The rough house

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The eponymous Kate Rauhes Haus was rebuilt on the foundation's premises after it was destroyed in the war in 1979 to serve as a museum and conference venue. In September 2009 the building was badly damaged by arson. (Status 2019)
The rough house
legal form Legal foundation under civil law
founding September 12, 1833
Seat Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg , GermanyGermanyGermany 
management
  • Andreas Theurich (Chief Executive Officer)
  • Johan Sieveking (Chairman of the Board of Directors)
Number of employees 1215
sales 75.6 million euros
Branch Protestant social enterprise
Website www.rauheshaus.de
Status: 2018

The Rauhe Haus is a legal foundation under civil law founded in 1833 by Johann Hinrich Wichern together with the citizens of Hamburg . Originally it had the purpose of running a rescue village for poor Hamburg children who had behavioral problems or who had committed criminal offenses, who were called "morally neglected" in the language at the time. In the rescue village, the children lived in groups based on the family principle and were prepared for an apprenticeship in a craft or for a job as a maid. Already during Wichern's lifetime the conversion to a school town began, which made offers for children with learning difficulties.

Today the foundation is represented by various institutions, residential groups and district offices in the Hamburg area and looks after children, young people and their families, old people, the mentally handicapped and the mentally ill. It also maintains the general education Protestant Wichern School , the Protestant College for Social Work & Diakonia and the Protestant Vocational School for Nursing.

The foundation site is in Hamburg-Horn , in an area that is bordered by the streets Beim Rauhenshaus, Rhiemsweg, Horner Weg and a railway line.

Name and purpose of the foundation

The Rauhe Haus was the name of a farmer's cottage that is considered to be the nucleus of the rescue village built by Wichern at the gates of Hamburg.

The purpose of the Das Rauhe Haus foundation is to help people in need through reception, support, promotion, upbringing, care and general schooling; it makes no difference in terms of origin, religion or social position of the needy. The Rauhe Haus fulfills this purpose of the foundation through training, further education and training in diaconal, church and social professions, in particular through the training of deacons. The Diakonenanstalt, which goes back to the brotherhood of the Rauhe Haus founded by Wichern , is a formally independent foundation under civil law that is also managed by the board of the Das Rauhe Haus foundation.

Wicherns rescue village

prehistory

Hamburger Allgemeine Armenanstalt

During the French occupation, the Hamburg work and poor house was spatially separated from the prison. In 1828 the penal class was also set up in the same building complex . ( The prison and spinning house in Hamburg in 1840 , lithograph, Suhr brothers )

On November 1, 1788, a new poor order came into force in Hamburg, which served as a model for other cities. It was based on a private initiative that was linked to the city council through its members. 180 citizens were recruited as voluntary poor carers. Through their efforts, the poor population of Hamburg was precisely recorded and closely monitored. The initially reduced number of the poor was considered a success. But the system no longer worked during the Napoleonic occupation . Re-enacted in 1814 (and formally valid until 1892), the poor order was not able to cope with the large number of needy people. Civic engagement dwindled. The school system for children of the lower classes, which was built up after 1788, was discontinued. Instead, it was common practice in the school of the work and poor house , which had existed since 1823/25, to hand over “neglected” children to the police authorities. In the absence of alternatives, the police assigned these children as well as juvenile offenders who had not yet reached confirmation age to the notoriously overcrowded penal class that had been established in 1828 to relieve the prison. It was housed in a dilapidated building complex on the Inner Alster. Confirmed juvenile delinquents received prison sentences.

Plans to reform the Hamburg child and youth welfare system

The situation of child and youth welfare in Hamburg was therefore in need of reform in the first decades of the 19th century. For the establishment of a " rescue house " as an alternative to the penal class, there have already been exemplary projects:

The Hamburg Senator Martin Hieronymus Hudtwalcker had been in contact with Falk in Weimar since the mid-1820s and supported his work. Hudtwalcker was committed to the poor population for religious reasons. He was a representative of the “awakened Old Believers” typical of Hamburg. Lutheran New Orthodoxy and the Awakening Movement had united in this church political grouping in a common front against the rationalist part of the pastors. As the chief police officer, the assignment of children to the penal class fell into Hudtwalcker's area of ​​responsibility. On October 25, 1832, at the meeting of the Hamburg Poor Commission, he gave a keynote address in which he summarized his experiences: “The penal system for poor school children needs a total reform, if we do not further address the unbelievably growing wilderness of the lower class youth want to promote. "

Main church St. Nikolai around 1835 (lithograph, Suhr brothers)

In Pöseldorf (today Harvestehude), Johann Ludwig Emanuel Pluns, also one of the awakened, ran an educational institution. He was in correspondence with von der Recke and in the autumn of 1826 came up with the plan to found an orphanage for poor children in Hamburg based on the model of the Düsselthaler establishments. Since January 1826, Johann Hinrich Wichern (1808–1881) worked as a parenting assistant in Pluns' private school. Pluns included the eighteen-year-old in his orphanage plans and suggested that he be his successor in the management of this project. But Wichern was not interested at this point. During his theology studies in Göttingen (1828/29) and Berlin (from 1830), Wichern remained connected to the rescue house concept and also visited Kopf's Berlin educational institution. He returned to Hamburg in the fall of 1831 to prepare for his exam. He earned his living through private lessons and as a teacher at the free school (poor school) of the main church St. Nikolai .

What Wichern saw as the solution to the poverty problem can already be seen in his first publication: The Hamburg lawyer and criminal judge Carl Wilhelm Asher had suggested that we return to the founding ideas of the Allgemeine Armenanstalt and create job opportunities for the poor. In a review of Asher's writing, which was printed in the Bergedorfer Bote on January 21, 1832 , Wichern stated that poverty can only be combated if its main cause, the “moral corruption of the people”, a consequence of the rampant, can be eliminated “Ungodly unbelief.” He only marginally perceived the economic, political and social causes of pauperism .

Wichern as a Sunday school teacher in St. Georg

On April 6, 1832, Wichern passed the theological examination at the Hamburg Ministry of Spiritual Affairs . Johann Wilhelm Rautenberg , senior pastor in Hamburg-St. Georg , invited him to run the newly established Sunday school on a voluntary basis . Wichern took office on June 24, 1832 and began visiting the families of Sunday school children at home. So he went to the quarters that the General Poor's Asylum had built for the very poor on Dammtorwall and in St. Georg. What Wichern got to know here was the “mass misery of pre-March pauperism .” Wichern interpreted his observations with the help of the dominant causal chain of unbelief - immorality - family destruction, alternatively occasionally also poverty - immoralization - godlessness. His notes were only later published under the title Hamburg's true and secret folk life .

On October 8, 1832, the St. Georg Visiting Association met and discussed the establishment of a rescue center for poor Hamburg children. Wichern was one of those present. From then on, the association members looked for ways to raise capital and purchase a house and property. It so happened that a donation was received for the planned charitable foundation. According to Hamburg law, this had to be publicly acknowledged by a man who vouched for the correct use of the money. Senator Hudtwalcker was therefore approached and found out about the project from St. Georg. He knew Wichern from his work at Pluns' private school. As executor of the will, Hudtwalcker was able to dispose of the significant sum of 17,500 M which had been earmarked for the construction of an educational institution based on the Berlin model. “Hudtwalcker hoped that private institutions… could one day make the penal class obsolete. In his view, the high mortality rate and the lack of disciplining success in the criminal class spoke in favor of substituting public by private charitable institutions. "

Establishment of the foundation

In addition to Senator Hudtwalcker and Senior Pastor Rautenberg, Senate Syndicus Karl Sieveking , another leading representative of the Awakened, supported the planned rescue facility for morally neglected children . On April 28, 1833, he wrote to Wichern to rent a property: a thatched, rather dilapidated cottage in the estate of Hamm and Horn , which had been used as an entertainment venue in the 1820s. This included a garden, barn, well, greenhouse, ice pit and a fish pond. Sieveking was also the owner of the adjacent fields and suggested that the facility could be expanded in the future. In 1833 no one knew where the cottage got its name from, Das Rauhe Haus . Sieveking himself related the name of Kate to the reception of "neglected" children. He wrote to Wichern: "This ancient name fits your purpose so well that I would have thought of it immediately if I hadn't rented it out." That wasn't so important to Wichern at the time, but he soon noticed that the Name was counterproductive because it made people think of rough manners in upbringing. In the publications of the Rauhen Haus various explanations for the name of the cottage were disseminated, among them the most famous name after a previous owner Ruge. This cannot be proven in a document.

Stock exchange hall in Bohnenstrasse, as it was around 1825

On September 12, 1833, the sponsoring association was established in the auction hall of the Börsenhalle in Bohnenstrasse, and Wichern presented his project to a large audience:

  • the child family model;
  • free development of the individual combined with community awareness;
  • Education through work and to work;
  • all in the spirit of the gospel.

