Moor breaker (family)

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The coat of arms of the moor breakers - a cannon in front of a shattered wall - on the lintel of the house
" En de Canon " ("In the cannon")

The Maurenbrecher are a Düsseldorf postmaster family that can be traced back to the 16th century and that is one of the pioneers of the postal service.

overview

The progenitor is Franz Maurenbrecher, who was born in Pempelfort before 1560 .

The establishment of the Fahrpost

En de Canon at Zollstrasse 7, 2017

In 1623 his son Johann Maurenbrecher (after 1585 – after 1623) began a privately run mail service to Wesel in Düsseldorf , which led via Duisburg. In 1639, his brother Tilman Maurenbrecher (1580–1665) acquired the baroque building (today) Zollstrasse 7 in Düsseldorf , the parent company of Maurenbrecher's Fahrpost. Johann Maurenbrecher the Younger (1615 / 23–1685) received in 1668 the Palatinate's privilege to set up a traveling post office, "the oldest country carriage privileged in the Electoral Palatinate ", "a menetekel " for the Imperial Postal Service of Thurn and Taxis , which subsequently passed through the Landespostanstalten was forced to set up their own, initially deficit, driving post office for reasons of competition. The postal service from Düsseldorf to Nijmegen in Holland was also possible from the second half of the 1670s, as the Elector of Brandenburg , as sovereign of the Duchy of Kleve, had granted the privilege on March 29, 1675. The Maurenbrechersche Postbetrieb "took care of the passenger and goods traffic of the whole Lower Rhine with Holland and with the additional use of other postal operators the north and east of Germany up to Poland."

Düsseldorf under Jan Wellem

"After the troops of the French Sun King Louis XIV. The Palatine, the Heidelberg Castle had destroyed the young heir made the nest on the right bank of the Rhine to the replacement residence " - Dusseldorf remained thus despite the elector dignity of the seat of Jan Wellem , Regent and Duke of Jülich and Berg of 1679 to 1719, which experienced considerable economic, cultural and urban development through the presence of the glamorous courtyard. At that time the moor breakers ran a wine shop with a bar in the house on Zollstrasse next to their Fahrpost. “The 'Zechstube' at Maurenbrecher's was made famous by Jan Wellem” - this is where the numerous foreign artists whom Jan Wellem had drawn to his court came together, and here the elector himself liked to socialize with friends.

Clans and branches of the moor breakers

Through the marriage of the Electoral Palatinate Commerzienrat Johann Heinrich Maurenbrecher (1691–1753) with Catharina Helena Bernsau (1710–1792), a great-granddaughter of the Bergisches Marshal and Lord zu Hardenberg Wilhelm V (III.) Von Bernsau (1514–1572), each other spanked the moor breakers with the oldest families in the region.

After the nationalization of the post in the course of the Napoleonic Wars , the main German branch of the family split into two lines: One produced well-known scientists, some of whom did not say about their recipients, Kaiser Wilhelm II ( Wilhelm Maurenbrecher ) and Adolf Hitler ( Max Maurenbrecher ) have gained insignificant influence on contemporary history, the other, the Dombacher line, turned to paper manufacture.

With the preacher Johann Gabriel Maurenbrecher (1773-1801) a Dutch branch was formed, which was primarily active in the Dutch East Indies . His offspring was the lieutenant general and pioneer of the one-handed circumnavigation of the world Hans Anton Maurenbrecher (1910–1966).

The moor breakers traditionally belonged to the Reformed Church . They often provided deacons and elders of the Reformed Congregation in Düsseldorf. Your coat of arms window is in the reformed church in Düsseldorf-Urdenbach, built in 1693 . The Dombach line of moor breakers is predominantly Roman Catholic .

progeny

One of the descendants of the Maurenbrecher is the left-liberal politician Eugen Richter , son of Bertha Maurenbrecher (1810–1868) and one of the most prominent opponents of Prince Bismarck , about whom Heinrich Mann writes in “ The Subject ”: “ His Majesty spoke the noble word: ' My African colonial empire for an arrest warrant against Eugen Richter! '"

history

The Maurenbrechersche Fahrpost

In the Duchy of Berg

Samuel Maurenbrecher
(1648–1690), postmaster
Maurenbrechersche stagecoach in Zollstrasse , Düsseldorf-Altstadt (around 1800)

