Rescue house movement

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The rescue house movement was a Christian social movement with socio-educational concepts and as such is connected to the history of the revival movement , diakonia , education and social work . The origins lie in Pietism .

history

Starting with Johannes Daniel Falk in Weimar, initiatives arose from the beginning of the 19th century that were particularly dedicated to the support and education of children and young people in poverty. In 1813, together with the preacher Karl Friedrich Horn from Weimar, Falk founded the Society of Friends in Need . The socio-educational concepts of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in Stans (1789) and Christian Heinrich Zeller in Beuggen near Lörrach (1820) are similar . Due to the advancing industrialization, the problem of the impoverished, urban working-class families became increasingly important in the second half of the 19th century. The best-known representative was the Hamburg theologian Johann Hinrich Wichern , who founded the Rauhe Haus in what was then the village of Horn in 1832 . Wichern gave vulnerable young people from Hamburg's milieu districts such as St. Georg a shelter, as well as schooling and vocational training. Here - while children and young people were previously only admitted with the consent of their legal guardians - children and young people who had committed delinquents also had the opportunity to be admitted.

With the bourgeois-revolutionary uprisings (see European Revolutions 1848/1849 ) and the increasing impoverishment of the working population ( pauperism ), the focus of the bourgeois-feudalist milieu of the upper class, which was initially shaped by liberalism ( night watchman state ), shifted private charitable pietistic approaches could develop, based on a more actively intervening, regulating and social legislative actor acting up to Bismarck's social reform.

The state responded to crime and neglect of young people with police and forced education measures; large institutions emerged to “discipline” children. At the same time, the importance of the rescue house concept decreased. In 1868 there were 320 Protestant and 80 Catholic rescue centers in the German-speaking area, but the publicly propagated aid approach was fundamentally different. The expansion of the idea of ​​rescue in Berlin too - after the founding of the Johannesstift there and the Prussian prison reform by Wichern with its focus on solitary confinement and supervision by diaconally qualified "brothers" of the Rauhe Haus - was found to be threatening in view of the emerging and also from the pietistic-private charitable side The perceived socialist labor movement conceptually ended: the national-conservative Wilhelmine state saw itself required, for reasons of self-preservation, to turn to the youth recognized as “endangered”.

Private charitable institutions, overwhelmed by coping with the mass misery, took on public tasks within the framework of their Christian profile.

concept

The socio-educational concept of the rescue houses was characterized by the fact that the "neglected child" was viewed individually, in the family and in the social community as in need of upbringing. They should be taken out of their “depraved” milieu - as is the case with Wichern - in order to make them useful members of society by accepting them in a new, family-like home. The overarching credo of the rescue centers is differentiated structuring “targeted education measures” in order to correct the consequences of poverty.

literature

  • Arndt Götzelmann: The social question . In: Martin Sallmann , Ulrich Gäbler (ed.): The Pietism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (= history of Pietism 3). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-55348-X , pp. 272–307, especially pp. 279–282 (excerpts online at Google Books )
  • Gustav Rauterberg: Wichern and the Silesian rescue houses: Contribution to the history and nature of rescue house pedagogy in the 19th century. Publishing house of the Silesian Evangelical Central Office, Ulm, 1957, DNB 453928226
  • Jens Stöcker: The rescue house - a sign of life: The constitution of the rescue house movement in the Bavarian Palatinate (= publications of the Diaconal Science Institute at the University of Heidelberg 39). Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8253-5683-5
  • Gerlinde Viertel: the beginning of the rescue house movement under Adelberdt Graf von der Recke-Volmerstein (1791–1878). A study of the revival movement and diakonia (= series of publications by the Association for Rhenish Church History 110). Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-7927-1387-X , ISBN 978-3-7927-1387-7

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Johannes Richter : "Good children of bad parents". Family life, child care and deprivation of custody in Hamburg 1884–1914 . VS Research series. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag.
  2. ↑ See Christoph Sachße, Florian Tennstedt: History of the poor welfare in Germany. Volume 1 . Stuttgart, Berlin, p. 188; Hans Eyferth: home education . In: Hans Eyferth, H.-U. Otto, H. Thiersch (Ed.): Handbook for social work / social pedagogy. Neuwied 1987, p. 488.
  3. ↑ See Harald Ahnsen: Child poverty - demands on social work. In: Guild newsletter. No. 1/1997.
  4. ↑ See Wendt 1990, p. 77.
  5. ↑ Harald Ahnsen: Child poverty - demands on social work . In: Guild newsletter. No. 1/1997, p. 2.