The fact that Wichern addressed the public with a programmatic speech (and fundraising rhetoric) shows how much he relied on private sponsors. He expressly renounced government aid. Because that would have meant following state regulatory requirements for the admission criteria and for the "rescue work". Instead, the Rauhe Haus relied on a mix of calculable regular income (subscriptions, pensions, donation sponsorships) and heavily advertised one-time campaigns such as charity bazaars. The latter were a field of activity for women from the Hamburg bourgeoisie.

The board of directors included the senators Carl Sieveking and Georg Christian Lorenz Meyer, several merchants, a doctor and the pastor of the parish of Hamm and Horn. Through this supervisory body, the Rauhe Haus had personal connections with the state and church of Hamburg from the start.

Building a "Christian Colony"

The foundation grounds around 1850. In the foreground on the left the two-story Swiss house , the bookbinding shop built later and on the far right the farmer's cottage. Behind the pond is the large workhouse, to the right of it the mother house (green fir) , behind which there is the prayer room (with roof turret). Next to it the laundry and in the back right the beehive house

Even before he moved into the farmer's cottage with his mother, sister and brother on October 31, 1833, Wichern announced to his bride in a letter of May 9, 1833 that he intended to build a "small Christian colony where there is house by house" . The first two boys were admitted to the Rauhe Haus community on November 8th. By April 1834 the number of boys had risen to 14, and the large number of requests to admit more boys led the Board of Directors to approve a new building. Within a decade, an ensemble of houses was built on the foundation site, mostly based on plans by the architect Alexis de Chateauneuf . Due to their simple construction, they were in need of renovation in the late 19th century or were replaced by new buildings. The houses built before the Hamburg fire (1842) were, in the order in which they were built:

  • Kate: House, the girls' group had been here since 1835;
  • Schweizerhaus: residential building, used by the printing works on the ground floor since 1842;
  • Green fir: apartment of the director and his family;
  • Golden floor: various workshops, destroyed by arson in 1838, rebuilt in the same year;
  • Prayer room;
  • Beehive: House built and furnished by the boys and their assistants in 1841.

It was precisely the village-like complex that impressed contemporaries: small houses scattered across the site, no bars, no enclosures. The people here were apparently not held against their will.

Girls' institution

Family of girls bleaching laundry; their work area is separated by a board wall

Since December 1, 1835, there was a girl's family in the Kate, which was run by Wichern's sister Therese. Hudtwalcker had moral concerns about this innovation. Wichern argued that women would also be needed to rebuild Christian family life. A strict gender segregation was introduced on the site of the Rauhe Haus. In fact, the girls took over the entire housekeeping. Wichern recognized that as adolescents they were overwhelmed with their workload and that this harmed their personal development. But as much as Wichern campaigned for a wide range of jobs, play opportunities and educational qualifications for the parents, just as little was he committed to girls in these areas.

printing house

Schweizerhaus (1834)

When the Rauhen Haus was given a used printing press as a gift in 1840, a long-cherished wish of Sievekings and Wichern could be put into practice. A printing company moved into the ground floor of the Schweizerhaus and started operations on February 11, 1842. The model for this company was the printing house of the Franckeschen Anstalten in Halle. A print shop not only promised profit, but also offered the opportunity to make the work of the Rauhe Haus known to a wider public. In addition, the printer apprenticeship qualified for a comparatively well-paid profession.

Educational concept

Wichern was based on the somewhat anachronistic model of the whole house at the time , a community that was subordinate to the house father and led by him together with the house mother; to her belonged the children and the servants. On the other hand, the bourgeois, intimate small family with their ways of life formed the standard that he applied when assessing family relationships among the Hamburg lower classes. Wichern's approach was to take children out of their family of origin and place them in an artificial family: “The family principle of the rescue house is about the social space of the family, which enables individuality in the first place through self-regulation . The practice of punishment was integrated into this mode of individualization and self-regulation of the individual in the family group. This was served by the institutional arrangement (no fences, gardens, festival culture, role models, educators as brothers). ”( Hans-Jürgen Benedict ) Corporal punishment was not completely ruled out, but it took a back seat through a new,“ gentler, but at the same time deeper Behavioral discipline that pushes the soul of children ... In place of external compulsions, self-compulsion through a conscientious examination should take place. "

Admission criteria and admission ritual

The main building Grüne Tanne in side view, next to it on the left with roof turret the prayer hall (1835)

Before the fire in Hamburg , around 60 children (43 boys, 17 girls) lived in the family groups of the Rauhe Haus at the same time, and 110 children (87 boys, 23 girls) had been admitted to the Rauhe Haus by April 1842. Otherwise some children would have been sent to the penal class or prison, others showed mental and physical symptoms of neglect ( scrofula , frostbite). Recommendations came from authorities, pastors, associations or relatives or guardians. Membership in the Lutheran Church was a condition for admission. Wichern also made it a requirement that the parents consented. In the admission contract they agreed to cede their authority to the Rauhe Haus. While they retained the right to take their child out of the facility, in this case they were charged for the cost of raising them. The interventions by parents that thwarted the educational goals were a problem for the Rauhe Haus from the start. In the case of families without possessions, the demand that they should reimburse the costs of housing their child was in fact ineffective. In contrast to other rescue houses, the Rauhe Haus promoted contact between the children and their families of origin. Both the children and the assistants made regular visits to their parents.

During the admission ritual, which always took place early in the morning, the child was bathed and re-dressed. In a one-to-one conversation, the householder explained to the child that everything that was earlier was forgiven and that a new life was beginning. From now on the pupil was forbidden to even talk about the old life with anyone other than the householder. The waiting parents then declared for their part that they had forgiven the child for everything. Now the child was introduced to the housemother and greeted by the other children.

Family principle and work education

The children lived in residential groups of 12, at most 15 boys or girls, which were led by an assistant. It quickly became apparent how beneficial it was for the group dynamic process when a tribe of older children integrated the newcomers into the children's family . The family members lived together, slept in one room, ate together (with no requirement of silence) and also played together in their free time. On certain occasions they performed as a group. All of this resulted in each child family developing a group identity. It was the task of the assistants to get the children in their group used to the meticulously regulated daily routine and to observe each child inconspicuously. Once a week the assistants met at Wichern and submitted a journal in which they had noted special occurrences. In this way, Wichern was not only informed about the educational process, he also ensured that the assistants followed a common educational line.

The Rauhe Haus gave the children a high degree of freedom of movement. After a period of acclimatization, around half of the children were allowed to visit their parents in the city independently, and they were often out on errands in Hamburg. Wichern's goal was the religious salvation of children, and the decision in life for Christ had to be a voluntary, not hypocritical one.

Work in the Goldener Boden house (1846)

Work was a means of education for Wichern. She was "the first diverter of brute force" of hyperactive and aggressive children. Only one future as servant was foreseen for girls. With the boys, Wichern initially envisaged a job in agriculture. Soon, however, the proper craftsman was the goal of education. A whole range of job offers made it possible to respond to the individual inclinations of the boys, as an illustration from 1846 shows: the boys are taught by master craftsmen, the individual areas are separated off by wooden walls. In the foreground you can see the boys combing and spinning wool , behind them turning and carpenters , on the left under the high windows there is a tailor and a shoemaker's workshop . In fact, seafaring was a very attractive professional goal for the graduates of the Rauhe Haus. After Wichern had initially disapproved of this, the feedback was so positive that later training to become a sailor was arranged.

Discharge

Various factors worked together, so that the boys stayed longer and longer in the rough house. For some graduates, this had the disadvantage that they were drafted into the military as apprentices and their craft training ended prematurely. In 1843 Wichern was able to take stock of the fact that of 54 regularly dismissed young people, all 6 dismissed girls worked as servants, 31 boys had started an apprenticeship, 9 went to sea, the rest work in the country or as day laborers; two were in jail. The rehabilitation was quite successful, but Wichern had achieved the religious goal of a “Christian rebirth” far less often, according to his own assessment.

Most of the apprentices who had found accommodation in Hamburg and the surrounding area voluntarily kept in contact with the Rauhen Haus. Also journeymen and sailors occasionally came to the meetings of alumni who regularly took place in the Rough House. The situation was different with the girls. Contact with the Rough House was rather compromising for maids and not wanted by the employer. From the point of view of the management, the trace of these girls quickly disappeared after they were released.

Religious education

Devotion in the prayer room (1846)
Trinity Church in Hamm, as it was in 1900

An illustration from 1846 gives an impression of the daily devotions. The boys and girls sit separately from each other, confirmands in the front row. The people standing in the background are the assistants (brothers) . A boy is giving the reading. Wichern leads the celebration while sitting at the desk.

