Wolfgang Behringer

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Wolfgang Behringer (born July 17, 1956 in Munich ) is a German historian with a focus on the early modern period . Behringer had been a professor of modern history at the University of York since 1999 . Since 2003 he has been teaching as a professor for early modern times at Saarland University . Behringer's work focuses on the cultural history of the early modern period (1450–1800). He researches the climate and the environment, experiences of crises and their processing, witch hunts, the emergence of nation states, radical reformation , court culture, communication and media history.

Life

Wolfgang Behringer studied history, political science and German. In 1981 he graduated from the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich . From 1982 to 1984 he was a scholarship holder of the German National Academic Foundation . He received his doctorate in the 1985 summer semester in Munich with a thesis on the subject of witch persecution in Bavaria , supervised by Richard van Dülmen . From 1991 to 1996, Behringer worked as a research assistant at the University of Bonn , where he completed his habilitation in 1997 with the help of a scholarship from the German Research Foundation . In 1998 he became an employee at the Max Planck Institute for History in Göttingen and represented Winfried Schulze's chair at the University of Munich . In 1999 he took over a professorship for “Early Modern History” at the University of York . Since 2003, he has been Richard van Dülmen's successor full professor for early modern times at Saarland University in Saarbrücken.

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Postal history

Behringer published numerous articles on postal history. In 1990, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the founding of the first postal company in the Holy Roman Empire operated by the courier family der Taxis (later Thurn und Taxis) (see Dutch postal rate ), he presented a commemorative publication on the family company. This is not just a story of the Post, but also of the company and the Thurn und Taxis family. He did pioneering work through the first quantifying evaluation of the company's accounting volumes. In 2003, Behringer's habilitation was published on the early modern imperial post and the acceleration of communication it made possible.

Behringer put forward three central theses.

First: The early modern period was a closed epoch in the history of communication. At its center was the new infrastructure of the postal system. A similar structure did not exist before 1500 or after 1800/50. Since then, the functions of communication have been split into other media.

Second: Later media (railroad, motorway system, air traffic network, telephone, cable network and Internet) were structurally and down to the organizational detail based on the patterns that were generated in the early modern period by the postal network. Local directories (address books, telephone books), number directories (postcodes, telephone numbers) or timetables are descendants of early modern communications.

Third: The “intangible legacy” of early modern communication has had a significant impact on the Western conception of time and space and has contributed so decisively to the modernization of European culture that this innovation had to be adopted by all civilizations in the course of globalization.

According to Behringer's “general thesis”, the meeting of the post office and the printing press was not only an early modern communication revolution, but the “mother of all communication revolutions”. It generated “that dynamic that has lasted to this day and has found its most recent form on the World Wide Web ”. Behringer came to numerous individual observations. The beginnings of the reading society are not to be found in the 18th, but in the 17th century. The development of early modern administrations was tied to the Post's infrastructure. The accelerated exchange of messages had a lasting effect on the sense of time. He noted a difference in the development of postal history between the southern German Catholic and the long post-abstinent northern German Protestant areas. Over time, this relationship was reversed in favor of the Protestants. The news and newspaper industry initially concentrated on Augsburg and Strasbourg, but then on Amsterdam, Frankfurt and above all Hamburg.

Behringer assigned a “key position in world history” to the European early modern period. Behringer praised the developing early modern postal system as an "engine of modernity" and as the "bloodstream of early modern society". According to Behringer, the transition from the old to the modern world took place much earlier than the supporters of a "saddle era" around 1800 represented. In general, the "period from 1750-1850 as the actual threshold of the epoch for the beginning of modernity" is considered in historical studies. According to Behringer, it started "with the traditional beginning of modern times, not with the Gutenberg but with the 'Taxis-Galaxy', the establishment of a system of room allocation to streamline communication". With this, Behringer turned against the Gutenberg galaxy of Marshall McLuhan , who in his research on the early modern era raised the printing press to the sign of an entire historical epoch.

