Friedrich Naumann

This article deals with the politician Friedrich Naumann. For other people of the same name, see Friedrich Naumann (disambiguation) .

Friedrich Naumann, ca.1911

Friedrich Naumann (born March 25, 1860 in Störmthal , today part of Großpösna near Leipzig ; † August 24, 1919 in Travemünde ) was a Protestant theologian , liberal politician during the German Empire , co-founder of the German Werkbund and the German Democratic Party (DDP) . The Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom , which is close to the FDP, is named after him.

Life

Birthplace of Friedrich Naumann in Störmthal

Naumann plaque at the birthplace in Störmthal

Friedrich Naumann 1886

Naumann attended the Nikolaischule in Leipzig and the Princely School in Meißen and then studied Protestant theology in Leipzig and Erlangen . In 1881 he and his friend Diederich Hahn played a key role in founding the Association of German Students' Associations , also known as the "Kyffhäuser Association". In 1906 Naumann resigned from the Kyffhäuser Association because of the Naumann dispute .

After Naumann had worked at the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg from 1883 , he was pastor in Langenberg near Glauchau from 1886 . From 1890 he worked in the Inner Mission in Frankfurt am Main until he founded the National Social Association in 1896 . He was the founding editor of the magazine Die Hilfe (later published by Theodor Heuss ), which propagated social liberalism. The "renewal of liberalism" sought by Naumann had not only substantive, but also strategic reasons, because the desired unification of liberalism was intended to initiate a rapprochement between liberals and social democrats and to build a coalition counterweight to the conservative-agrarian forces: "Unification Liberals and the connection between liberalism and social democracy are conceived as a long program full of content for long periods of time and conceived in such a way that liberalism must be united in order to be able to give support to the German labor movement, which is now social democratic . ”This“ future majority from Bebel to Bassermann ”could only be partially realized up to the First World War, for example with the so-called large block in Baden. But Naumann's concept played a major role in the resurgence of left-wing liberalism in the decade after 1903.

After the National Social Association disbanded in 1903 and Naumann and the majority of his supporters had converted to the left-wing liberal Freethinking Association , he became a member of the Reichstag of his new party, for which he was a member in the 1907 Reichstag election in the Württemberg 3 constituency ( Heilbronn , Besigheim , Brackenheim , Neckarsulm ) Won mandate. As a result of the merger of the Liberal Association with the Liberal People's Party in 1910 (both emerged in 1893 from the left-wing liberal German Liberal Party founded nine years earlier by Franz August Schenk von Stauffenberg and Eugen Richter ) and the German People's Party , he became a member of the Progressive People's Party . In the Reichstag election in 1912 , however, he missed re-election to the Reichstag and did not return to parliament until June 1913, when he won the by-election in the Waldeck - Pyrmont constituency .

Friedrich Naumann became involved as early as the turn of the century for women's emancipation . Together with Helene Lange and many other prominent women's rights activists, he campaigned for the political rights of women. In 1907 he was a co-founder of the Deutscher Werkbund . Before and during the First World War Naumann was an ardent supporter of the Young Turkish Revolution , for which he promoted the German public together with Ernst Jäckh and others. Naumann saw in the "New Turkey" (whose territory covered large parts of the Arab Middle East until World War I , such as Syria , Palestine and Iraq ) opportunities for Germany's economic expansion. In 1914 Naumann was one of the signatories of the Manifesto of the 93 . Naumann's uncritical and partly apologetic stance on the genocide of the Armenians in Anatolia, which began in 1915, is still controversial today.

Honorary grave of Friedrich Naumann in the old Twelve Apostles churchyard

After the First World War, Friedrich Naumann became the first chairman of the German Democratic Party (DDP), founded on November 20, 1918, and a member of the Weimar National Assembly . There he was a member of the committee for the preliminary discussion of the draft constitution for the German Reich . During this time Naumann supported the conservative journalist Eduard Stadtler in building the Anti-Bolshevik League with 3,000 marks from a political fund. However, he soon distanced himself from Stadtler's increasing radicalization and had himself removed from the league's circle of supporters in early 1919.