Participation in the prayer was formally voluntary; exclusion from the prayer could even be used as a punishment. But the Rauhe Haus was so strongly religious in the various areas of everyday life that the children could hardly avoid it. The Rauhe Haus developed its own celebration culture. Wichern wanted to raise the children to celebrate and experience the church year . Non-religious festivals such as the cherry and apple festivals and birthdays also shaped everyday life in the Rauhe Haus.

Wichern refused to found their own community of institutions. All Rauhäusler belonged to the Lutheran parish of Hamm and Horn and attended the services of the Trinity Church there on Sundays and public holidays .

For Wichern, the test before confirmation was a kind of learning goal check for the success of the entire stay in the Rauhe Haus. The confirmation classes were very extensive. It lasted three years and was therefore one of the reasons for the pupils' long stay in the Rauhen Haus.

Development into a school town

After the great fire of 1842

On the night of May 5, 1842, a fire broke out near the port, which in the following days reduced large parts of Hamburg's inner city to rubble. In the afternoon they learned in the Rauhen Haus that the Nicolaikirche was on fire. Now the dimensions of the fire could be seen. Wichern put the strong boys and the brothers together to form auxiliary troops who took part in the rescue work. That was risky. Wichern reported with pride that the boys had "proven themselves", no one had participated in the looting. Some of the people fleeing the city were taken in on the area of ​​the Rauhen Haus and, in the further course, six additional children - Wichern received a one-off grant of 500 M from the support authority for the burned-down population , the first financial state support for the Rauhe Haus at all .

After the fire, Wichern asked the people of Hamburg to work with him to rebuild a “city of God” in the vicinity of the Rauhe Haus: a model settlement for around 200 families that was to be called the Bürgerhof . But due to a lack of investors, the Bürgerhof could not be realized. Wichern therefore took a different route to affect society as a whole. The brother establishment, the printer, a publishing bookstore and the Fliegende Blätter made the work of the Rauhe Haus known nationwide. Wichern developed a travel and lecturing activity to promote his large project Inner Mission . The management of the Rauhe Haus was tailored to his person. The Rauhe Haus was more managed than developed as a result of Wichern's frequent absence in the 1840s. At the beginning of 1850, Theodor Rhiem took over the day-to-day business as Wichern's deputy. Although Wichern terminated his contract of employment with the Rauhen Haus, he was guaranteed decision-making authority on essential issues.

A legacy of 4000 marks from the will of the private banker Salomon Heine , who died in 1844, enabled the foundation to acquire the area west of the Sieveking pond, which left it to the Rauhen Haus on preferential terms. In 1850, the board of directors acquired the 8- acre property from the heirs of Carl Sieveking , which had been given to the foundation for basic rent up until then , and an adjoining area of ​​a further 8 acres by taking over the mortgages of 24,000 Mark Banco on it.

Open family welfare

Wichern saw the maximum absorption capacity of a rescue institution in around 120–130 children; a larger institution could no longer do justice to the individuality of the children. In 1852 the number of children was 120. Most applications for membership have long since had to be rejected. In this case the Rauhe Haus offered to visit the families at home, as the brothers did with the families of the pupils, and to accompany children with behavioral problems in their home environment. Many parents responded. The Hamburg City Mission , founded in 1849 , in which many Rauhäusler brothers were active, took on this field of activity.

Apprenticeship training

In Hamburg, with the reconstruction after the fire, industrialization began to intensify. The more Hamburg turned into a big city as a result of the strong influx of people from the countryside, the more Wichern's pupils strove for professions such as errand boy or cigar maker . A craft apprenticeship became less attractive. The management of the Rauhen Haus, on the other hand, had good experiences with employing boys after confirmation as apprentices for bookbinders , typesetters and printers in the institution's own printing works. These young people lived as their own family of apprentices in the fishing hut built in 1877 . In the late 19th century, the workshops of the Rauhe Haus developed into master craftsmen. Foreign boys were accepted into the Rauhe Haus as apprentices.

Food

The social profile of the pupils changed. The Rauhe Haus was now an option for parents from the middle classes (craftsmen, retailers, including the educated middle class) who had problems with their child's upbringing and behavioral problems. These parents paid a boarding allowance. In the 1850s it was common practice that children from the “state of poverty” were only admitted if someone was found to pay for them, a regular allowance that did not cover the costs. In many places, pension associations were set up, which together ensured the cost of boarding one or more children in the Rauhe Haus.

Boarding school

After the revolutions of 1848/1849 Wichern had received the first applications to take in difficult-to-educate sons from higher classes in the Rauhe Haus. Initially there was no capacity for this, and integrating these boys into the rescue village was not an option either. On May 6, 1850, Wichern applied to the board of directors to build a new boarding house in conjunction with a teachers' seminar. Also spatially separated from the children's facility , the residents of the boarding school should receive grammar school lessons. The construction costs were a financial feat. On April 21, 1851, the cornerstone was laid, and began on April 10, 1852 first six boys Pensionatsbetrieb in the vineyard designated building. Initially there were 12 boys in one family, from 1867 the number rose to 24. The curriculum corresponded to that of a Progymnasium , with lessons in old and new languages. In fact, because of the different requirements of the boys, it was a kind of extended private lesson. Admission to the Rauhe Haus was often the last resort for the parents after everything else had failed, and so many students were already over 20 years old when they came to the facility. According to Johannes Richter, the boarding school made a significant contribution to the fact that the Rauhe Haus was no longer perceived by the public as a “Hamburg institution”. Only a few students came from Hamburg (according to statistical data from the 1880s: 4%), a good half from Prussian provinces, the rest from other German states as well as from other European and overseas countries.

An alternative model: Pestalozzi pen

In 1846 the Hamburg Freemasons' Lodge Zur Brudertreue on the Elbe founded the Pestalozzi Foundation in Hamburg-Billwerder (from 1860 in Barmbek ). The children - about a third girls, two thirds boys - were younger when they were admitted than in the Rauhen Haus. The aim was to educate them to be "useful, active members of civil society." This also included the development of "religious feeling". But the board of directors strictly refused to exert massive religious influence in the form of denominational rescue houses. When comparing Rauhes Haus and Pestalozzi-Stift, the very similar social composition of the board members (including Hamburg merchants) is striking, with significantly different personnel and financial policies. Modern pedagogy was in the foreground for the staff, as the choice of the name Pestalozzi suggests; in terms of finance, there was not the urge to expand that was typical of Wichern's Inner Mission.

In the German Empire

Johannes Wichern as his father's successor

Gravestone Johann Hinrich Wicherns in the old hammer cemetery (2019)

Wichern's health deteriorated noticeably in the 1860s. During a cure after the second stroke in 1871, he made the decision to entrust his son Johannes with the management of the Rauhe Haus. Johannes Wichern (1845–1914) had more artistic talents and interests, but he complied with his father's wishes. Johann Hinrich Wichern forced his long-time employee Rhiem to resign from his job through an open dispute. He disapproved of the development from a rescue facility to a school town that the Rauhe Haus had taken under Rhiem's ​​direction. However, Rhiem had hardly any decision-making powers. With the support of his close confidante Jasper von Oertzen , Wichern planned to take over the management of the Rauhe Haus again and to return it to its original purpose. From May 1872 he performed these tasks with great energy, but became more and more apathetic towards the end of the year. When Johannes Wichern had passed his second theological exam, the handover of the management tasks to him was arranged as quickly as possible. On September 7, 1874, shortly after his marriage, Johannes Wichern took over the management of the Rauhen Haus.

The Rauhe Haus developed under the direction of Johannes Wichern into an elementary school with an attached boarding school for children with behavioral problems and learning difficulties. School education was not taken very seriously in the early years of the Rauhen Haus. The high fluctuation had an unfavorable effect at the time: the children did not come to the classes at the beginning of the school year, but whenever they were accepted into the facility, and lessons ended when the pupil was placed in an apprenticeship or service. On November 11, 1870, the general elementary school was introduced in Hamburg, which set a comparatively high standard. This was the goal for the Rauhe Haus to achieve, otherwise the future of the facility was called into question.