Johann Maurenbrecher (1600–1685) took over the haulage business in Düsseldorf , which had been operated by his grandfather Franz Maurenbrecher and his father Johann Maurenbrecher (1585–1623) as well as his brother Tilman Maurenbrecher (1580–1665) since the 16th century . From May 23, 1623 he opened a private "postal service" in the area of ​​Düsseldorf. In 1668 the Elector Philipp Wilhelm granted him the Palatinate's privilege to set up a traveling post office, which was extended to his three sons Samuel, Johann Reinhard and Johann Dietrich in 1673. In 1675, the Great Elector granted a Brandenburg privilege. The routes to Aachen , Kleve , Cologne and Duisburg were served . From the end of the 17th century, services from Düsseldorf to Holland with Emmerich and Nijmegen were added. People and freight were allowed to be driven - the monopoly of letters lay with the Imperial Post Office , which was organized and operated by the Thurn und Taxis . Over five generations of moor breakers worked as postmasters in Düsseldorf.

“After a short stay in Wesel, I started the journey to the Netherlands in the company of a Prussian officer von Geldern, who was born in Aachen and who had accompanied me until then, and traveled to Düsseldorf on August 21, 12 hours from Wesel. A covered mail wagon set up for ten people and hauled by four speedy stallions brings travelers there twice a week and completes this tour in one day in the summer. This post, like the one from Düsseldorf to Aachen, is leased to the post commissioner Maurenbrecher in Düsseldorf, and the establishment of the same is worthy of imitation in any other country. "

- Johann III Bernoulli : remarks on a trip through Germany and the Netherlands; 1779, 80 and 81

In 1767 Johann Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1742–1784) acquired the Wormshof in Niederkassel near Düsseldorf and expanded it as a post office . In 1860 the family sold the property, now known as the “Maurenbrecher Hof”, to the Schmittmann grain distillery in Niederkassel.

With the conquest of the Rhineland by the French, the left Lower Rhine was separated from the right bank. Limited operations were only maintained for a short time on the left bank of the Rhine from Aachen. In mid-July 1794 the privilege granted to the widow Sibilla Maurenbrecher for a post from Düsseldorf to Roermond was interrupted by the French occupation. In September 1795 Sibilla Maurenbrecher applied to the Royal Prussian Government to suspend the postal service in Düsseldorf and Wesel and to transfer the route to the Prussian post office in Duisburg. This was approved and thus the Maurenbrecher released from the post on the Düsseldorf-Wesel route.

The property on Zollstrasse had long since become too small for a company that sent its cars to Aachen and Nijmegen , to Oberberg and Westphalian . Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1777–1861) moved to Karlstadt and bought a corner house on Benrather Straße that the family had used since 1790, which gave the tranquil front to Palais Spee the current name Poststraße. Not far from his post office, he set up a workshop for car construction, which counted a hundred craftsmen, blacksmiths, locksmiths, saddlers, varnishers and wheelwrighters .

In the Grand Duchy of Berg

and display information about the image
Wilhelm Maurenbrecher welcomed Napoleon in Düsseldorf on November 3, 1811 as commandant of the mounted honor guard
Joachim Murat , who rode against Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher from Benrath to Düsseldorf

The wars made the post office to create. The French occupied the Lower Rhine and the German concessions expired, traffic on the country roads stalled. With the formation of the Grand Duchy of Berg , the post office passed into sovereign possession in 1806. In 1807, Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher became the controller of the Grand Ducal Bergische General Postdirektion. In 1809, by decree of Joachim Murat, he became inspector of the post office of the Grand Duchy.