Friedrich Naumann died in Travemünde in August 1919 at the age of 59. He was buried in the Old Twelve Apostles Cemetery in Schöneberg near Berlin. The simple grave site with a relief grave plate is located in Dept. 301-003-006 / 008 on Hauptweg. By resolution of the Berlin Senate , the last resting place of Friedrich Naumann has been dedicated to the State of Berlin as an honorary grave since 1956 . The dedication was extended in 2018 by the usual period of twenty years.

politics

Friedrich Naumann, sketch for a portrait by Max Liebermann

Friedrich Naumann's political activities largely coincided with the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918), whose fundamental thought patterns strongly influenced him. Naumann advocated Wilhelmine militarism with its colonial and naval policy . With his work “Central Europe” (1915) he campaigned for a close economic and military union of the Central European countries under German leadership. He found widespread public support for this, but not from the military leadership. After the defeat Friedrich Naumann put all hopes for the German resurgence on internal reforms, such as political education in the specially founded by him citizenship school .

Around 1900 social Darwinism was also represented as an "integral part of the ideology of the German bourgeoisie" by liberals such as Naumann, Max Weber , Walther Rathenau , Kurt Riezler , Gerhart Hauptmann and Maximilian Harden . “World history must continue to destroy nations”, he wrote, “we are not afraid to denationalize Poles, Danes, Swahili and Chinese as much as we can.” With these contradictions to his theology , he was “very much a child of his time”.

Friedrich Naumann's book Central Europe , published in autumn 1915 , quickly became the most widely read German war target publication and achieved a real broad impact. Naumann called for a “liberal imperialism” for Germany. He justified his “ Central Europe ” primarily economically - smaller economic units should naturally be grouped into large ones, the future belonged to the “large companies” and large economic blocs - but also historically with recourse to the Holy Roman Empire and the German Confederation .

Naumann's naive treatment of the nationality problems of the Habsburg monarchy , however, showed his inner distance from the disputed problems. The mistake of thinking in Naumann's Central Europe concept of a voluntary association with extensive rights of autonomy consisted in the inability of the German Reich, due to its internal power structures, to combine its intended leadership role in Europe with the necessary self-restraint. For some, the Saxon pastor and liberal politician Naumann only disguised German nationalism with a social attitude. He journalistically paved the way for the German leadership's plans for Austria-Hungary .

A “light-handed Central European imperialism” ( Kurt Riezler ) would have presupposed those structural reforms that influential interest groups sought to prevent through an annexed peace. Nevertheless, Naumann's ideas about Central Europe can in no way be equated with the plans of pan-German circles to incorporate Austria-Hungary before the First World War , because this Central Europe came from the liberal circle around Paul Rohrbach and Ernst Jäckh, although it also arose from an unrealistic view of Germany's possibilities. The historian Fritz Stern saw the text, in the context of its time, as a softening of an aggressive foreign policy: "Central Europe was the alternative of civilians to the wild annexationism of the military, which would have left behind only fragmented nations thirsting for revenge."

meaning

Board at Friedrich-Naumann-Hof , Hamburg-Dulsberg

Naumann was the center of an extensive circle of convictions and friends, which stretched sociologically from the upper bourgeoisie to the educated and petty bourgeoisie to the working class . He wanted to solve the social question through an alliance of liberalism and Protestantism , by incorporating knowledge from the natural sciences , historical research and philosophy into the “Christian faith of the national community ” as a cross-class, unified ideology . This network originally emerged from Naumann's classmates in St. Afra and the so-called “young savages” in the Evangelical Social Congress, who, like Naumann, did not want to travel in the conservative or even anti-Semitic waters of Adolf Stoecker . The “Naumann Circle” included then and later famous contemporaries such as Max Weber , Lujo Brentano or Hellmut von Gerlach , the only member of the Reichstag for the National Social Association, rising spirits such as Theodor Heuss and his wife Elly Knapp , but also some who later - such as Gustav Stresemann  - politically should go other ways.