Witch research

Through his source research and regular essays on the state of research, Behringer shaped the image of early modern witch research like no other historian. The reason for Behringer's concern with the subject of witches was a seminar offered by Richard van Dülmen at the University of Munich in 1978. Behringer's 1987 dissertation on the persecution of witches in Bavaria was almost unanimously recognized as an important study in American, English, French, Dutch, Austrian and German journals. The depiction became the standard work on the early modern witch hunt. The third edition of the book was published in 1997 and an English translation was published in the same year. For the first time since the portrayal of Sigmund von Riezler from 1896, Behringer dealt again with the witch hunt in Bavaria. Behringer used considerably more source material for his analysis. In addition to the trial files, Behringer evaluated serial sources such as council minutes as well as political and private sources. In his work, Behringer has taken into account the paradigm shift that began in 1967 in international witch research. The Anglo-American studies by Alan Macfarlane (1970), Keith Thomas (1971) and HC Erik Midelfort (1972) had included anthropological and ethnological questions and methods in their source work. Until the late 1980s, German history had hardly dealt with the subject of witch hunts. Some historians also considered the topic dubious.

In his dissertation, Behringer starts from the working hypothesis that “only the combination of such different processing techniques as structure and text analysis, the creation of statistics or the reconstruction of historical mentalities, that is, the quantifying and qualifying source analysis enable a meaningful interpretation”. Behringer was able to revise some older research opinions and common clichés. Bavaria was not a mainland of witch hunts. The Bavarian dukes / electors were not the most tireless witch hunters, they were the Franconian bishops. Behringer found a "relative uniformity of the persecution" as a result of the witch persecution. At least during the south-east German wave of persecution around 1590, witch trials could not be traced back to any political, economic or denominational structures. According to Behringer, the imperial cities (example: Augsburg) showed a low willingness to persecute, the spiritual principalities (example: Hochstift Augsburg ) were particularly eager to persecute. Behringer identified numerous factors for the intense persecution around 1590 with the waves of inflation, hunger and epidemics. In this great wave of persecution, “more people were executed than witches than in any previous century” in less than five years. Since witch hunts have also occurred in areas that have been spared economic hardship, Behringer concludes "that the persecution was more the function of a specific crisis mentality than a crisis itself". In a rough extrapolation, Behringer came to around 4,000 witch trials between 1586 and 1730. Around 1,000 to 1,500 executions were carried out. According to Behringer, the "equal interests of the authorities and 'subjects'" were decisive for the implementation of witch trials in southeast Bavaria. Around 1600 only old women from all social classes were affected by the persecution. In the course of the 17th century, the group of those affected was not only reduced more and more to the lower classes, but above all to children and young people.

In 1994 Behringer released the microhistorical representation Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the night crowd. A story from the early modern era . It is about the horse shepherd Stoeckhlin, who probably triggered one of the greatest witch persecutions between the Danube and the Alps with his statements. In doing so, Behringer relied on Stoeckhlin's trial files (in particular on the interrogation protocols), which is now in the Augsburg State Archives . The work appeared in 1998 in the American translation "Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night".

Behringer is co-editor of the Witches Research series (since 1995) and the Encyclopedia of Witchcraft . Behringer's source volume Witches and Witches Trials in Germany , first published in 1988, was published in its seventh edition in 2010. In the mid-1990s, Behringer came across connections between climate and cultural history. He made connections between the Little Ice Age and the mass burning of witches. Between 1580 and 1630 there was an accumulation of extremely cold months in the summer half-year and during this time the high number of mass burnings of witches took place. Behringer's thesis was controversial. Critics accuse him of neglecting many other factors responsible for the witch hunt with his arguments. Since 2013 he has been head of the interdisciplinary witch research group. The spring meeting of the working group in February 2018 dealt with the question of whether there was a connection between the witch hunt and climate change. Together with Sönke Lorenz and Dieter R. Bauer, Behringer was the editor of 22 articles at a conference of the Catholic Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart , which was organized in conjunction with the Interdisciplinary Witch Research Working Group. The articles were published in 2016. A list of “last witch executions” compiled by Behringer for this anthology for the period from 1700 to 1911 documents only “the tip of the iceberg” despite its length of over 60 pages.