Hamburg orphanage scandal and reform of child welfare

The state institutional welfare system, which was rebuilt in the 1880s, was a strong competitor for the Rauhe Haus. The local donor audience was less identified with Wichern's facility than before. In the Hamburg population, reservations about the strictly religious conception of upbringing increased, “and the orphanage scandal of 1885/86, in the course of which some commentators attributed complicity to the crimes perpetrated by the staff to the 'bitches and bigots' from the 'Rauhe Haus' , did not exactly help to dispel this skepticism. ”The central figure of this scandal was the trained wheelwright Wilhelm Schulz, who had worked in various institutions as an educational assistant and had finally been trained by the Rauhen Haus to be a city missionary. From 1878 he headed the Hamburg orphanage in Hamburg-Uhlenhorst . This was a "public charity", not a branch of the Rauhen Haus. Institutional clothing, shaved heads, meager nutrition and monotonous work dominated everyday life. Covered by the housemother and the guards, Schulz established a system of habitual sexual abuse in the girls' wing. The Hamburg district court sentenced the confessing perpetrator to 10 years in prison and loss of honor for more than 200 moral crimes . Schulz's successor in the management of the orphanage then let a nurse bully the children in the isolation ward for a quarter of a year. On October 4, 1886, she was sentenced to one year in prison. Two scandals in the same facility, and so soon after one another, startled the Hamburg population. They were the reason for a reform and modernization of Hamburg's youth welfare. The orphanage's personnel policy and educational practice should not be influenced by “pug and bigots”. Oskar Drägert from the Left Party and Salomon Abendana Belmonte from the Right Party in the Hamburg Parliament , who were of one opinion on this matter , pushed for this in particular .

The Anker house, built in 1881 for two residential groups , was one of the few to survive the 1943 bombing

Neglected school-age children were sent to the work and poor house in Barmbek by the authorities of the city of Hamburg ; In 1883 the state educational and reformatory institution in Hamburg-Ohlsdorf started its work, which was expanded soon afterwards. The Hamburg law on the compulsory education of minors of 1887 created a separate authority for compulsory education, which was largely identical in terms of staff to the administration of the Ohlsdorf Institute. From then on, the Rauhe Haus was barely taken into account when the Hamburg pupils were brought up and lost the clientele for which it was originally founded. The Rauhe Haus cooperated all the more with the authorities in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein , who transferred pupils to the Rauhe Haus for a fee. This practically eliminated the principle of voluntary residence that was so emphasized when the Rauhe Haus von Wichern was founded. A direct result of this collaboration was the new construction of the Anker semi-detached house (1881), which was financed by the Schleswig-Holstein Provincial Administration.

Paulinum

Johannes Wichern reorganized the boarding school from the ground up, which grew steadily under his leadership. Many of the boarding school pupils already had such significant learning deficits when they entered that their preparation for returning to a grammar school was unrealistic in view of their age. Wichern was advised by experts and based the lessons on the curriculum of a secondary school (without Latin). At the end of the 1870s, the school goal was raised again. Physical education in 1870 built gymnasium and drill appeared due time as a particularly effective means to remedy to the inertia and learning displeasure of the boys. In order to compete with other Hamburg schools, the school needed the authorization to issue certificates for admission to a shortened military service (as a one-year volunteer ). The efforts and the associated quality checks were successful: On August 17, 1888, Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck granted the Progymnasium and the senior high school of the boarding school the right to issue these certificates. The Board of Directors then decided on September 10th that the institution should bear the new name Paulinum, with reference to the apostle Paul of Tarsus .

Kastanienhof

Anscharhöhe, in the foreground on the right the Kastanienhof (1886)

Wichern also faced the fact that there was no educational concept for bringing up girls in the Rauhe Haus since the beginning. He argued morally to the board of directors: Since there are now many more young men living in the Rauhe Haus area due to the boarding school and apprenticeship house, it is advisable to detach the girls' institution from the economic context of the Rauhe Haus and to move it to the Kastanienhof in Hamburg-Billwerder . There is also the "possibility of a more individual and freer development of the girls' institution." The move took place in 1879. The location in Billwerder proved to be unsuitable, and on July 8, 1885 the foundation stone for a new Kastanienhof in the neighborhood of the newly founded Emilienstift was laid and the Bethanien rest home on the Anscharhöhe in the Lokstedt district , at that time still Prussian. The height of the armor goes back to the work of the pastor and missionary Carl Ninck . In the case of Kastanienhof (for school-age girls) and Emilienstift (for school-leavers and young people classified as “at risk”), Ninck did not use any impulses of his own, but continued the concept of the Rauhe Haus: family principle, combination of work education with religious speech. Both houses, especially the Emilienstift, felt the competition from the state institution in Ohlsdorf and, like the Rauhe Haus, benefited from the instruction of welfare pupils from Schleswig-Holstein.

For the Rauhe Haus, the spin-off of the girls' institution meant that maids had to be recruited and paid for housekeeping. A gas engine was purchased that powered washing and wringing machines.

Cholera Epidemic of 1892 and its Consequences

Some typhus cases in the Rauhe Haus had raised doubts about the quality of Hamburg's drinking water, so the board had a well built. Therefore, the Rauhe Haus was not directly affected by the severe cholera epidemic of 1892 . Brothers with experience in field diakonia set up a field hospital for typhus patients in the gym to relieve the Hamburg hospitals. But the aftermath of the epidemic led to sharply fluctuating student numbers. Johannes Wichern was forced to close the Progymnasium on April 1, 1894. The boarding school's boarding allowances had stabilized the budget of the Rauhen Haus through cross-subsidization in previous years. So the facility got into economic difficulties.

Wichertworship

"To the founder of the Rauhen Haus 1833 the father of the Inner Mission 1848 DJH Wichern erected by the grateful brotherhood of the Rauhen Haus 1898" (plaque on the Wichernstein)

Johannes Wichern asked the Board of Directors to retire on October 1st, 1901 for health reasons. Martin Hennig (1864–1920) was elected as his successor . Most recently he was the clergyman of the Provincial Committee for Internal Mission in Brandenburg before taking up his post as director of the Rauhen Haus. In order to stabilize the institution's financial position, Hennig successfully relied on collections , subscriptions and donations. He professionalized the fundraising. In this context, the 100th birthday of Johann Hinrich Wichern and the 75th anniversary of the Rauhen Haus, both in 1908, could be used well. Hennig promoted a cult around the person of the founder, which had already started at the time of his predecessor.

Colonial school

A fundamental renovation of the finances was achieved through the sale of land, the value of which had risen sharply as a result of Hamburg's urban expansion. Hennig used the financial leeway to open up a new field of work for the Rauhen Haus. A small agricultural educational institution that had been in operation since the 1890s had the potential to expand - but not on the premises of the institution in Horn. In the Jenfeld district , outside the city limits, land prices were still low. Here, land was to be acquired in order to create a training center for prospective settlers in the colonies based on the model of the German Colonial School for Agriculture, Commerce and Industry in Witzenhausen near Kassel. The branch in Jenfeld was founded in May 1907 under the name Holstenhof . There was an administration building, two residential buildings and a large barn on the site. The agricultural area was enlarged through acquisitions. The first agricultural students moved in in August 1907, mostly welfare children from Schleswig-Holstein. The colonial school project became obsolete with the outbreak of the First World War.

Weimar Republic

Martin Hennig managed the Rauhe Haus until his death in August 1920. His successor was Wilhelm Pfeiffer (1872–1965), managing director of the city committee for internal mission in Berlin and head of the Evangelical Reich Education Association. As he knew from his previous work, Pfeiffer created a middle management level in the Rauhen Haus based on the departmental system . He did not see himself as a pastor or householder, as one was used to in the Rauhen Haus, but as a director. This, along with risky financial policies, resulted in his dismissal in April 1925.

New school concept

On the ground floor of today's Paulinum building, there is still the structure of the pre-war Wichernschule, the upper floor of which burned out in 1943 (2019)

While the position of director was still vacant, the board of directors had set up a school commission. It should develop a model of how the school town of the Rauhe Haus could be reorganized in the future in view of the high demands placed by the high school authorities. The result was a new concept presented at the beginning of 1921: a five-class core school at the level of an upper elementary school with English as a foreign language was supplemented by a factory school for weaker pupils and a real class for more talented pupils; the latter should qualify for the Obersekunda of an upper secondary school . The elementary school area of ​​this concept, similar to a modern comprehensive school, was mostly referred to as pedagogy, the secondary school area as the Paulinum. The different levels of boarding allowance reflects the fact that, as before, a two-class society existed in the school town. There were no longer any children from the lower classes in the pedagogy.

On the verge of bankruptcy

In the post-war period, the Rauhe Haus had the status of “self-catering” and was able to use the harvest from the Holstenhof for its own kitchen. But the Geestboden yielded insufficient income. Pfeiffer decided, together with the treasurer at the time, to accept an offer from the Stormarn district and to acquire an estate near Tangstedt (later called the Brüderhof) with a neighboring moorland, in the vague hope of being able to mine peat here . In fact, the lonely estate could hardly be used. When the municipality of Wandsbeck offered to buy the Holstenhof in 1924, Pfeiffer firmly advocated it, combined with the purchase of the much more expensive Kattendorfer Hof near Kaltenkirchen . The agricultural teaching material should not be given up, but moved. Despite considerable economic concerns, the Board of Directors also approved this purchase. The Rauhe Haus had completely taken over financially, which led to Pfeiffer's dismissal.