Again and again testified contemporary witnesses and witnesses the charisma Naumann. He has often given rise to political commitment. Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer declared that they were inspired by Naumann's national social ideas and had therefore joined the liberal party. Friedrich Naumann's political, journalistic and educational work was continued after 1919 by his students and colleagues, including Theodor Heuss, Marie Elisabeth Lüders , Gertrud Bäumer and Wilhelm Heile .

Criticism of Naumann

In a column published in January 2011 in the Frankfurter Rundschau and the Berliner Zeitung , the historian Götz Aly describes Naumann as a "corpse in the basement of the FDP" and assumes a continuity of Naumanns in the Manifesto National-Social Catechism (1897) and in Central Europe (1915) in the empire represented " constitutional and Nazi " (Naumann) and " imperial " (Aly) positions up to the approval of the Enabling Act on March 24, 1933, the five liberal deputies of the Diet , "including Theodor Heuss and Ernst Lemmer ". Aly quoted from the reasons given for this decision at the time: "In terms of the major national goals, we feel absolutely bound to the view as presented here by the Chancellor today."

In his assessment, Aly also referred to the "Nobel laureate and ordoliberal economist" Friedrich August von Hayek , who saw Naumann as one of the "pioneers of National Socialism " because Adolf Hitler had "copied large passages of his foreign policy program [...]" from him. . Regardless of the fact that Theodor Heuss, who knew Naumann's work well as well as having dealt intensively with the early writings of the NSDAP for his book "Hitler's Way", had publicly stated in the early 1930s that Hitler had "never read anything from Naumann" and that his Naumann book could only appear in 1937 because it did not establish a connection between Naumann and National Socialism, Aly asked the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, which is close to the FDP, to give up the "maintenance of this name".

This accusation was rejected by Wolfgang Gerhardt , the chairman of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, and by the former Federal Minister of the SPD Erhard Eppler , who wrote a reply to Aly: Naumann was not a chauvinist, he did not stand for anti-liberalism, anti-socialism , Anti-Semitism, anti-humanism and racism of the National Socialists; rather, one should see Naumann as an “important democrat”.

Honors

In several cities such as Dortmund , Frankfurt-Bockenheim , Göttingen , Hamburg-Harburg , Hohen Neuendorf , Karlsruhe , Cologne-Porz , Leverkusen , Ludwigsburg , Marburg , Stralsund , Weimar and Wiesbaden-Rheingauviertel each Friedrich-Naumann-Strasse was named after him named. In Bremen there is a Friedrich-Naumann-Ring , in Gera and Fürstenwalde / Spree there is a Friedrich-Naumann-Platz .

The Friedrich-Naumann-Haus e. V. in Gießen (Hessen), which is a free youth welfare organization.

Fonts (selection)

Original manuscript of Naumann's series of articles "The Freedom of Luther" from 1917 with corrections for printing.

• Workers' catechism or true socialism. Association bookstore, Calw / Stuttgart 1889.
• What does Christian Social mean? 2 volumes. Deichert, Leipzig 1894.
• National Social Catechism. Explanation of the basic lines of the National Social Association. Bousset & Kundt, Berlin 1897.
• Asia. A trip to the Orient via Athens, Constantinople, Baalbek, Nazareth, Jerusalem, Cairo, Naples. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1899.
• Democracy and empire. A handbook for domestic politics. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1900.
• New German economic policy. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1902.
• Letters about religion. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1903.
• God's help. Complete edition of the devotions from the years 1895–1902. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1904.
• with Theodor Barth : The renewal of liberalism. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1906.
• Sun rides. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1909.
• The political parties. Help, Berlin-Schöneberg 1910.
• Mind and belief. Progress, Berlin-Schöneberg 1911.
• Freedom struggles. Progress, Berlin-Schöneberg 1911.
• In the realm of work. Reimer, Berlin 1913.
• The Blue Book of Fatherland and Freedom. Excerpts from his works. 1st - 50th A thousand Koenigstein i. Ts. U. Leipzig 1913 (according to the imprint: 1913, but actually only published in May 1914: cf. advertisement section in the book on “Der deutsche Gedanke” and the publisher's archive); 2nd edition 51–58. Thousand Koenigstein i. Ts. U. Leipzig 1917.
• Central Europe. Reimer, Berlin 1915.

bibliography

• Alfred Milatz (arr.): Friedrich-Naumann-Bibliography. Edited by the Commission for the History of Parliamentarism and Political Parties . Droste, Düsseldorf 1957.