Cultural history of the climate

Behringer is one of the few historians who has dealt with the relationship between climate and history. In 2005, Behringer published an anthology with Hartmut Lehmann and Christian Pfister on the cultural consequences of the Little Ice Age. The volume bundles the results of a conference held in 2002 at the Max Planck Institute for History in Göttingen. In 2007, Behringer published a cultural history of the climate. For the first time, Behringer attempted to investigate climate history from a cultural-historical and socio-economic perspective. Behringer placed a focus on the Little Ice Age, as this climate crisis not only “can be easily reconstructed from the sources”, but can also be viewed “as a test run for global warming”. The “Little Ice Age” shows that “even small changes in the climate can lead to enormous social, political and religious upheavals”. Behringer pleaded for a relaxed approach to dealing with the current climate crisis. He puts forward the thesis that “cooling always resulted in severe upheavals in society”, while warming “sometimes brought about cultural bloom”. According to Behringer, “not only dangers, but also opportunities” are hidden in the current warming. In his view, humans will never rise to a significant level in the history of this planet. In this way he relativizes the anthropogenic influence on the current climate change. In his presentation, he is primarily concerned with the influence that the climate has had on people and less with the influence that people have had on the climate. In his remarks on the cultural consequences of the worsening climate, almost every change, such as the way houses are built or clothing, is justified by the worsening climate. However, numerous other equally plausible explanations can be given for the climatically based developments. He is critical of those people who are far more pessimistic about the future of the earth than he is. Conservation is "less about nature than about human well-being" and "the big word about climate protection" only conceals "the fear of change" . Behringer's account is one of the most successful publications by CH Beck in recent years. In 2010 the fifth edition appeared in German. The presentation has been translated into English, Hungarian, Czech, Korean and Italian. Behringer's cultural history of the climate has in part been received critically by experts. According to Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber , Behringer's recommendation for “calmness” when it comes to climate change is “either trivial or unscientific, as it is difficult to draw historical conclusions by analogy with regard to the social impact of future global warming”. According to Christian Pfister, Behringer can be chalked up to “a number of imprecisions and a lack of effort to take note of the latest literature”. The book “should neither convince critical historians nor dispel reservations of skeptical natural scientists about historical methods.” Five years after the publication of his cultural history of the climate , he made positive comments about global warming . In 2019, Rüdiger Haude published a detailed review of Behringer's presentation of the cultural history of the climate . According to Haude, Behringer's goal is to show that global warming has historically always been favorable. In this context, he criticized Behringer's problematic handling of sources and literature both in the field of history and the natural sciences. Accordingly, Behringer wrote a distorting presentation that was aimed unilaterally at a criticism of climate science.

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Tambora volcanic eruption , he published a study on this natural event in 2015. Behringer sees the “Tambora Crisis” as the key to great historical developments of the 19th century. The "overthrow of governments, mass protests, mass migration, job creation programs, agricultural reforms, the rise of new scientific disciplines, religious renewal, river regulation, pauperism , the introduction of new technologies, the establishment of savings banks and life insurances, the shift in weight in world politics, etc.", all of these Events “only make sense in their course against the background of the Tambora crisis”. At the same time, Behringer says: "The global impact of the Tambora outbreak was initially hidden from our contemporaries". For Behringer, the “long-range effects of the Tambora crisis” (Chapter 6) also include events such as the decline of China (“The Great Divergence”), the construction of the London sewer system , the boom in the insurance industry, the cholera uprisings in Russia and the invention Australia or the genocide in Tasmania .

Sports history

In 1995, Behringer took part in the founding conference of the “Ludica” magazine on the history and culture of the game. There he made contacts with leading sports sociologists such as Eric Dunning , who in turn became aware of Behringer's “ Encyclopedia of Modern Times ”. The German History Society in London invited him to give a talk on "Sport in Early Modern Period", which was published in 2009. This brought Behringer to the history of sports as an expert in the early modern era. In 2012 he presented a cultural history of sport spanning three millennia. Behringer himself admits that aspects such as sports law, sports journalism, modern sports medicine and doping are neglected and that the selection of sports corresponds to “one's own preferences”. Rather, he wants to pursue “the question of the functions of sport in society”. Behringer put forward the thesis that the process of “sporting” both military exercises and popular games should be counted among the fundamental processes of modernity. For Behringer, this process is one of the dozen key terms in modern history that describe fundamental processes of change, such as discipline, juridification, globalization or secularization . In this study, Behringer was able to refute the prejudice of older sports historiography that sport experienced its historical low point in the early modern period. The work has been translated into Hungarian (2014), Chinese (2015), and Japanese (2015).