His successor on May 25, 1925, was Pastor Fritz Engelke (1878–1956) from Altona . He had previously been the pastor of the Rickling welfare institution . When he took office, the financial situation of the Rauhe Haus had deteriorated dramatically. The Central Committee of the Inner Mission brokered a loan, but it had high interest rates. Under Engelke's direction, the acquisition of donations was further professionalized (e.g. with handicraft sheets for Christmas), while a strict austerity course was pursued internally. With financial support from the Central Committee for Inner Mission, the City of Hamburg and the Hamburg Church, the Rauhe Haus kept alive in the following years; In view of the dire situation in 1925, it was a success.

Since 1925, four people have jointly determined the course of the Rauhe Haus:

  • Fritz Engelke as director,
  • Richard Ackermann as rector of the Wichernschule and head of the deacon seminar,
  • Max Runge as economic inspector and elder brother,
  • August Füßinger as education inspector and Konviktmeister.

Wichernschule

Paulinum and Pedagogy were merged under the new name Wichern Foundation and recognized by the Hamburg Senate as a charitable foundation in January 1926. She made a differentiated offer of help for middle-class children with learning difficulties. On the one hand, she offered an upper secondary school with which the primary school leaving certificate and thus access to the middle civil service career was possible; on the other hand, she set up a curative education department. Small classes and tutoring or remedial courses gave it the character of an "educator school". The school building was rebuilt to accommodate the new tasks. It was inaugurated on August 5, 1927 under the name Wichernschule . The Wichernschule quickly developed into a secondary school for the neighboring Hamburg districts, which was evident from the increasing number of external parties, which from 1927/28 exceeded the number of internal members.

Farms

The Kattendorfer Hof had modern machinery and was used as an agricultural teaching facility for 50 to 60 young men; In addition to the actual agricultural apprentices, difficult-to-educate young people were also employed there. In 1925, the Hamburg Youth Welfare Office housed a group of unemployed young men at the Brüderhof near Tangstedt based on the Rauhäusler family principle, who received some kind of vocational training there.

Nazi dictatorship

"Self-alignment"

Johann Hinrich Wichern , woodcut by Karl Mahr , Verlag Landesverein für Innere Mission, Dresden, before 1938

In 1933, after the National Socialists came to power , Hamburg's established political system was quickly destroyed. The first or governing mayor, Carl Vincent Krogmann , elected on March 8th, as well as the senate and city parliament, was ousted by the Gauleiter and later Reich Governor Karl Kaufmann . The Greater Hamburg Law of 1937 strengthened Kaufmann's position of power.

As a private school , the Wichernschule could be nationalized at any time during the Nazi dictatorship. With the National Socialist People's Welfare (NSV) a new mass organization emerged, which was favored by the state collection legislation. Since the Rauhe Haus was dependent on collections, the Winter Relief Organization of the German People created in 1933 meant dangerous competition in this field. Hans-Walter Schmuhl concludes: "If you wanted to maintain at least a remainder of independence, those responsible basically had no other option than to initiate the 'self-alignment' of the Rauhäusler in advance obedience ..." Meanwhile, the Rauhäusler located themselves The majority of the brotherhood were in the right wing of the party spectrum anyway, and Engelke identified with the German Christian faith movement . Ackermann, rector of the Wichernschule, was a staunch National Socialist and became a district trainer for the NSDAP . Education inspector Füßinger, also a party member, became district director of the National Socialist People's Welfare.

100 years of Rauhes Haus - 1933

In September 1933, the 100th anniversary of the Rauhe Haus was lavishly celebrated with a week of festivities. The radio broadcast Engelke's solemn sermon on September 10th in the main church of St. Michaelis . He preached about the parable of the good Samaritan : “This is our German people: fallen under the murderers. They took everything off, beat us, left us half dead and went to Geneva and founded the League of Nations . "

Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller asked Engelke to join the Reich Church leadership. On September 12, 1934 Engelke was appointed imperial vicar , which ended his work in the Rauhen Haus.

Head Siegfried Wegeleben

The new half-timbered building of the Tanne house survived the bombing of 1943 (2019)

With Siegfried Wegeleben (1898–1968), Engelke's personal friend was elected on February 2, 1935 as his successor. Before that he was federal warden of the Thuringian Evangelical Young Men Association and belonged to the NSDAP.

The financial situation of the Rauhe Haus was very tense under Wegelleben's leadership. When the thatched main Tanne building burned down on March 24, 1937, fire insurance paid just under half of the new building, which was estimated at 45,000 RM. The rest came together through donations. The new building was completed one year after the fire.

The usual house and street collection for the Inner Mission was no longer approved in 1937. In December 1937 the Secret State Police confiscated the Christmas donations they had received so far. Wegeleben was convicted by the Hamburg District Court in February 1939 for violating the Collection Act.

Education inspector Füßinger represented a "draconian style of education" (Schmuhl) that went too far for the Berlin State Youth Welfare Office. This authority asked Wegeleben to depose Füßinger, otherwise the Berlin welfare pupils would be withdrawn from the Rauhe Haus. Wegeleben assigned Füßinger to another area of ​​work. This created the conflict constellation that led to Wegeleben's forced resignation on September 3, 1939. Pastor Gotthold Donndorf (1887–1968) took over the management of the Rauhen Haus. As head of the newly created Office for Inner Mission of the Hamburg Regional Church, he had also been a member of the administrative board of the Rauen Haus since 1934.

Hechaluz's training center at the Brüderhof

The Rauhe Haus had leased the Brüderhof to a farmer since 1930. In March 1933, the Hamburg Church Youth Welfare Office set up a camp for the voluntary labor service in the courtyard : a brief episode because the labor service was nationalized in the Third Reich . Then in September 1934 the Zionist youth organization Hechaluz showed interest in the Brüderhof. Here, young people should complete agricultural training ( hachshara ) before they emigrate to Palestine . With the approval of the Gauleiter of Schleswig-Holstein, Hinrich Lohse , Hechaluz leased rooms from the Rauhen Haus, and so a kibbutz was set up on the site of the Brüderhof . The young pioneers (Chaluzim) lived in a large farm building built in 1928: the young women on the ground floor, the young men on the upper floor. The farm's tenant, himself a National Socialist, gave agricultural lessons. In his view, the khaluzim were welcome workers. “The young people did not receive any financial wages for their work. The tenant gave them free water from the farm well, peat as fuel, a little milk every day and a certain amount of potatoes in autumn. They had to pay for the vegetables and other food they needed for their meals. ”There was a small monthly allowance for this from their home communities and the Reich Representation of German Jews ; in fact it was often insufficient , and the halutzim went to work hungry.

After completing the training, an application was made to the British Mandate Government of Palestine for an entry certificate. Around 600 young people of Jewish origin completed their training at the Bruderhof and were able to leave the German Reich in this way. From the first large deportation of Jews of Polish origin on 27./28. In October 1938, residents of the Bruderhof were also affected; they were transported by train from the Hamburg-Altona train station to the Polish border and, like all deportees, had to wait there in no man's land. After the November pogroms , Hechaluz had to finish training at the Brüderhof; the lease, which expired in spring 1939, was no longer extended. On May 1, 1939, the Rauhe Haus leased the Brüderhof to the Alsterdorfer Anstalten Foundation . “Kurt Goldmann, a board member of the German Hechaluz, wrote a desperate letter to Palestine in June 1939; it says: 'These days we were thrown out of the Brüderhof because an insane asylum was to be set up in place of the Hachschara kibbutz.' ”As far as can be seen, the sole interest of the management of the Rauhe Haus was“ an unprofitable side business with a view to hold onto the future without incurring costs. "

Nationalization of the Wichernschule

The Wichernschule was nationalized on October 1, 1939. In negotiations, the Rauhe Haus managed to get the state to pay an annual rent for the use of the school building and dormitory, which considerably eased the financial situation of the institution. The apprenticeship home was closed in January 1940, in February several buildings on the foundation's premises were confiscated for military purposes, and the deacon training ended in March because all the training brothers had been drafted into the Wehrmacht . Ten buildings on the foundation site had to be rented to the Reich Governor who wanted to set up a German SS home school there . In 1941 soldiers were housed on the foundation's premises and air surveillance systems were installed. The only thing left to the Rauhen Haus was a retirement home that was newly furnished on the foundation's premises in April 1938, various workshops and the Kattendorfer Hof. In January 1943, the Reich Governor claimed the entire foundation site for the German Home School ; the old people's home, housed in the Goldener Boden , was to move to a new quarter and the workshops were to close. The bombing of Hamburg made these plans irrelevant.

