmarks.

In the Federal Republic of Germany , the Federal President has the option of alleviating personal hardship cases with special permits. The federal budget for 2009 shows a total of 98,000 euros . The amount of the funds shown in the other public budgets for such purposes is similarly modest.

Otherwise, in the Federal Republic of Germany, the term “endowment” is only used in connection with the financial resources of credit institutions and donations to churches or foundations.

Examples of grants

Endowments from Napoleon

In order to create a stable, devoted elite, Napoleon, after his coronation as Emperor of the French in 1804, created, in addition to the nobility predicates of the Ancien Régime, the nobility predicates of the Empire ( Noblesse d'Empire ): in 1804 initially the title of Imperial Prince, in 1806 the title of Duke and in 1808 the titles of counts, barons and knights (Chevalier). In the decree of March 1, 1808 “Nobility of the Empire” (Noblesse d'Empire), the previous procedures were summarized, the financial resources required for the respective rank were determined and the succession was specified. The following were linked to sustainable annual income and the establishment of a majorate : the title duke (200,000 francs ), the title count (30,000 francs), the title baron (15,000 francs). Income of 3,000 francs was required for the title of Chevalier.

Since his most outstanding followers - namely his mother, siblings, other relatives and the marshals - did not inherently have large fortunes, he generously provided them with income from domains and lands in conquered and dependent areas. This enabled them to carry out their representative duties at the imperial court in a manner befitting their rank.

He had his brother Joseph Bonaparte first crowned King of Naples , later King of Spain , his brother Louis Bonaparte as King of Holland and his brother Jerome Bonaparte as King of Westphalia . Napoleon's brother-in-law, Marshal Joachim Murat , succeeded Josef Bonaparte as King of Naples. The respective royal civil list relieved them of all financial worries. Only Napoleon did not elevate his brother Lucien Bonaparte to the rank of king.

Napoleon raised a total of 36 people to dukes; B. Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout as Prince of Eckmühl and Duke of Auerstädt; Marshal Jean Lannes to Prince von Sievers and Duke of Montebello; Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier as Prince of Neufchatel and Prince of Wagram.

With the decree passed in Tilsit on June 30, 1807, he granted 27 marshals and generals endowments in the form of land holdings in Poland with a total value of 26.5 million francs.

A secret article in the First Peace of Paris of 1814 abolished the endowments in countries outside France and all claims based on them at one stroke.

In 1809, instead of the originally planned 6,500, 30,000 people had already been awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honor . Napoleon therefore planned a more exclusive order with a significantly limited number of members, the Imperial Order of the Three Golden Fleeces (Ordre impérial des trois toisons d'or). The name goes back to the order of the Golden Fleece in the former Duchy of Burgundy , in the Kingdom of Spain and in the Empire of Austria . The order should include: the emperor as grand master , 100 grand knights (princes, high dignitaries, marshals, commanders in chief and the descendants of marshals), 400 commanders and 1,000 knights. The lifelong annual pension of the commanders should be 4,000 francs, that of the knights 1,000 francs. The costs were to be borne from the income from the mercury mines in Istria and the lordship in Italy. In order to avoid confusion with the monarchies in Spain and Austria, which were now allied with France, Napoleon abandoned this project in 1810.

For comparison, the daily wage of a worker in Paris was two francs, outside Paris one franc; 500 g bread cost 10 cents, 500 g meat 30 cents, a horse 300 francs.

Endowments after the wars of 1866 and 1870–1871

After the war of 1866, the Prussian Landtag donated 1.5 million thalers to Bismarck and Generals von Roon (Minister of War), Freiherr von Moltke ( Chief of the General Staff ), Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld , and Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz and Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein . Distribution was left to the king.

After the war of 1870/1871, Bismarck was assigned the Sachsenwald east of Hamburg as a donation.

At the suggestion of the Reich government, the Reichstag also decided on a national endowment of 4 million thalers to honor the highest-ranking military leaders. Emperor Wilhelm I. considered: Field Marshal Prince Friedrich Karl Nikolaus von Prussia , Field Marshal Count Moltke, Minister of War, General of the Infantry Count Roon and General of the Cavalry Frhr. Edwin von Manteuffel 300,000 thalers each; General of the Infantry August Karl von Goeben , General of the Infantry von Werder and Minister of State Delbrück 200,000 thalers each; Infantry General Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz , Infantry General Eduard von Fransecky , Lieutenant General Constantin von Alvensleben and Lieutenant General Leonhard von Blumenthal 150,000 thalers each; Cavalry General Prince August von Württemberg , Infantry General Gustav von Alvensleben , Infantry General Heinrich Adolf von Zastrow , Infantry General Gustav von Manstein , Infantry General Hugo von Kirchbach , Lieutenant General Julius von Bose , Lieutenant General Wolf Louis Anton Ferdinand von Stülpnagel , Lieutenant General Theophil von Podbielski , Lieutenant General Georg von Kameke , Lieutenant General Albrecht von Stosch , Lieutenant General Hugo von Obernitz , Royal Saxon Lieutenant General Alfred von Fabrice and Royal Württemberg Lieutenant General Albert von Suckow 100,000 Taler each. 300,000 thalers were transferred to the King of Bavaria for distribution according to his own instructions.