Other work

In 1997 Behringer presented a history of the Spaten brewery for the 600th anniversary . In 1999 he and Bernd Roeck published an anthology on the image in the city in the modern age from 1400 to 1800. It is not the appearance of a city, but the “image of the city” (painting, woodcut or medals and coins, paintings) that is in the foreground in the 46 places presented. The selection of the cities was based on the five criteria of founding myth, legal status, size, function and geographical location. Behringer has dealt with Günther Franz in several articles since 1998 . Laurenz Müller criticized Behringer's selective handling of the sources. Behringer interpreted sources unilaterally or left out exonerating passages for Franz. With Gabriele B. Clemens he published a concise account of the history of the Saarland in 2009 .

Fonts (selection)

Monographs

  • Witch hunt in Bavaria: folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Oldenbourg, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-486-53901-9 (also: Munich, University, dissertation, 1985).
  • Thurn and Taxis. The history of your post office and your company. Piper, Munich a. a. 1990, ISBN 3-492-03336-9 .
  • In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Mail and the Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Age (= publications by the Max Planck Institute for History. Vol. 189). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-525-35187-9 (Also: Bonn, University, habilitation paper).
  • Witches. Belief, persecution, marketing. (= Beck series. Vol. 2082). Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-41882-2 .
  • with Gabriele Clemens : History of the Saarland (= Beck'sche Reihe. Vol. 2612). Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-58456-5 .
  • Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. 5th updated edition. CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-52866-8 .
  • Cultural history of sport. From ancient Olympia to the present. CH Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63205-1 .
  • Tambora and the year without a summer. How a volcano plunged the world into crisis. Beck, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-406-67615-4 .

Editorships

  • with Hartmut Lehmann, Christian Pfister: Cultural Consequences of the »Little Ice Age«. Cultural Consequences of the "Little Ice Age" (= publications by the Max Planck Institute for History. Vol. 212). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 978-3-525-35864-1 .
  • with Christof Dipper , Ute Schneider: Map Worlds. The space and its representation in modern times. Primus, Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 978-3-89678-289-2 .
  • with Sönke Lorenz, Dieter R. Bauer: Late witch trials. The handling of the Enlightenment with the irrational (= witch research. Vol. 14). Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2016, ISBN 978-3-89534-904-1 .
  • with Wolfgang Kraus , Heinrich Schlange-Schöningen : The Peace Mission of Europe (= cultural foundations of Europe. Vol. 4). LIT, Berlin / Münster 2017, ISBN 978-3-643-13504-9 .
  • with Eric-Oliver Mader, Justus Nipperdey: Conversions to Catholicism in the early modern period. European and global perspectives (= cultural foundations of Europe. Vol. 5). LIT, Münster et al. 2019, ISBN 978-3-643-13981-8 .