Bombing

In Operation Gomorrah , the districts of Hamm and Horn were the target of particularly heavy air strikes. On the night of July 27-28, 1943, 25 of the 29 houses on the foundation site were completely destroyed; Only the houses of Tanne , Kastanie , Anker and Schönburg remained . The senior citizens of the old people's home survived in the basement of the Tanne house . They were evacuated to Graudenz in West Prussia in September 1943 . The Reich Governor lifted the confiscation of the foundation's premises so that the management of the Rauhe Haus could use the fir tree again, the other houses were used as apartments. In October 1944, a retirement home for men was built on the Kattendorfer Hof.

post war period

The first few years after the end of the war did not mean a turning point for the Rauhe Haus, but rather a reconstruction with strong, also personal continuities. Gottfried Donnhold continued to be the head, the board of directors was almost unchanged, and August Füßinger was again education inspector from 1947 to 1966. Initially, the foundation only moved into a few rooms in the Tanne house , but the more the acute housing shortage in Hamburg was resolved, it was able to use the other houses again. Brothers who returned took off the ruins of the destroyed buildings. The Wichernschule had only lost the roof and the upper floor was burned out. Provided with an emergency roof, the former school building became the living space for the first groups of boys, with whom the Rauhe Haus resumed its work on October 1, 1948.

Donndorf saw a main task in view of the "youth hardship" of the post-war period in educational work. Accommodation based on the family principle and daily house devotions continued to be maintained. The education of the boys for work was complemented by a carefully compiled leisure program (hikes, sightseeing, visits to the theater, etc.). Since the former Wichernschule was used as living space, the boys attended eleven different Hamburg schools and spent their holidays at the Brüderhof or the Kattenburger Hof.

In 1950 the Johannesburg was completed, in which there were three residential groups (one each for students, apprentices and brothers who had not yet started their training), in the same year the old people's home in Haus Kastanie started work. On June 24, 1951, Federal President Theodor Heuss visited the facilities of the Rauhen Haus. Further new buildings, financed by grants from federal and state funds, were added in quick succession, so that in 1953 the ensemble of buildings offered living space for 250 boys, 70 senior citizens and 60 training brothers.

Wichern School (2019)

Two major construction projects were completed in 1957 and marked the end of the immediate post-war period for the Rauhe Haus:

  • New building of the Wichern School (new spelling) as a co-educational Protestant private school for initially 700 to 800 students;
  • New construction of the Wichern House , which combined living rooms for three boys 'families as well as a brothers' floor and an infirmary under one roof.

In the same year 1957 Wolfgang Prehn took over the office of the head of Gotthold Donndorf. Prehn was provost of Husum-Bredstedt. In addition to his duties in the Rauhen Haus, he was also pastor of the Trinity Church (Hamburg-Hamm) and in 1965 of the Kapernaum Church (Hamburg-Horn) . This shows how strongly the Rauhe Haus was now personally connected to the regional church.

Realignment in the West German welfare state

Several factors have led to a reorientation of the West German diakonia since the late 1950s:

  • Interest in a community of faith, life and service in the Brotherhood of the Rauhe Haus and comparable organizations waned. Diaconal institutions lacked their own offspring; A "secular professionalization and professionalization process" took place in their fields of work.
  • The Federal Social Welfare Act (1961) created new framework conditions for diaconal action (keyword: "Help for self-help").
  • Whereas the Diakonie had previously seen its task to be to accommodate people who, for a variety of reasons, could not survive in modern society, the trend now went towards semi-inpatient and outpatient offers of help.
  • As a result of the 1968 movement , welfare education as a whole, with its authoritarian - paternalistic management structures, was called into question.

University of Applied Sciences for Social Work

Building of the University of Applied Sciences for Social Work (2019)

In 1968 the new building of the Brothers House was completed and now the higher technical school for social work has taken place . During the student unrest , budding deacons also protested against the previously usual training conditions with restricted privacy, strong differences in authority and the double burden of working as educators in children's families alongside their studies. The Rauhe Haus then converted the higher technical college into a technical college in 1971 . The obligation to work as an educator in addition to training was dropped. That was a clear break with the Wichern tradition. A self-portrayal of the Rauhe Haus from the early 1970s makes the reorientation towards greater professionalism clear: “The brothers in training have been replaced by deacons of the Rauhe Haus, educators and social pedagogues. Their training makes it possible to recognize the particular difficulties and problems of the children and young people and to process them methodically together with them. ... The diverse needs of young people of our time oblige us to do imaginative, consistent pedagogical work out of Christian charity. "

Diversification and expansion of the offer

In 1972 Pastor Ulrich Heidenreich was elected head of the Rauhe Haus. He had previously headed the social welfare work in Lübeck. During his tenure, the Rauhe Haus doubled its size, both in terms of personnel and financially, and expanded its fields of work.

House Anker , built in 1881 for two residential groups, today used by the administration (2019)

In the 1970s, there were several residential groups with girls and boys on the foundation's premises in Hamburg-Horn , who ran relatively independently. The family principle no longer meant, as in Wichern's time, that a brother lived together with the children; rather, several social workers took turns in shift work.

In the village of Kattendorf , the Rauhe Haus set up additional residential groups; There was also a shared apartment for teenagers and young adults at the nearby Kattendorfer Hof. In 1974 the Rauhe Haus acquired the Kattendorfer Hof estate with around 140 hectares of land. After finishing school in the Kaltenkirchen area, the around 42 young people were to be given jobs; if that was not possible, they found employment in their own farm, which was managed by skilled workers.

Five houses for residential groups have been rebuilt on Gräflingsberg in Henstedt-Ulzburg , on the outskirts of Hamburg. From 1969 onwards, around 60 children lived here with 15 carers in residential groups; the conception of the Graeflingberg made it possible for siblings to live together instead of being divided into different homes.

The number of residential groups in the urban area increased considerably; In 1987 there were 50 residential groups in the Rauhen Haus in several Hamburg districts for around 230 children and young people. Since the mid-1980s, the Rauhe Haus has been setting up residential groups for unaccompanied minor refugees. The Child and Youth Welfare Act of 1991 led to an expansion of outpatient support services, supplemented in 1996 by the Dringsheide child and family support center, which has a community-oriented approach. The demographic development led to unneeded capacities are used by a built since Behindertenhilfe since the 1980s by the child and youth services more, which in turn is differentiated again in inpatient, outpatient and outreach.

The rough house in the 21st century

Board of Directors and Board of Directors

In 1995, Pastor Dietrich Sattler Heidenreich succeeded him as head of the Rauhen Haus, previously he had been editor-in-chief of the Deutsche Allgemeine Sonntagsblatt . His term of office was marked by a “change in shape following economic pressure towards a demand-oriented diaconal company”.

Since the end of 2006, the board of directors of the Rauhen Haus has consisted of at least two people, with the board of directors being responsible for the operational management of the company, which is also responsible for corporate controlling, administration, corporate communications and pastoral care. In contrast, the voluntary administrative board of the Rauhe Haus Foundation and the voluntary board of trustees of the Diakonenanstalt Foundation no longer have a share in operational management, but purely supervisory functions. The Board of Directors, however, retained its approval.

From 2009 to September 2019 Friedemann Green was head of the Rauhe Haus. His successor, Andreas Theurich , previously rector of the Protestant University for Social Work & Diakonia, was introduced to his office on September 27, 2019. Sabine Korb-Chrosch has been the Commercial Director since 2008.

Child and Youth Services

In-patient and out-patient care

House chestnut (2019)

The Rauhe Haus looks after children and young people in residential groups. It offers places for inpatient care in child and youth welfare, namely (as of 2018):

  • Hamburg-Mitte region: 33 places;
  • Hamburg-Wandsbek region: 34 places;
  • Hamburg-Eimsbüttel / Altona region: 23 spaces;
  • Integration and social therapeutic aids: 37 places;
  • Youth welfare and school: 10 places.

In each of these areas there is additional outpatient care, the number of which exceeds that of inpatient care. Around 625 children who live with their families are supported in this way. The Wichern School offers all-day education and care for 268 children. In the Kastanie house on the foundation's grounds (Hamburg-Mitte region), the help offer is housed under one roof : among other things, a residential group with 10 places, the Comeback advice center for school refusal and a contact point for young people who used to live in a residential group in the Rauhe Haus . The Dringsheide Children's and Family Center also offers educational group offers and open meeting places for almost 300 adults and children. The "Dringsheider Summer Life" is an offer for a maximum of 220 participants.