Editions

• An incomplete edition of Friedrich Naumann's writings was published by Theodor Schieder , Walter Uhsadel and Heinz Ladendorf by Westdeutscher Verlag in the 1960s on behalf of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation :
  • Volume 1: Religious Writings. Arranged by Walter Uhsadel. 1964.
  • Volume 2: Writings on constitutional policy. Arranged by Wolfgang J. Mommsen . 1966.
  • Volume 3: Writings on economic and social policy. Arranged by Wolfgang J. Mommsen. 1966.
  • Volume 4: Writings on the party system and the Central European problem. Arranged by Thomas Nipperdey , Wolfgang Schieder . 1966.
  • Volume 5: Writings on daily politics. Arranged by Alfred Milatz . 1967.
  • Volume 6: Aesthetic Writings. Arranged by Heinz Ladendorf. 1969.

• In addition, a complete edition of Friedrich Naumann's writings in twelve volumes was planned after 1999 under the direction of Rüdiger von Bruch . But the project could not be realized.

literature

• Philippe Alexandre: An early understanding politician? - Friedrich Naumann and France. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research . Volume 23, 2011, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 95-112.
• Philippe Alexandre: "Mr. Friedrich Naumann is one of the most interesting figures in contemporary Germany." On the perception of a German liberal in France. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 31, 2019, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 285-315.
• Martin Bennhold: Central Europe - a German political tradition. On Friedrich Naumann's conception and its consequences. In: Sheets for German and international politics . Volume 37, 1992, ISSN  0006-4416 , pp. 977-989.
• Rüdiger vom Bruch (Ed.): Friedrich Naumann in his time. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, ISBN 3-11-016605-4 .
• Werner Conze : Friedrich Naumann. Basis and approach of his politics in the National Socialist period (1895–1903). In: Walther Hubatsch (Hrsg.): Fateful ways of the German past. Contributions to the historical interpretation of the last one hundred and fifty years. Festschrift for Siegfried A. Kaehler. Droste, Düsseldorf 1950, DNB 454340532 , pp. 355-386.
• Jürgen Christ: State and State Reason for Friedrich Naumann. Winter, Heidelberg 1969, DNB 456272089 .
• Ingrid Engel: Understanding of God and socio-political action. An investigation into Friedrich Naumann. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1972, ISBN 3-525-87451-0 .
• Frank Fehlberg: Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919). In: Ders .: Protestantism and National Socialism. Liberal theology and political thinking around Friedrich Naumann. Bonn, Dietz 2012, ISBN 3-8012-4210-2 , pp. 316-424.
• Gerd Fesser : Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919). In: Bernd Heidenreich (Ed.): Political Theories of the 19th Century. Conservatism, liberalism, socialism. 2nd Edition. Akademie, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003682-6 , pp. 399-411.
• Gerd Fesser: Friedrich Naumann as Eugen Richter's antipode. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research . Volume 19, 2007, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 101-111.
• Jürgen Frölich : "From traditional ties to an individualistic freedom of belief". Friedrich Naumann and the role of denominations and churches. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 25, 2013, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 331-341.
• Jürgen Frölich: Friedrich Naumann, liberalism and women's emancipation in the outgoing German Empire. In: Innsbruck historical studies. Volume 26, 2010, ISSN  1011-2316 , pp. 69-81.
• Jürgen Frölich: A Wilhelmine Bismarckian? Friedrich Naumann and “Bismarck's Legacy”. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 27, 2015, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 65-80.
• Jürgen Frölich: "Every time has its freedom that it seeks." Friedrich Naumann and liberalism in the outgoing empire. In: Detlef Lehnert (Ed.): Social liberalism in Europe. Origin and development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2012, ISBN 3-412-20927-9 , pp. 135–157.