In order to classify the amount of the endowments, one must take into account that 1 thaler (1871) was equivalent to the equivalent of 3 marks , the purchasing power of which in 2008 is estimated  at around 6.40 euros . For a further comparison, the annual incomes customary at the time are mentioned: clerk 1,256 marks; Bailiff of an estate 240 marks; Shepherd 200 marks; Vorknecht 180 marks plus food; Housekeeper 360 marks; House maid 90–120 marks; Kitchen maid 150 marks.

German Empire 1871–1918

Prussian King and German Emperor

In the Kingdom of Prussia , a crown donation of 2,500,000 thalers (7,719,296 marks) was approved by the state parliament for the first time on January 17, 1820. After four increases (1859, 1886, 1889, 1910) it was 19.2 million marks annually. From the Krondotation also were apanages paid Hohenzollern family members of the house. The extensive military retinue of the imperial court was paid for up to 50,000 marks, the civil, military and naval cabinets were paid entirely from the imperial budget.

Since 1874, the Reichstag also granted the German Emperor a “very high disposition fund”. With this designation, the terms "crown endowment" or "civil list" were avoided. The volume of the fund was initially 300,000 marks and rose to 3 million marks annually for the years 1889–1918.

No account had to be given to the Prussian Landtag or the Reichstag about the use of the crown donation and the highest disposition fund. In this way, Kaiser Wilhelm II was able to add up to 1 million marks in state funds to his private assets over a number of years.

The Hohenzollern earned further income from the Hausfideikommiss founded by Friedrich Wilhelm I and from Friedrich Wilhelm III. founded Kron tresor . This was topped up in 1815 and 1871 by French war contributions and in 1873 by a state grant of 4.5 million marks.

Around 1910 Wilhelm II's annual income from crown donation and the highest disposition fund was 22 million marks. From this, he and the empress drew casket money of 2 million marks annually as personal income. More than 3.13 million marks were apanages paid to members of the family. In addition there was income from private assets (approx. 140 million with interest income of 900,000 marks) and the house fideikommiss. The land value of the goods contained therein was around 13 million marks in 1914. All income was tax-free .

Kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg

The civil list of the King of Bavaria was 5.4 million, that of the King of Saxony 4.2 million, that of the King of Württemberg 1.2 million.

Endowments in other monarchies at the beginning of the 20th century

As in the German Empire , in the rest of continental Europe there was as a rule no strict distinction between private and official expenses of the monarchs. So it was quite possible to increase the monarch's private fortune by means of state endowments. In order to counteract discussions in the population, information about the amount of the endowments was partially prevented by censorship .

At the beginning of the 20th century the endowment (in marks) to the respective monarchs in Austria-Hungary was 19.2 million, Italy 12.8 million, England 11.6 million, Spain 7.1 million, Denmark 1, 2 million including Apanagen, Norway 0.5 million including Apanagen, Sweden 1.8 million, Belgium 4.3 million, Netherlands 1.5 million, Portugal 1.8 million, Greece 900,000, Serbia 960,000, Montenegro 200,000, Luxembourg 160,000, Japan 6 million (all figures in marks). The cost of holding the court of the Tsar of Russia was 34.2 million. It was paid for from the Tsar's private assets. Its height is not known.

Endowments in the time of National Socialism

During the Nazi era, President Paul von Hindenburg received a total of 1,000,000 Reichsmarks from the Reich government and the Prussian government in 1933 (Hindenburg received a " Hindenburg donation from the German people" in the same amount in 1927 ). In 1934, Field Marshal General August von Mackensen received 350,000 Reichsmarks in cash and 10 square kilometers of real estate. In the following years Hitler distributed grants to followers, generals and other recipients. They were kept secret, the recipients sworn to secrecy. Large donations received z. B.

Endowments in the GDR

There were 142 state awards and more than 10,000 social awards in the GDR . These orders, prizes, medals and honorary titles were often endowed with one-time financial bonuses or an annual honorary fee . The GDR spent around 40 million marks annually on orders, medals, prizes, banners and certificates and the associated monetary bonuses.

Order (information in marks of the GDR)

Honorary title (information in marks of the GDR)

Awards and Medals

see: List of state and non-state awards of the GDR

Endowments in today's European monarchies

In Great Britain , the separation between official and private expenses of the monarch has been regulated more and more consistently since the middle of the 19th century. The provisions that apply today are set out in extensive and detailed statutory regulations. The total sovereign grant for the 2015-2016 financial year was GBP 53.7 million .

In Belgium (basic amount of the civil list € 11.5 million / year), Denmark (Queen's budget: DKR 6.7 million / month), Luxembourg (Grand-Ducal House budget: € 10 million / year), the Netherlands (King's Office: € 40 million / month) € in 2015; of which income from King, Queen, Princess Beatrix: € 1.6 million), Norway , Sweden (budget of the court administration: SEK 65 million / year), and Spain (€ 7.8 million / year) , regulations that are comparable in terms of transparency but very different in terms of the expenditure to be covered apply. The endowments must therefore not be equated with personal income.

The Princely House of Liechtenstein does not receive any government grants but is financed from its own resources. Therefore, no funds for the Princely House are shown in the state budget.

Endowments in the Federal Republic

see article State achievement

Endowments for state awards

The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany is not associated with a financial contribution. Until the death of the last living veterans and the subsequent amendment of the law on titles, medals and decorations , the bearers of the highest German and Austrian awards of the First World War received a . a. the knights of the Saxon Military Order of Saint Henry and the Württemberg Military Order of Merit receive a monthly honorary salary of DM 50  .

Endowments to religious communities

Donations to Christian religious communities

As a continuing consequence of the expropriations as part of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the Protestant churches and the Catholic Church receive endowments totaling 459 million euros annually. In return, the churches are the countries from all obligations to funds and services to the parishes , the parish and clerk positions, particularly those released for structural maintenance of buildings. The amount of the endowments and other details are regulated in international treaties .

So far, the federal and state governments have refrained from replacing these endowments with a one-off payment.

State treaties between the Federal Republic of Germany or the federal states and Christian religious communities

State treaties exist between the federal government or the federal states and the Protestant regional churches and the Catholic Church.

State treaties between the Federal Republic of Germany or the federal states and the Jewish communities

State treaties exist between the federal government or the federal states and the Jewish communities.

Support for projects of the Islam Conference

Islamic religious communities have not yet submitted an application for recognition as a public corporation . To promote interreligious dialogue, however, projects of the Islam Conference are financially supported by both the federal government and the federal states.

literature

  • Hartmut Zimmermann, Horst Ulrich, Michael Fehlauer: GDR manual. Volume 1: A - L. Published by the Federal Ministry for Internal German Relations. 3rd, revised and expanded edition. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1985, ISBN 3-8046-8642-7 , pp. 131-137.
  • Gerd R. Ueberschär , Winfried Vogel : Serving and earning. Hitler's gifts to his elites. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-10-086002-0 .
  • Ulrich Künzel: The finances of great men (= Ullstein No. 34238 Ullstein non-fiction book ). Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1984, ISBN 3-548-34238-8 .
  • Kurt Heinig : Hohenzollern. Wilhelm II and his house. The fight for the crown possession. Berlin 1921
  • Rudolf Martin: Yearbook of the wealth and income of the millionaires in Berlin. Berlin 1913
  • John CG Röhl : Emperor, court and state - Wilhelm II. And German politics. Nördlingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-49405-5
  • Eva Maria Gajek: Making Wealth Visible. The year book of wealth and income of millionaires in Prussia , in: Archive for Social History , 54th Bd .: Dimensions of social inequality. New perspectives from Western and Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bonn 2014, ISBN 978-3-8012-4225-1
  • Manfred Rasch : Noble entrepreneurs at the end of the Wilhelmine era. In: Kocka , Jürgen u. a. (Ed.): Economy in the age of extremes. Contributions to the corporate history of Austria and Germany. In memory of Gerald D. Feldmann. Series of publications for the journal for corporate history , Vol. 20, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60156-9

Web links

Wiktionary: Dotation  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

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  6. ↑ Financial resources of savings banks.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 15, 2010@1@ 2Template: Toter Link /wirtschaftslexikon14.net  
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  39. ^ GDR - the excellent republic . ( Memento of the original from March 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 18, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mdr.de
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  55. ^ Treaties with the Catholic Church. (No longer available online.) Federal Minister of the Interior, archived from the original on April 20, 2017 ; Retrieved April 19, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmi.bund.de
  56. ^ Treaties with the Jewish communities. (No longer available online.) Federal Minister of the Interior, archived from the original on April 20, 2017 ; Retrieved April 19, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmi.bund.de
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