Death of Lara-Mia

In March 2009, nine-month-old Lara-Mia died of malnutrition in Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg . She and her young mother had received outpatient care from the Rauhe Haus. The management of the Rauhe Haus commissioned an external review of their own working methods and the processes that led to Lara-Mia's death. Both the child's mother and her partner were found guilty by the Hamburg Regional Court on July 16, 2010, of collective dangerous bodily harm through omission and collective violation of the duty of care and upbringing through omission, the youth sentences were suspended in both cases. In August 2010, the Harburg district court sentenced the supervisor to a fine. The German Children's Aid as well as criticizing the German Police Union , that the court a social worker criminalizing and had failed to resolve system problems and government failure. The expert report came to the assessment “that due to the extensive trust of the specialist in the resources of the young family, existing signals [for a worsening of Lara-Mia's condition] could not be interpreted as alarm signals.” The same report criticized the actions of the youth welfare office . In particular, it was fatal that in September 2008 the aid objective “control over the child's well-being ” was omitted.

Tayler death

In December 2015 , one-year-old Tayler , who was brought in with a shaking trauma, died of his head injuries at Eppendorf University Hospital . Intensive medical treatment could no longer save the child.

Since August 21, 2015, mother and child had been cared for on an outpatient basis by social workers from the Rauhen Haus. They regularly checked to see if the child was injured and had conversations with the mother. This showed that a good bond was formed. To the supervisor, bruises on the face seemed to be a result of Tayler's age-related urge to act, especially since Tayler had motor deficits and therefore wore head protection. A spokesman for the Rauhe Haus pointed out that Tayler's situation had not been classified by the responsible youth welfare office in Altona as a child protection case in which the hematoma had to be reported, but only as a case for help with upbringing.

The Hamburg Regional Court sentenced the mother's partner for manslaughter on December 19, 2016, to an 11-year prison term.

Participation with assistance

Schönburg House (2019)

The foundation division Participation with Assistance makes offers for people with intellectual disabilities. In the three regions of Südholstein, Hamburg and Wandsbek / Altona / Eimsbüttel there are a total of (as of 2018) 133 places in residential complexes and houses. In addition, 139 people who live in their own apartment receive outpatient pedagogical care. In the urban area of ​​Hamburg there are a total of 64 places in outpatient assisted living communities. The three residential buildings Linde , Ulme and Schönburg on the foundation site are set up for shared apartments and also have individual apartments in which life can be tried out in one's own apartment.

The Rauhe Haus is also present in Südholstein and Hamburg through day-to-day support and individual work support. The latter aims to "open up people with different capacities to the same places of work that are also open to other professionals."

There is also a guest and conference center and, spread over three cultural meeting points, open group offers, adult education courses, holiday trips and offers in the church year.

Social psychiatry

Similar to the way handicapped people developed out of child and youth welfare, social psychiatry emerged from work with senior citizens. In October 1975 the first residents moved into a newly built psychogeriatric nursing home on the Brüderhof, which at the time was considered innovative. It combined therapeutic measures with activating care. However, the expectations of this concept were not fulfilled, so that the Brüderhof was given up in June 2009 and the people living there moved to the four Hamburg regional centers, to care facilities for the elderly, to their families or facilities of other providers. The distinctive white and yellow bungalows on the border between Norderstedt and Henstedt-Ulzburg were then torn down. The Rauhe Haus has been offering community psychiatry services since the early 1990s , with the foundation taking over buildings from the church district of Alt-Hamburg in order to use them for assisted living after renovation .

"Currently [2008] the area of ​​social psychiatry is in a profound restructuring process in which all services and facilities within three years ... will be concentrated in the city of Hamburg and brought together in four regionally oriented help centers (Barmbek, Ohlsdorf, Wandsbek and Mitte). ... In the end, outpatient services should make up two thirds, inpatient facilities one third. ”This process was completed in May 2010. In 2018, there were a total of 133 places in inpatient facilities as well as outpatient support for around 380 people and 68 places in individual work support in the now three regions of Central, Northeast and North.

maintenance

Protestant vocational school for nursing

The institution, founded in 1961 as the Evangelical Home and Elderly Care School of the Hamburg City Mission , is the oldest of its kind in Hamburg. It trains state-approved geriatric nurses and (since 2014) health and care assistants . In 1975 the city of Hamburg recognized the facility as a vocational school for elderly care , and 6 years later it received state recognition under the Hamburg Private Schools Act. In 1982 the state-recognized Protestant vocational school for care for the elderly was established and its sponsorship was transferred from the city mission to the Rauhe Haus. In October 2014 the vocational school moved into new rooms in Weidestrasse (Barmbek-Süd). “In January 2016, the Diakonisches Werk Hamburg and the Das Rauhe Haus foundation jointly founded the Diakonische Fort- und Weiterbildungsakademie gGmbH (DFA). All previous training and further education activities of the Protestant Vocational School for Care of the Rough House and the further training center of the Diakonisches Werk were bundled. "

Haus Weinberg retirement and nursing home

Haus Weinberg is a retirement and nursing home on the foundation site in Hamburg-Horn. In 1956 it was built under the name Goldener Boden as a modern old people's home for the time it was built. In the years that followed, the average age of the residents rose and the house became more of a nursing home. After a renovation in 1980/81 it was named Haus Weinberg ; an extension followed. The concept envisaged mainly accepting senior citizens from the local area in order to be able to include the social environment of the elderly more closely and to network with local elderly care offers.

The Haus Weinberg retirement and nursing home offers (as of 2018) 74 places in the living area, as well as 14 places in short-term care. There is a shared apartment for people with dementia (10 places). Integrated outpatient care is being set up.

Web links

swell

  • Johannes Wichern: The Rauhe Haus and the fields of work of the Brothers of the Rauhen Haus 1833 to 1883. A jubilee with festive greeting from Karl Gerok , Agency of the Rauhen Haus, Hamburg 1883.
  • Johann Hinrich Wichern: Writings on social pedagogy (Rauhes Haus and Johannesstift). In: Peter Meinhold (Ed.): Johann Hinrich Wichern. Complete Works, Volume 4/1. Lutheran Publishing House, Berlin 1958.
  • Johann Hinrich Wichern: Writings on social pedagogy (Rauhes Haus and Johannesstift). In: Peter Meinhold (Ed.): Johann Hinrich Wichern. Complete Works, Volume 4/2. Lutheran Publishing House, Berlin 1958.