• Jürgen Frölich: "On the right is Rome and Eastern Elbe, on the left is Königsberg and Weimar." Friedrich Naumann, the opponents and potential allies of liberalism. In: Ewald Grothe , Ulrich Sieg (Ed.): Liberalism as enemy image. Wallstein, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 3-8353-1551-X , pp. 113-133.
• Jürgen Frölich: “Really statesmanlike mind” or rather “prophet and teacher”? - Friedrich Naumann as a liberal politician in the German Empire. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 23, 2011, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 81-93.
• Jürgen Frölich: "A policy of the left will always be a policy of peace"? War and peace with Friedrich Naumann. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 31, 2019, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 97-112.
• Winfried Gebhardt:  Friedrich Naumann. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 6, Bautz, Herzberg 1993, ISBN 3-88309-044-1 , Sp. 504-506.
• Walter Göggelmann: Christian world responsibility between the social question and the nation state. On the development of Friedrich Naumann from 1860–1903. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1987, ISBN 3-7890-1371-4 .
• John E. Groh: Friedrich Naumann. From Christian Socialist to Social Darwinist. In: Journal of Church & State. Volume 17, 1975, ISSN  0021-969X , pp. 25-47.
• Wilhelm Happ: Friedrich Naumann's state thinking. Bouvier, Bonn 1967, DNB 456911111 .
• Wolfgang Hardtwig : Friedrich Naumann in German history. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 23, 2011, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 9-28.
• Thomas Hertfelder : From Naumann to Heuss. On a tradition of social liberalism in Germany , Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus Foundation, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-942302-03-6 .
• Theodor Heuss : Friedrich Naumann. The man, the work, the time. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1937; 2nd Edition. Wunderlich, Stuttgart / Tübingen 1949, DNB 452001021 .
• Theodor Heuss , editor of the NDB:  Naumann, Friedrich. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 18, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-428-00199-0 , pp. 767-769 ( digitized version ).
• Traugott Jähnichen : New German cultural and economic policy. Friedrich Naumann and the attempt at a new conceptualization of liberalism in Wilhelmine Germany. In: Wolther von Kieseritzky , Klaus-Peter Sick (Hrsg.): Democracy in Germany. Opportunities and threats in the 19th and 20th centuries. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45336-8 , pp. 125-152.
• Asaf Kedar: Max Weber, Friedrich Naumann and the Nationalization of Socialism. In: History of Political Thought. Volume 31, 2010, ISSN  0143-781X , pp. 129-154.
• Ursula Krey: The Naumann Circle in the Empire. Liberal milieu and Protestant bourgeoisie. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 7, 1995, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 57-81.
• Frank-Michael Kuhlemann :  Naumann, Friedrich . In: Religion Past and Present (RGG). 4th edition. Volume 6, Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 2003, Sp. 157-158.
• Olaf Lewerenz: Between God's Kingdom and World Empire. Friedrich Naumann during his time in Frankfurt, taking into account his practical work and his theoretical reflection. Pro Universitate, Sinzheim 1994, ISBN 3-930747-00-6 .
• Andreas Lindt : Friedrich Naumann and Max Weber. Theology and Sociology in Wilhelmine Germany. Kaiser, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-459-00854-7 .
• Marcus Llanque : Friedrich Naumann and the problem of national social liberalism. In: Richard Faber (ed.): Liberalism in past and present. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2000, ISBN 3-8260-1554-1 , pp. 131–149.
• Christian Mack: Friedrich Naumann - Symptom and Prototype of a Theology of Crisis? Approaches to a Contemporary Paradigm. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 23, 2011, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 47-80.
• Herbert Mayer: In the service of liberalism. The politician Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919) . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 8, 1999, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 73-78 ( luise-berlin.de ).
• Inho Na: social reform or revolution. Sociopolitical visions of the future in the Naumann district 1890–1903 / 04. Tectum, Marburg 2003, ISBN 3-8288-8562-4 .
• Richard Nürnberger: Imperialism, Socialism and Christianity in Friedrich Naumann. In: Historical magazine . Volume 170, 1950, ISSN  0018-2613 , pp. 525-548.
• Kurt Oppel: Friedrich Naumann. Evidence of his work. Calwer, Stuttgart 1961, DNB 453540368 .
• Michael Panzer: The Influence of Max Weber on Friedrich Naumann. A picture of the liberal society in the Wilhelmine and post-Wilhelmine era. Creator-Verlag, Würzburg 1986, ISBN 3-89247-005-7 .
• Wolfhart Pentz: The Meaning of Religion in the Politics of Friedrich Naumann. In: Journal for Modern History of Theology. Volume 9, 2002, ISSN  1612-9776 , pp. 70-97.
• Andreas Peschel: Friedrich Naumann's and Max Weber's “Central Europe”. A consideration of their conceptions in the context of the "Ideas of 1914" and the Pan-German Association . TUD-Press, Dresden 2005, ISBN 3-938863-00-5 .
• Ralph Raico: Friedrich Naumann - a German model liberal? In: Ders .: The party of freedom. Studies on the history of German liberalism. Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8282-0042-7 , pp. 219-216, mises.de (PDF).
• Rainer Schmidt: Against upper-class conservatism. Friedrich Naumann's liberal collection policy. In: Wolfgang Bialas, Georg Iggers (Hrsg.): Intellectuals in the Weimar Republic. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-631-48423-2 , pp. 139-158.
• Hans-Walter Schmuhl : Friedrich Naumann and the Armenian Question. The German public and the persecution of the Armenians before 1915. In: Hans-Lukas Kieser , Dominik J. Schaller (Hrsg.): The genocide of the Armenians and the Shoah. Chronos, Zurich 2002, ISBN 3-0340-0561-X , pp. 503-516 ( online ).
• Stefan-Georg Schnorr: Liberalism between the 19th and 20th centuries. Reformulation of liberal political theory in Germany and England using the example of Friedrich Naumann and Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1990, ISBN 3-7890-2079-6 .
• Hans-Joachim Schoeps : Friedrich Naumann as a political educator. In: Journal of Religious and Intellectual History . Volume 20, 1968, ISSN  0044-3441 , pp. 3-13.
• Christhard Schrenk : Friedrich Naumann and Heilbronn - Insights into the “Network Jäckh, Bruckmann, Heuss”. In: Yearbook on Liberalism Research. Volume 23, 2011, ISSN  0937-3624 , pp. 29-45.
• Markus Schubert: Friedrich Naumann's conception of Central Europe and the Central Europe debate of the 1980s. Libertas, Sindelfingen 1993, ISBN 3-921929-66-0 .
• William O. Shanahan: Friedrich Naumann. A Mirror of Wilhelmian Germany. In: The Review of Politics. Volume 13, 1951, ISSN  0034-6705 pp. 267-301.
• Rolf Steltemeier : Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919) - national social liberalism. In: Ders .: Liberalism. Historical legacy of ideas and political reality of a school of thought. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015, ISBN 3-8487-2236-4 , pp. 285-295
• Peter Theiner : Social Liberalism and German World Politics. Friedrich Naumann in Wilhelmine Germany. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1983, ISBN 3-7890-0729-3 .
• Hermann Timm: Friedrich Naumann's theological revocation. A Path of Protestant Social Ethics in the Transition from the 19th to the 20th Century. Kaiser, Munich 1967, DNB 458347213 .
• Jörg Villain: On the genesis of Friedrich Naumann's conception of Central Europe up to 1915. In: Year book for history. Volume 15, 1977, ISSN  0448-1526 , pp. 207-215.
• Hans Voelter: Friedrich Naumann and German socialism. Salzer, Heilbronn 1950.
• Karlheinz Weißmann : Appreciation of a known stranger , sheets of the German Guild, issue 4/2019; also Studentenkurier 1/2020, p. 4 ff
• Moshe Zimmermann : A Road not Taken - Friedrich Naumann's Attempt at a Modern German Nationalism. In: Journal of Contemporary History. Volume 17, 1982, ISSN  0022-0094 , pp. 689-708.

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Naumann  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Friedrich Naumann  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about Friedrich Naumann in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by Friedrich Naumann in the Gutenberg-DE project
• Friedrich Naumann in the Internet Archive
• Newspaper article about Friedrich Naumann in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
• Entry on Friedrich Naumann in Kalliope
• Part of Friedrich Naumann's estate in the Archives of Liberalism
• Part of Friedrich Naumann's estate in the Federal Archives
• Friedrich Naumann in the database of members of the Reichstag
• Friedrich Naumann's biography . In: Heinrich Best : database of the members of the Reichstag of the Empire 1867/71 to 1918 (Biorab - Kaiserreich)
• Kai-Britt Albrecht, Markus Rehnert, Gabriel Eikenberg: Friedrich Naumann. Tabular curriculum vitae in the LeMO ( DHM and HdG )
• Andreas Peschel: Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919) . In: Institute for Saxon History and Folklore (Ed.): Saxon Biography .
• Jürgen Frölich : Naumann, Friedrich . In: 1914-1918-online .
• Jürgen Frölich: The renewal of liberalism. On the political work of Friedrich Naumann . In: Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom . May 30, 2018.
• Jürgen Frölich: Friedrich Naumann - A Life for Freedom , brochure of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, 2019
• Naumann, Friedrich. Hessian biography. (As of March 25, 2020). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
• Naumann, Friedrich in the Frankfurt personal dictionary

Individual evidence

1. ^ Theodor Heuss : Friedrich Naumann: the man, the work, the time . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1937, p. 41.
2. ↑ Die Hilfe , a weekly for politics, literature and art.
3. ^ The title of a publication from 1906. In: Friedrich Naumann: Werke Volume 4 . Westdeutscher Verlag, Cologne / Opladen 1964, pp. 272–282.
4. ↑ So Naumann 1908, cf. Third delegates' day of the Liberal Electoral Association in Frankfurt am Main April 21 and 22, 1908 . Berlin-Schöneberg n.d., p. 47.
5. ↑ Naumann: The decision . In: Die Hilfe , No. 14, April 4, 1909, p. 211.
6. ^ Alastair P. Thompson: Left Liberals, the State and Popular Politics in Wilhelmine Germany . Oxford / New York 2000, p. 360.
7. ↑ Jürgen Frölich: From Heilbronn to the Reichstag. Theodor Heuss, Friedrich Naumann and the "Hottentot elections" in Heilbronn in 1907. In: Journal for Württemberg State History. Volume 67, 2008, pp. 353-366. Imperial Statistical Office (Ed.): Statistics of the Reichstag elections of 1907. Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, Berlin 1907, p. 94 (special publication on the quarterly issue of statistics of the German Reich ). Fritz Specht, Paul Schwabe: The Reichstag elections from 1867 to 1907. Statistics of the Reichstag elections together with the programs of the parties and a list of the elected representatives . 2nd edition supplemented by an appendix. Addendum. The Reichstag election of 1907 (12th legislative period) . Carl Heymann Verlag, Berlin 1908, p. 71.
8. ^ Bureau des Reichstag (Ed.): Addendum to the Reichstag manual of the 13th legislative period. Completed April 26, 1916 . Reichstag printing house, Berlin 1916, p. 20 f., There also a short biography; Picture on p. 47.
9. ↑ Angelika Schaser: Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. A political community . Böhlau, Cologne 2010, pp. 130–145. Helene Lange: Memoirs . Herbig, Berlin 1925, chap. 23, full text ( Gutenberg-DE ).
10. ^ Eduard Stadtler: Memories. Volume 1: As Antibolschewist 1918-1919. Neue Zeitverlag Düsseldorf 1935, p. 12 f.
11. ^ Theodor Heuss: Friedrich Naumann. The man, the work, the time. 3. Edition. Siebenstern, Munich / Hamburg, p. 482, p. 529 f.
12. ^ Hans-Jürgen Mende : Lexicon of Berlin burial places . Pharus-Plan, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86514-206-1 , p. 755.
13. ↑ Honorary graves of the State of Berlin (as of November 2018) . (PDF, 413 kB) Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection, p. 61; accessed on March 15, 2019. Recognition and further preservation of graves as honorary graves of the State of Berlin . (PDF, 369 kB). Berlin House of Representatives, printed matter 18/1489 of November 21, 2018, p. 1 and Annex 2, p. 10; accessed on March 15, 2019.
14. ↑ Hans Dieter Hellige (Ed.): Walther Rathenau -Gesamtausgabe. Volume 6: Walther Rathenau, Maximilian Harden. Correspondence 1897–1920. G. Müller, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-7953-0505-5 , p. 256.
15. ↑ Gangolf Hübinger : "Machine and Personality". Friedrich Naumann as a critic of Wilhelminism. In: Rüdiger vom Bruch (Ed.): Friedrich Naumann in his time. de Gruyter, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-11-016605-4 , pp. 167-188, here: p. 186.
16. ^ Gerhard Ritter : Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk. The problem of "militarism" in Germany. Volume 3: The tragedy of statecraft. Bethmann Hollweg as war chancellor (1914–1917). Munich 1964, p. 117.
17. ^ Friedrich Naumann: Central Europe . Reimer, Berlin 1915, p. 44 ff.
18. ^ Richard W. Kapp: Bethmann-Hollweg, Austria-Hungary and Central Europe 1914–1915 . In: Austrian History Yearbook, 19/20, Part 1 (1983/1984), pp. 215–236, here p. 223.
19. ↑ Volker Ullrich : The Polish Question and the German Central European Plans in Autumn 1915. In: Historisches Jahrbuch der Görres-Gesellschaft 104, 1984, pp. 348–371, here: p. 362.
20. ^ Stephan Verosta: The German Concept of Central Europe, 1914–1918 and its Contemporary Critics . In: Robert A. Kann, Béla A. Király, Paula S. Fichtner: The Habsburg Empire in World War I. Essays on the Intellectual, Military, Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort . New York 1977, pp. 203-220, here: pp. 204 and 208.
21. ^ Karl Dietrich Erdmann (ed.), Kurt Riezler: Diaries, Essays, Documents . Göttingen 1972, p. 30; and Volker Ullrich: The Polish Question and the German Central Europe Plans in Autumn 1915. In: Historisches Jahrbuch der Görres-Gesellschaft Volume 104, 1984, pp. 348–371, here: p. 362.
22. ^ Fritz Fischer : Reach for world power. The war policy of imperial Germany 1914/18. Düsseldorf 1964, p. 191.
23. ↑ Fritz Stern: Bethmann Hollweg and the war: The limits of responsibility. Tübingen 1968, p. 29 f.
24. ↑ Angelika Schaser: Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. A political community . Böhlau, Cologne 2010, p. 131 f.
25. ^ Theodor Heuss : Friedrich Naumann. The man, the work, the time . 2nd Edition. Tübingen 1949, p. 512.
26. ^ Joachim Radkau : Theodor Heuss . Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-24355-2 , p. 216 f.
27. ↑ Götz Aly : The corpse in the basement of the FDP . In: Frankfurter Rundschau , January 24, 2011.
28. ↑ Götz Aly : The corpse in the basement of the FDP . In: Berliner Zeitung , January 25, 2011.
29. ↑ Wolfgang Gerhardt : Not a trailblazer for National Socialism . In: Berliner Zeitung , February 5, 2011; Letter to the editor.
30. ↑ Erhard Eppler : The left liberal . In: Frankfurter Rundschau , February 16, 2011.
31. ^ The Friedrich-Naumann-Haus e. V. in Giessen .
32. ↑ Hans Cymorek: Friedrich Naumann's work and legacy. An edition project at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the Universities of Bochum and Marburg. In: Yearbook of Historical Research. Volume 4, 1999.