“The Maurenbrecher family was highly respected in Düsseldorf at the time and played a major role in society. Wherever it was a matter of representing the citizens with dignity, the postmaster Maurenbrecher was the first man. When Joachim Murat moved in, he commanded the mounted honor guard ... which ... in their beautiful white uniforms with red facings and silver buttons could be mistaken for a division of well-mounted dragoons. "

An anecdote from that time tells of a horse race between him and Grand Duke Joachim Murat of Benrath in Düsseldorf: “One day, it is said, Murat rode with a large suite from Benrath Palace, where he usually lived, to Düsseldorf. He called his postmaster Maurenbrecher and talked to him as he rode on. One of the best riders in the French army, he apparently wanted to show M. his riding skills and suddenly sprinted on with frantic speed. But the postmaster, also known as a capable rider, did not leave his side, and both of them arrived close together on foam-covered horses in front of the city gate in Düsseldorf, while the entourage remained behind. "

In Prussia

Poststraße 1 - Maurenbrechersches post office, which gave the street its name
(in the back on the right opposite the Maxkirche )

With the defeat of the French, the situation changed again. In 1813, Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher was awarded the post of postmaster in Elberfeld by Prussia and temporarily managed the Düsseldorf post office. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the post was initially sent to Thurn und Taxis , as later regulated at the Congress of Vienna . In 1814 Maurenbrecher became company station commissioner of the Thurn and Taxis Post on the left bank of the Rhine in the rear of the Allied armies. Prince Karl Alexander von Thurn und Taxis appointed him postal inspector at the Grand Ducal Bergische Post in 1815 and made him postmaster's post in Elberfeld.

Thurn and Taxis transferred the mail to Prussia in 1816 . Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher was fired and Prussia took possession of the post. In 1817 Maurenbrecher became the first Royal Prussian Chief Post Director of the Prussian Post Office in Düsseldorf, which was now a tenant in his house . He was appointed a privy councilor and received the Order of the Red Eagle III in 1840 . Class awarded. When he left office on January 1, 1850, the more than two hundred year history of the moor breakers in the postal system ended.

The horse races that took place in Golzheimer Heide, Bilker Busch or Benrather Heide from 1836 onwards , organized by the oldest equestrian club in Germany, the Düsseldorf Equestrian Club, were not to be missed, even in old age.

Zolltor with the Maurenbrecher houses Zollstrasse No. 5 (left behind) and No. 7, called " En de Canon " (left front)

The house "En de Canon" in Düsseldorf

Elector Jan Wellem , regular guest of the family, portrait in family ownership (unknown artist)

The " En de Canon " (In the cannon) called Maurenbrecher House in the old town of Düsseldorf, today Zollstrasse 7, was acquired in 1639 by Tilman Maurenbrecher (1580–1665). The house bears the old inscription “EN DE CANON” above the door and on the door frame the gilded image of a cannon that is fired against a wall - the coat of arms of the Moorish breakers.

In addition to the post office, the moor breakers ran a wine shop and bar, which became a center of the city's cultural boom. The Elector's wife, the art-loving Grand Duchess Anna Maria Luisa de 'Medici , gathered Italian and German artists, painters, sculptors, musicians, cabinet-makers, goldsmiths and silversmiths around her at her Düsseldorf court . These were the most brilliant years of the Rhineland city, it was completely restored by Italian and French architects. “As the wife of Elector Jan Wellem, the beautiful Florentine Anna Maria Luisa de 'Medici made the nest on the Rhine a residence of world art.” “In the Canon was the famous carousing room, where the numerous Dutch and Italian artists who Jan Willem came together had drawn his court, and here the elector himself liked to socialize in confidential circles. Jan Willems high-backed, carved armchair stood at the polished bar table. "

The house was entered on March 18, 1985 in the list of monuments of the state capital Düsseldorf. After the opposite houses at Zollstrasse 6, 8 and 10 were gutted and only adorned the expanded town hall as facades, “En de Canon” is one of the last remaining architectural monuments on Zollstrasse.

The specialty restaurant “En de Canon” was last operated in the house, the property belonging to it was used as a beer garden.

In 1662 Johann Maurenbrecher also acquired the neighboring house no. 5, with the name "Zum Hääschen", for the post office, which was expanding before the Palatine privilege of 1668. The mail cars could now enter the large courtyard area with annexes and rear buildings through a large gate next to house no. After the Second World War , the ruins of the destroyed front building including the rear building were torn down.