literature

  • Hans-Jürgen Benedict : Mercy and Diakonia. From the saving love to a successful life. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-020158-3 , pp. 101–113 (Chapter: Wichern's concept of the family - a means against the destruction of the lifeworld? A reminder of the 125th anniversary of Wichern's death with current prospects. ).
  • Sieghard Bußenius: Zionist education in the north German moor - the training center of the Hechaluz on the Brüderhof near Harksheide . In: Andreas Paetz, Karin Weiss (ed.): " Hachschara". Preparing young Jews for emigration to Palestine. Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 1999, ISBN 3-932981-50-2 , pp. 29-40 ( online ).
  • Georg Daur: Practice based on faith: the Rauhe Haus in Hamburg. Agency of the Rauhen Haus, Hamburg undated (1971). Since 1961, Daur had been a member of the Hamburg Regional Church Office as theological senior church councilor.
  • Ingeborg Grolle : Rauhes Haus rescue facility (= history - scene Hamburg . Volume 16). Authority for School, Youth and Vocational Training of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Hamburg 1998.
  • Volker Herrmann, Jürgen Gohde , Heinz Schmidt (eds.): Johann Hinrich Wichern - legacy and order. Status and perspectives of the research (= publications of the Diaconal Science Institute at the University of Heidelberg. Volume 30). Winter, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8253-5370-4 .
  • Bettina Lindmeier : The pedagogy of the rough house. At the beginning of the upbringing of difficult children with Johann Hinrich Wichern . Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1998, ISBN 978-3-7815-0935-1 .
  • Johannes Richter: "Good children from bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914. Springer, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-17625-3 .
  • Hans-Walter Schmuhl : Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008. Rauhen Haus Hamburg agency, Hamburg 2008. ISBN 978-3-7600-1196-7 .
  • NN: Johann Hinrich Wichern and the Rauhe Haus , without place and year (Hamburg, after 1958).
  • NN: The Rough House . Hamburg, no year (after 1973).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brandstifter Destroys the Rauhe Haus , Die Welt, September 17, 2009, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  2. ^ Statutes of the Das Rauhe Haus Foundation (PDF; 1 MB), 23 September 2014, preamble, accessed on 1 September 2019.
  3. ↑ a b c Annual Report of the Rauhen Haus 2018 (PDF; 4 MB), p. 38, accessed on September 1, 2019.
  4. ^ Statutes of the Das Rauhe Haus Foundation (PDF; 1 MB), September 23, 2014, § 1, accessed on September 1, 2019.
  5. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 295.
  6. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 193.
  7. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 18 f.
  8. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 19.
  9. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 320 f.
  10. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 20.
  11. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 28.
  12. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 29 f.
  13. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 30.
  14. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 33.
  15. ^ A b Hans-Jürgen Benedict: Wicherns concept of family - a means against the destruction of the lifeworld? A memory on the 125th anniversary of Wichern's death with current prospects , Stuttgart 2008, p. 103.
  16. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 34 f.
  17. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, youth welfare and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 323.
  18. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 37.
  19. ↑ a b The oldest documented mention ("at the so-called Rougen house") dates from the year 1786. Cf. Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Senfkorn und Sauerteig. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 36.
  20. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 38.
  21. ^ Frank Hamburger: Social work and the public . In: Werner Thole (Hrsg.): Grundriss Soziale Arbeit: An introductory manual , Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2002, pp. 755–778, here pp. 756 f.
  22. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 175 f.
  23. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 38 f.
  24. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 39.
  25. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, pp. 39–42.
  26. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 173.
  27. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008, Hamburg 2008, p. VI. Illustration from: Johannes Wichern: Das Rauhe Haus and the fields of work of the Brothers of the Rauhe Haus 1833 to 1883 , Hamburg 1883, p. 12.
  28. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 40 f.
  29. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 41.
  30. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 146.
  31. ↑ Illustration from: Johannes Wichern: Das Rauhe Haus and the fields of work of the Brothers of the Rauhe Haus 1833 to 1883 , Hamburg 1883, p. 4.
  32. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 42 f.
  33. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Benedict: Wicherns concept of family - a means against the destruction of the lifeworld? A memory on the 125th anniversary of Wichern's death with current prospects , Stuttgart 2008, p. 101.
  34. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, youth welfare and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 173. For a detailed criticism of Wichern's concept see Roland Anhorn: Social structure and disciplinary individual. On Johann Hinrich Wichern's welfare and upbringing concept of the Rauhe Haus . Egelsbach 1992.
  35. ↑ Illustration from: Johannes Wichern: Das Rauhe Haus and the fields of work of the Brothers of the Rauhe Haus 1833 to 1883 , Hamburg 1883, p. 5.
  36. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 49.
  37. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 48.
  38. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 58.
  39. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, youth welfare and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 324.
  40. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833-2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 58 f.
  41. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008, Hamburg 2008 , p. 54.
  42. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 57 f.
  43. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 60.
  44. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 63 f.
  45. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 53.
  46. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 54 f.
  47. ↑ Illustration from: Illustrirte Zeitung, No. 175 (November 7, 1846), p. 301.
  48. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 64.
  49. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 53.
  50. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 73.
  51. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 74 f.
  52. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 133.
  53. ↑ Illustration from: Illustrirte Zeitung, No. 171 (October 10, 1846), p. 237.
  54. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 70 f.
  55. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 70.
  56. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 68.72.
  57. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 71.
  58. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 72.
  59. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 84.
  60. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 85.
  61. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 91.
  62. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 107.
  63. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 109.
  64. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 94 f.
  65. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 92.
  66. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 127 f.
  67. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 134.
  68. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 134 f.
  69. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 118.
  70. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 135.
  71. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 136.
  72. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 138.
  73. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 176.
  74. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, youth welfare and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, pp. 176-180.
  75. ^ A b c Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 112.
  76. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 112 f.
  77. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 113.
  78. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 114.
  79. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 121.
  80. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 123.
  81. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 285.
  82. ↑ Matthias Schmoock: intermediate image and image: the development of Hamburg's Uhlenhorst display in self and other products. From the first sources to the building legislation in 1902 (= publications of the Hamburg working group for regional history . Volume 13) LIT Verlag, Münster / Hamburg / London 2002, p. 85 f.
  83. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, youth welfare and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884-1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, pp. 200-202.
  84. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, youth welfare and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, pp. 205–208.
  85. ↑ Illustration from: Johannes Wichern: Das Rauhe Haus and the fields of work of the Brothers of the Rauhe Haus 1833 to 1883 , Hamburg 1883, p. 59.
  86. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 119.
  87. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 117 f.
  88. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 120.
  89. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 140.
  90. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 141.
  91. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 144.
  92. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 148.
  93. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 149.
  94. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 286.
  95. ↑ Johannes Richter: "Good children of bad parents": Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg, 1884–1914 , Wiesbaden 2011, p. 287.
  96. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 174.
  97. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 175.
  98. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 182.
  99. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 183.
  100. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 186.
  101. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 189.
  102. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, pp. 190 f.
  103. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 210.
  104. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 202 f.
  105. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, pp. 204–206.
  106. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 212.
  107. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 214.
  108. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 225.
  109. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 216.
  110. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 217.
  111. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 219 f.
  112. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 226.
  113. ↑ a b c d Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 229.
  114. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 231.
  115. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 233.
  116. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 241; Johann Hinrich Wichern and the Rauhe Haus , p. 5, Das Rauhe Haus , p. 26.
  117. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 234.
  118. ^ A b c Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 248.
  119. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 250.
  120. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 230.
  121. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 220.
  122. ^ A b c Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 237.
  123. ↑ Sieghard Bußenius: Zionist education in the North German Moor - The training facility of Hechaluz on the Brüderhof near Harksheide , Potsdam 1999, p. 33.
  124. ↑ Sieghard Bussenius: Zionist education in the North German Moor - The School of Hechaluz on the Brüderhof at Harksheide , Potsdam 1999, p 34th
  125. ↑ Sieghard Bussenius: Zionist education in the North German Moor - The School of Hechaluz on the Brüderhof at Harksheide , Potsdam 1999, p. 36
  126. ↑ Sieghard Bussenius: Zionist education in the North German Moor - The School of Hechaluz on the Brüderhof at Harksheide , Potsdam 1999, p. 38
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  128. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 252.
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  132. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 256.
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  134. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 261.
  135. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 262 f.
  136. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 263.
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  139. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 271 f.
  140. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, pp. 273–276.
  141. ↑ Das Rauhe Haus , p. 3.
  142. ^ A b c Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 276.
  143. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 278 f.
  144. ↑ Das Rauhe Haus , p. 9.
  145. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhe Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 279. Das Rauhe Haus , p. 11.
  146. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 280.
  147. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 280 f.
  148. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus in Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 282 f.
  149. ^ Annual report of the Rauhen Haus 2009 (PDF; 2.1 MB), p. 54, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  150. ↑ Das Rauhe Haus - Current -. Retrieved November 4, 2019 .
  151. ↑ a b c d e Annual Report of the Rauhen Haus 2018 (PDF; 4 MB), p. 36, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  152. ↑ Help under one roof in the Mitte district on the foundation site , p. 38, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  153. ^ Annual report of the Rauhen Haus 2009 (PDF; 2.1 MB), p. 38, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  154. ↑ Baby Lara: Rauhes Haus has work processes checked , Hamburger Abendblatt, March 14, 2009, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  155. ^ Death of the child Lara Mia R. Judgment , Justiz-Portal Hamburg, July 16, 2010, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  156. ↑ 2700 Euro fine for Lara-Mia's supervisor , Hamburger Abendblatt, August 18, 2010, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  157. ↑ a b 2 Expert report on the lara R. case (PDF), p. 7, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  158. ↑ Another small child is tortured to death in Hamburg , Die Welt, December 21, 2015, accessed on September 20, 2019. Tayler's supervisors reject allegations: "No abnormalities" , SHZ, December 22, 2015, accessed on September 20, 2019 . September 2019.
  159. ↑ "Baby Tayler was not a child protection case" , taz, December 22, 2015, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  160. ^ Judgments in the cases "Tayler" and "Lara-Mia" as well as in the case of the corpse of St. Georg set in concrete are final , Justice Portal Hamburg, July 17, 2017, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  161. ↑ a b Participation with assistance. Normal life. , accessed September 20, 2019.
  162. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, pp. 283–285.
  163. ^ Annual report of the Rauhen Haus 2009 (PDF; 2.1 MB), p. 16, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  164. ^ Out after 33 years: The Brüderhof will be demolished , Hamburger Abendblatt, July 2, 2019, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  165. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 286.
  166. ^ Annual report of the Rauhen Haus 2010 (PDF; 3.1 MB), p. 16, accessed on September 2, 2019.
  167. ↑ a b Annual Report of the Rauhen Haus 2018 (PDF; 4 MB), p. 37, accessed on September 20, 2019.
  168. ↑ The Protestant Vocational School of the Rough House. History , accessed September 2, 2019.
  169. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Mustard seed and sourdough. The history of the Rauhen Haus zu Hamburg 1833–2008 , Hamburg 2008, p. 284.
  170. ^ Herwarth von Schade : The regional church office in Hamburg . In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20th Century) , ed. by Rainer Hering and Inge Mager, Hamburg 2008, pp. 200–241.

Coordinates: 53 ° 33 ′ 14 "  N , 10 ° 4 ′ 20"  E

This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 18, 2020 in this version .