literature

  • Behringer, Wolfgang. In: Kürschner's German Scholars Calendar. Bio-bibliographical directory of contemporary German-speaking scientists. Volume 1: A - G. 27th edition. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-033717-4 , p. 212.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ See the review by Alexander Schulz-Luckenbach in: Nassauische Annalen 103 (1992), pp. 392–393.
  2. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 42 and 684ff.
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 45.
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 42.
  5. ↑ See the reviews of Heinz Schilling in: Historische Zeitschrift. 280 (2005), pp. 174-177; Silvia Serena Tschopp in: Journal for historical research 32 (2005), pp. 133–135; Gerd van den Heuvel in: Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 77 (2005), pp. 380–383.
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 380.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 300.
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, pp. 659f.
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 102.
  10. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, pp. 324ff., 347ff., 419ff.
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 42.
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 21.
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 126.
  14. ^ Richard van Dülmen: Society of the early modern times. cultural action and social process. Contributions to historical cultural research. Vienna et al. 1993, p. 20.
  15. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: In the sign of Mercury. Imperial Post and Communication Revolution in the Early Modern Era. Göttingen 2003, p. 658.
  16. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: "From the Gutenberg galaxy to the taxis galaxy". The communication revolution - a concept for a better understanding of the early modern era. In: Johannes Burkhardt, Christine Werkstetter (Ed.): Communication and media in the early modern times. Munich 2005, pp. 39–54.
  17. ↑ Jaana Eichhorn: History between Tradition and Innovation Discourses, Institutions and Power Structures of West German Early Modern Research. Göttingen 2006, p. 273.
  18. ↑ Rita Voltmer: Network, Thinking Collective or Jungle? Modern witch research between global history and regional history, popular history and basic research. In: Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 34 (2007), pp. 467–507, here: p. 473; Status and perspectives of witch research. A virtual conversation with Wolfgang Behringer (Klaus Graf). In: Zeitblicke 1 (2002), No. 1 [8. July 2002], ( online )
  19. ↑ See, for example, Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia, in: The 16th Century Journal 19 (1988), pp. 306f. The most important reviews can be found in Wolfgang Behringer: The persecution of witches in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. 3rd, improved edition with an afterword added. Munich 1987, p. 543.
  20. ↑ See the reviews of Bernd Roeck in: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte . 75/1 (1988), p. 122f .; Manfred Agethen in Historisches Jahrbuch 108 (1988), pp. 488-489; Peter Segl in: Historische Zeitschrift 268 (1999), pp. 472–474; Karl Vocelka in: Mitteilungen des Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 97 (1989), pp. 195–197; Helga Schultz in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 38 (1990), pp. 270-271.
  21. ^ Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria. Popular Magic, Religious Zealotry and Reason of State in Early Modern Europe. Translated by JC Grayson and David Lederer. Cambridge 1997.
  22. ^ Sigmund: History of the witch trials in Bavaria. Presented in the light of general developments. Stuttgart 1896.
  23. ↑ On this aspect cf. the review by Wilhelm Volkert : Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte 52 (1989), p. 392–394, here: p. 393 ( online )
  24. ^ Alan Macfarlane: Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England. A regional and comparative study. London 1970.
  25. ^ Keith Thomas: Religion and the decline of magic. New York 1971.
  26. ^ HC Erik Midelfort: Witch hunting in Southwestern Germany 1562–1684. The social and intellectual foundations. Stanford 1972.
  27. ↑ See the discussions on Behringer's dissertation by Robert Jütte in: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 38 (1988), pp. 352f .; Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger in: Journal for Historical Research 16 (1989), pp. 362–365, here: p. 365.
  28. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 31.
  29. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 168f.
  30. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 69.
  31. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 153.
  32. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 69.
  33. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 401.
  34. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Witch hunt in Bavaria: Folk magic, zeal for faith and reasons of state in the early modern period. Munich 1987, p. 411.
  35. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the night crowd. A story from the early modern era. Munich et al. 1994.
  36. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Weather, Hunger and Fear. The Origins of the European Witch Persecution in Climate, Society and Mentality. In: German History 13 (1995) pp. 1–27 ( online ); Wolfgang Behringer: Climatic Change and Witch-Hunting. The Impact of the Little Ice Age on Mentalities. In: Christian Pfister, Rudolf Brázdil, Rüdiger Glaser (Eds.): Climatic Variability in Sixteenth Century Europe and its Social Dimension. Dordrecht et al. 1999, pp. 335-351.
  37. ↑ Christian Rohr: Climate and Environment as Framework Conditions for Alpine Economy. Examples and perspectives. In: Markus A. Denzel, Andrea Bonoldi, Anne Montenach, Françoise Vannotti (eds.): Oeconomia Alpium I: Economic history of the Alpine region in pre-industrial times. Research outline, concepts and perspectives. Berlin et al. 2017, pp. 73–101, here: p. 77.
  38. ↑ See the review by Walter Rummel in: Jahrbuch für Regionalgeschichte 37, 2019, pp. 177–179.