The Maurenbrechersche paper mill in Dombach

Alte Dombach (unknown artist)
The Dombach factory owner's villa

In the first half of the 19th century, the Düsseldorf merchant Jakob Maurenbrecher (1779–1856), younger brother of the last postmaster, Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher, took over the “Alte und Neue Dombach” paper mills in the Strundetal near Bergisch Gladbach . In 1827 Christian Müller had to give up his share because of his debts. Maurenbrecher took over the other part of the Dombach in 1833 after the death of Wilhelm Aurelius Fues.

Jakob Maurenbrecher and his son Wilhelm became pioneers of modern paper production. The Neue Dombach was gradually expanded into a paper mill . Since 1843, Bergisch Gladbach's first paper machine had been in continuous operation in the Dombach paper factory, which produced the paper by hand instead of sheet-by-sheet. In the 1860s and 1870s, the Dombach got increasingly into economic difficulties.

In 1869 it was converted into a stock corporation under the leadership of the Cologne-based Schaaffhausen'schen Bankverein ; Wilhelm Maurenbrecher was the managing director. The problems were to be solved through extensive investments: In order to set up another paper machine, the building complex was expanded again around 1870 and received its current facade in the typical architectural style of the 19th century. The company was already at that time the largest paper producer in Bergisch Gladbach .

In 1876 the Zanders company , already in possession of the Schnabelsmühle and the Gohrsmühle , acquired the entire Dombach.

Today the form Old Dombach and part of Dombacher paper mill New Dombach the Paper Museum Alte Dombach .

The Dutch moor breakers

The preacher Johann Gabriel Maurenbrecher (1773–1801) is the progenitor of the Dutch branch of the family. This branch includes various officers, including the Royal Dutch Colonel in Batavia Frederik Louis Maurenbrecher (1818–1871), whose grandson, the Royal Dutch Lt. Colonel Louis Maurenbrecher (1878–1948) and his son Hans Anton Maurenbrecher (1910–1966), fighter pilot, Royal Dutch Lieutenant General of the Air Force and pioneer of one-handed circumnavigation . He crossed the Atlantic twice and once the Pacific with his 9-meter yacht Take Bora . He has been missing on the Great Barrier Reef since July 1966 .

Kaiser Wilhelm II. As a student in Bonn , where Prof. Wilhelm Maurenbrecher won the previously liberal Crown Prince for Bismarck .
Adolf Hitler was u. a. shaped by the works of the racist and anti-Christian author Max Maurenbrecher , which he read in 1919/23.
The Eugen Richter Tower in Hagen, built in honor of Eugen Richter

Standard sequence (extract)

(Postmaster in bold)

  • Franz Maurenbrecher (* before 1560)
    • Tilmann Maurenbrecher (before 1580 – after 1655), carter and postman
    • Johann Maurenbrecher (after 1585 – after 1623), carter and founder of a private Fahrpost in Düsseldorf
      • Johann Maurenbrecher (1615 / 23–1685), carter and postman
        • Samuel Maurenbrecher (1648 – after 1690), postmaster
        • Johann Reinhard Maurenbrecher (1650–1705), postmaster
          • Johann Heinrich Maurenbrecher senior (1677–1759), wine merchant and postmaster, deacon of the Reformed community
        • Johann Dietrich Maurenbrecher (1660–1728), postmaster, deacon and elder of the Reformed community
          • Johann Heinrich Maurenbrecher (1691–1753), Kurpfälzischer Kommerzienrat, wine merchant and postmaster ∞ Catharina Helena Bernsau (1710–1792), who took over the management of the post office after the death of her husband; Via his illegitimate son Heinrich, Catharina Helena Bernsau was a great-granddaughter of Wilhelm V (III.) Von Bernsau (1514–1581), Lord of Hardenberg, bailiff of Solingen, Bergischer Marshal
            • Johann Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1742–1784), postmaster, deacon and elder of the Reformed community ∞ Sybilla Elisabeth Nacken (1744–1795), who took over the management of the post office after her husband's death
              • Peter Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1777–1861), postmaster, inspector of the post, Prussian chief post director, privy councilor
              • Heinrich Jacob Maurenbrecher (1779–1856), paper manufacturer
                • Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1823–1896), paper manufacturer
                  • Carl Maurenbrecher (1856–1936), center politician , member of the Reich Commission for Raw Material Management, the Advisory Board for Transitional Economics and the Reich Economics Office for Textiles, City Councilor and Alderman of the City of Krefeld, Member of the Provincial Parliament , responsible for the organization of the 1898 Catholic Convention in Krefeld and co-founder of the Krefeld racing club
                    • Elisabeth Maurenbrecher ∞ Josef Fetsch
                    • Bruno Maurenbrecher (1897–1984), entrepreneur, member of the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia ∞ Walburga Werhahn, daughter of Wilhelm Werhahn
                    • Werner Maurenbrecher (1899–1975), entrepreneur, co-founder of various Catholic lay organizations, Marians of the Teutonic Order of St. Mary in Jerusalem and Knight of the Order of St. Gregorius Magnus

Dutch branch:

Maurenbrecherstrasse in Düsseldorf-Düsseltal

Designations

coat of arms

Johann Reinhard Maurenbrecher (1650–1705), elder of the Reformed Congregation , donated a coat of arms window with the Maurenbrecher coat of arms, which shows a cannon in front of a fortress wall, to the newly built church in Düsseldorf-Urdenbach in 1693 .

literature

To the family and individuals without their own article

  • WM:  Moors breaker . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, pp. 693-695.
  • Rudolf Mirbt: Messages from the circle of the Mirbt, Wagner, Maurenbrecher families. Episode 1: The ancestors of Hildemarie, Felix, Marianne, Barbara Mirbt. 1944.
  • Ernst Köppen: Carl Maurenbrecher . In: Krefeld miniatures . Krefeld 1967, pp. 201-203
  • Hans Müller-Schlösser : The city on the Düssel . 4th edition. Düsseldorf 2010, p. 227 ff.

To the postal system

  • Richard August Keller: Postal document for Johann Maurenbrecher . In: DüsseldorfJb , 28, 1916, pp. 227-228
  • Otto R. Redlich: Pieces of files on the history of the Lower Rhine postal system and the Düsseldorf post holder family Maurenbrecher . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine (BGNrh), 7, 1893, pp. 261–300
  • Walter Schmithals: To the beginnings of the Lower Rhine postal system and to Johann Maurenbrecher . In: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch , 68, 1997, pp. 77–87
  • Tönnies: The Electoral Palatinate post on the Lower Rhine . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine (BGNrh), 1, 1886, pp. 13–56
  • Reinhold Wacker: The transport system in the Rhineland from the 15th century to 1794 , 2008
  • Wolfgang Behringer : In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era [with 18 tables]. In: Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History , Volume 189. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-525-35187-9

To the old Dombach

  • Hans Leonhard Brenner : The Strunde and its Bergisch Gladbacher mills . Bergisch Gladbach 2012, ISBN 3-932326-67-9
  • Klara van Eyll : 400 years of paper mills on the Strunde, a historical picture documentation . Publisher: Stiftung Zanders - Paper History Collection, Bergisch Gladbach 1982
  • Ferdinand Schmitz: The paper mills and paper makers of the Bergisch Strundertal . Bergisch Gladbach 1921; Reprint 1979

Web links

Commons : Papiermühle Alte Dombach  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
  • Theo Fühles: On the older postal history and on the history of Haus Spilles, a former post office in Benrath . Full text

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Günter von Roden: History of the city of Duisburg: The old Duisburg from the beginnings to 1905 , 1975, p. 178
  2. ↑ Martin Dallmeier: Thurn and Taxis Studies , Volume 9, Issues 1–2, 1977, p. 169
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer : In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era [with 18 tables]. In: Publications of the Max Planck Institute for History , Volume 189. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-525-35187-9 , p. 449
  4. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Thurn and Taxis . 1990, pp. 123, 133
  5. ↑ Tonnies. In: The Electoral Palatinate Post on the Lower Rhine . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine / Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein , 1886, Volume 1, p. [22] 18.
  6. ↑ Hans Müller-Schlösser : The city on the Düssel . 4th edition. Düsseldorf 2010, p. 228
  7. ↑ a b Jutta Hoffritz: The last Medici . In: Die Zeit , No. 46/2008
  8. ↑ Hans Müller-Schlösser: The city on the Düssel , 4th edition. Düsseldorf 2010, p. 230
  9. ↑ Jan Wellem: Myths and Legends - Moselle Wine and Water . duesseldorf.de
  10. ^ A b Volker Ulrich: Kaiser Wilhelm II. Prince and loafing boy . In: Die Zeit campus , July 2008 - “Among the professors, the historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher exerted the greatest attraction on Wilhelm. Maurenbrecher was an unlimited admirer of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck [Corps Hannovera Göttingen] and a despiser of all liberal efforts in the Empire. Under his influence, the prince, who was still quite immature in his political views, turned away from his Anglophile, liberal parents - and turned to Bismarck. "
  11. ↑ a b Martin Liepach: Abitur knowledge history - National Socialism and World War II . Freising 2001, p. 95 ff: “It is clear that the decisive intellectual-historical influences for the National Socialist ideology and Hitler's worldview cannot be determined in detail. Nevertheless, the worthwhile question about Hitler's ideas was asked from various quarters. There is a list of books that contains the titles that Hitler is said to have borrowed from the National Socialist Institute, a lending library near Munich that was founded in the early phase of the party. This list includes all the major authors of racism: Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Richard Wagner, Julius Langbehn and the national racist Max Maurenbrecher, who wrote against both the Jews and the Christian Church. In this phase, the formation of Hitler's worldview is not yet complete; on the contrary, it is only just beginning. "
  12. ^ George Lachmann Mosse: Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism . New York 1978, p. 205: “A list of books which Hitler is purported to have borrowed from the National Socialist Institute - a lending… Richard Wagner, Langbehn, and no less than three books by Max Maurenbrecher, who was a Volkish racist… ", 205
  13. ↑ 1914, p. 445
  14. ↑ Tönnies; In: The Electoral Palatinate Post on the Lower Rhine , 1886, 1st yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, p. 17.
  15. ↑ Tönnies; In: The Electoral Palatinate Post on the Lower Rhine , 1886, 1st yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, p. [22] 18.
  16. ^ Johann Bernoulli's collection of short travelogues and other news serving to expand knowledge of countries and people . Volume 15.1784, p. 317
  17. ^ Heide-Ines Willner: Village idyll on the outskirts of the city . In: Rheinische Post , October 10, 2003 rp-online.de
  18. ↑ Tönnies; In: The Electoral Palatinate Post on the Lower Rhine , 1886, 1st yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, p. [28] 24.
  19. ↑ Tönnies; In: The Electoral Palatinate Post on the Lower Rhine , 1886, 1st year book of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, p. [24] 20.
  20. ↑ Hans Müller-Schlösser : The city on the Düssel . 4th edition. Düsseldorf 2010, p. 230
  21. ↑ spilles.de ( Memento of the original from February 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spilles.de
  22. ↑ Lorenzo de 'Medici : The Medice . Bergisch Gladbach 2006, p. 213
  23. ^ House "En de Canon" and coat of arms
  24. ↑ Entry in the monument list of the state capital Düsseldorf at the Institute for Monument Protection and Preservation
  25. ↑ Alfons Houben: 'Düsseldorf' How it was then - how it is today. WI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1983, p. 152 f.
  26. ^ H. Ferber, Historical walk through the old city of Düsseldorf , published by the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein, Verlag C. Kraus, 1889, part II, p. 83.
  27. ↑ Excerpt from: Ocean Pioneers (Fig.) , ISBN 978-90-71500-09-1
  28. ^ George L. Mosse: Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism . New York 1978, p. 205
  29. ↑ His biography and further ancestors up to Charlemagne see schneidermuch.de (PDF; 1.1 MB), there No. 7907 with further references
  30. ^ Manfred Friedrich:  Maurenbrecher, Romeo. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-428-00197-4 , p. 433 ( digitized version ).
  31. ^ Rolf-Bernd Hechler: Werner Maurenbrecher - entrepreneur, active Catholic in Krefeld and founder in Riezlern . In: Die Heimat - magazine for culture and homeland care on the Lower Rhine , 89/2018, ISBN 978-3-935526-35-7 , p. 266.
  32. ↑ Figure 1 , Figure 2 (to the left of the pulpit)