  39. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Last witch executions, 1700–1911. In: Wolfgang Behringer, Sönke Lorenz, Dieter R. Bauer (Ed.): Late witch trials. How the Enlightenment deals with the irrational. Bielefeld 2016, pp. 365-427.
  40. ↑ See the discussion by Johannes Heil in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 55 (2007), pp. 187–189.
  41. ↑ See the reviews by Uwe Lübken in: sehepunkte 8 (2008), No. 11 [15. November, 2008], ( online ); Guido Poliwoda in: H-Soz-Kult , March 18, 2008, online ; Barbara Schier in: Bayerisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde 2009 , pp. 286–290; Franz Mauelshagen : Is the weather to blame for everything? Wolfgang Behringer's far-reaching cultural history of the climate. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 6, 2007, p. 48 ( online ); Christian Pfister in: Historische Zeitschrift 288 (2009), pp. 152–154; Winfried Schenk , Verena Twyrdy in: Journal for Bavarian State History 71 (2008), pp. 953–957 ( online ); Marie Luisa Allemeyer in: Journal for Historical Research 36 (2009), pp. 95–97.
  42. ↑ See the review by Guido Poliwoda in: H-Soz-Kult , March 18, 2008, ( online ).
  43. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 7.
  44. ↑ Reinhold Reith: Environmental history of the early modern times. Munich 2011, p. 79.
  45. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 287.
  46. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 8.
  47. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 281.
  48. ↑ Marie Luisa Allemeyer in: Journal of Historical Research 36 (2009), pp 95-97, here: p 95th
  49. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 163 ff.
  50. ↑ See the reviews of Winfried Schenk, Verena Twyrdy in: Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 71, 2008, pp. 953–957, here: pp. 954 f. ( online ); Franz Mauelshagen: Is the weather to blame for everything? Wolfgang Behringer's far-reaching cultural history of the climate. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 6, 2007, p. 48 ( online ).
  51. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 282.
  52. ↑ See the review by Barbara Schier in: Bayerisches Jahrbuch für Volkskunde 2009 , pp. 286–290, here: p. 290.
  53. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Cultural history of the climate. From the ice age to global warming. Munich 2007, p. 288.
  54. ↑ Hans Joachim Schellnhuber: Self-immolation. The fatal triangular relationship between climate, humans and carbon. Munich 2015, p. 260.
  55. ↑ See the review by Christian Pfister in: Historische Zeitschrift 288 (2009), pp. 152–154, here: p. 154.
  56. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: We humans benefit from global warming . In: Welt Online , September 3, 2012.
  57. ↑ Rüdiger Haude: "Keep calm"? A critique of Wolfgang Behringer's "A Cultural History of Climate". In: Journal of Environmental Studies and Science. 9, 2019, pp. 397-408.
  58. ↑ See the discussions by Christian Pfister in: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 104 (2017), pp. 94–95; Christian Pfister in: Historische Zeitschrift 307 (2018), pp. 235–236; Dominik Collet: in: H-Soz-Kult , April 13, 2016, ( online ); Dieter Langewiesche in: Sehepunkte 16 (2016), No. 1 [15. January 2016] ( online ); Thomas Wozniak in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 64 (2016), issue 6, p. 582f .; Wolfgang Reinhard in: Journal for Historical Research 45 (2018), pp. 648–649.
  59. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Tambora and the year without a summer. How a volcano plunged the world into crisis. Munich 2015, p. 11.
  60. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Tambora and the year without a summer. How a volcano plunged the world into crisis. Munich 2015, p. 323.
  61. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Tambora and the year without a summer. How a volcano plunged the world into crisis. Munich 2015, p. 267.
  62. ^ Wolfgang Behringer: Arena and Pall Mall. Sport in the Early Modern Period. In: German History 27 (2009), pp. 331–357.
  63. ↑ See Armin Ader's review of Behringer's Kulturgeschichte des Sport in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 96 (2014), pp. 199–202, here: p. 200.
  64. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: cultural history of sport. From ancient Olympia to the 21st century. Munich 2012, p. 21.
  65. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: cultural history of sport. From ancient Olympia to the 21st century. Munich 2012, p. 22. See the review by Christian Jaser in: Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 42 (2015), pp. 285–287.
  66. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: cultural history of sport. From ancient Olympia to the 21st century. Munich 2012, p. 20.
  67. ↑ See the review by Ingo Schwab in: Oberbayerisches Archiv 123 (1999), pp. 431–432.
  68. ↑ See the reviews of Holger Th. Gräf in: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. 51 (2001), pp. 376-377; Stephan Laux in: H-Soz-Kult , May 13, 2000, online ; Gudrun Gleba in: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . 65 (2001), pp. 466-468 ( online )
  69. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Bauern-Franz and Rassen-Günther. The political history of the agricultural historian Günther Franz (1902–1992). In: Winfried Schulze , Otto Gerhard Oexle : German Historians in National Socialism. Frankfurt am Main 1999, pp. 114-141 ( online ); Wolfgang Behringer: From war to war. New perspectives on Günther Franz's book “The Thirty Years War and the German People” (1940). In: Benigna von Krusenstjern , Hans Medick (Hrsg.): Between everyday life and catastrophe. The Thirty Years War up close. Göttingen 1999, pp. 543-591.
  70. ^ Laurenz Müller: Dictatorship and Revolution. Reformation and the Peasants' War in the history of the “Third Reich” and the GDR. Stuttgart 2004, p. 16, note 50; P. 99, note 122.
personal data
SURNAME Behringer, Wolfgang
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German historian
DATE OF BIRTH 17th July 1956
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich