cigar
A cigar (from Spanish cigarro , borrowed from Maya zic , zicar “tobacco, smoke” or translated from Spanish cigarra “ cicada ” because of its elongated shape) is a luxury product rolled from tobacco leaves . It is consumed by lighting one end and sucking the smoke into the mouth through the other. Machine-made, short, but thick cigars are also often referred to as pillar in southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria .
The storage and smoking of cigars - unlike cigarettes - is celebrated lavishly by many smokers. In some parts of society, cigar smoking is a status symbol. The cultural appreciation of cigar smoking is also demonstrated by its treatment in fiction, for example by Hermann Burger , who modeled the narrative structure of his main work on the structure of a cigar.
A cigar consists of an insert made of dried and fermented tobacco leaves, which are enclosed in a binder . This part of the cigar is called a wrap . Depending on the format, cut or whole tobacco leaves are used for the insert. The wrapper is the outermost, precisely cut tobacco leaf. The insert is held in its shape by the binder. The cover sheet then lies over the binder. The end of the cigar that is to be lighted is called the cigar foot , and that which the smoker holds in the mouth, the cigar head . Many cigars have an often artfully designed bandage made of paper near the head end, the cigar ring (colloquially also known as a belly band ), which indicates the type and manufacture .
history
The exact geographical and historical origin of the cigar is not known. However, it is believed that tobacco has been smoked in tobacco pipes and other forms in South America for millennia . Some indigenous peoples of South America used cigar-like tobacco products in sacred rituals, through which priests could come into contact with the gods. Later this privilege was probably extended to the tribal chiefs.
The worldwide spread of the cigar goes back to the colonial times. Christopher Columbus is said to have been the first European to live in the 15th and 16th centuries. Came into contact with tobacco in Cuba in the 19th century . In the 18th century, British sailors and soldiers brought Cuban cigars to the North American colonial areas , where more and more cigars were soon produced on newly built plantations .
During the 19th century, cigar smoking was very common in Europe and cigars production became an important industry .
In the 19th century, production in Germany was concentrated in the states of Baden and Prussia . The tobacco workers were among the first groups of workers to join the emerging labor movement. Production in manufacturing-like companies played an important role. Communication with one another was easier there than in the noisy factories. In the year of the March Revolution in 1848, the Berlin tobacco workers founded the Association of Cigar Workers in Germany , which quickly found imitators in 40 other German cities. However, these organizations were short-lived, partly because they were not centrally organized.
The General German Cigar Workers Association , founded in 1865 in the vicinity of the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) and at the same location as it, in the Pantheon in Leipzig , was the first centrally organized trade union in Germany. Within three years it gained 10,000 members under its co-founder and President Friedrich Wilhelm Fritzsche . It became a model for many newly founded unions and is one of the forerunner organizations of the food-pleasure-restaurants union .
The cigar remained a popular stimulant until the beginning of the 20th century, when its economic importance was replaced by the widespread use of cigarettes . A renaissance in cigar consumption has been observed since around the beginning of the 1990s, which has found expression in relevant books and magazines as well as in numerous specialty stores for Cuban and other high-quality cigars. The smoking of "Habanos" has become an expression of an individual attitude towards life in different social classes and is celebrated demonstratively in clubs, bars and upscale restaurants. Around 3 billion cigars and cigarillos are currently consumed annually in Germany.
The cigar today
trade
Today the tobacco for cigars is grown mainly in Central America , South America and the Caribbean . Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Honduras , Nicaragua and Brazil are particularly known for their cigars . Indonesia and the Philippines are two of the few countries in Asia that make cigars; the island of Sumatra in particular is known for its cigars. In many of these countries cigars play a role as an export factor; the tobacco industry is subject to major fluctuations due to weather-related crop failures.
In Cuba in particular, cigars are an important economic factor, accounting for around seven percent of the export volume in 1998; Officially, 263.5 million cigars were produced, around half of which were exported or sold in duty-free shops . The American trade embargo , which has existed since 1962, was actually supposed to weaken Cuba's economy, but mainly ensured that the image of Cuban cigars in the USA increased precisely because of their illegality. It is estimated that ten percent of Cuban exports of cigars alone are smuggled into the USA. In 1997, 4.46 billion cigars were sold in the United States.
According to experts, the quality of Cuban cigars temporarily fell during the embargo because no high-quality fertilizer could be imported. Tobacco seeds have been smuggled into neighboring countries such as the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Nicaragua , where climatic conditions are comparable. After Fidel Castro took over the government in 1959, many Cuban cigar manufacturers emigrated, taking their expert knowledge with them.
In many countries the sale of cigars is subject to a tobacco tax . In Germany , the tax rate for cigars and cigarillos in April 2005 was 1.3 euro cents per item plus one and a half percent of the retail price, significantly lower than for cigarettes, at 8 euro cents per item and 25% of the retail price.
Manufacturing
The later use of tobacco already plays a role during cultivation. A distinction is made between two types of cultivation. The tabaco tapado ("covered tobacco") is grown under panels of fabric that protect the plants from too much tropical sun, but can be pushed away if necessary. In addition, the flower is not removed. When grown in this way, thin, very even and supple leaves develop which, contrary to popular belief, have a good share in the overall taste of the cigar. These leaves are of very high quality and are used exclusively as a cover sheet (capa). The cover sheet also determines the origin of the cigar. A wrapper from Brazil turns the cigar into a Brazil , the insert and binder can also come from Brazil, but does not have to be.
The tabaco del sol (“tobacco of the sun”), on the other hand, grows under the tropical sun, here the flowers are removed early and strong and tasty leaves develop. These leaves will later become the insert (tripa) and the binders (capote).
A distinction is made between three types of leaves, which depend on the position of the leaf on the plant. The top leaves, which have been most exposed to the sun, are the most vigorous. They are called ligero . The middle leaves are called seco . They have a medium taste. The mildest leaves come from the bottom of the plant. These are called volado . In the case of the filler and the binder , a combination of the three types, the ligada , creates the typical taste of every cigar brand. In the case of the cover sheets, the position of the sheets determines their use in the individual formats. Bottom sheets are larger and can therefore be used for larger formats.
After the harvest, which takes place by hand in three steps, starting with volado and ending with ligero , the tobacco leaves are subjected to a natural drying process, while at the same time undergoing a maturation process. The goal is to reduce their water content without rotting the leaves. For this purpose, they are sometimes alternately exposed to the sun and stored in the shade for between 25 and 50 days, sometimes completely stored in the shade. This requires a certain - ideally subtropical - climate and special warehouses to store and ventilate the tobacco. The ripening process is tailored to the desired color of the leaves and the type of tobacco.
The tobacco leaves are then fermented . This process must also be constantly monitored so that the leaves do not rot, disintegrate or even ignite due to the heat generated during fermentation. In order to regulate the process and prevent the temperature from becoming too high, the fermentation stacks, which are several meters in size, have to be repackaged several times. The specific aromas of the tobacco are only created during fermentation . The fermentation time is between four and six months, sometimes even up to eight months.
The ripened and fermented leaves are now sorted by hand. Experienced tobacco workers pay attention to the appearance (of the wrapper leaves), texture and bouquet of the tobacco leaves. Leaves that do not meet the requirements are sorted out and used for short fillers, cigarillos or cigarettes.
After sorting, the midrib is mostly removed by women, the despalilladoras . This work is mostly done on the thigh. Perhaps this is where the rumor comes from that cigars are rolled on the thighs of beautiful mulatto women. But cigars are neither rolled on thighs nor mainly by women. In fact, rolling cigars is traditionally a man's job, which has only recently been done more and more by women. After removing the midrib, the leaves are fermented a second time for insert .
High quality cigars are rolled by hand. An experienced cigar roller, a so-called torcedor , can roll between 40 and 180 cigars per day, depending on the type. First, depending on the size of the format, the roller places one, two or even three binders in front of it on the table and puts together the desired mixture of ligero , seco and volado . The insert is artfully folded so that the smoke can later flow easily through small channels, and then rolled into the binder. Then the cigar blank is brought into its final shape in a press.
Now the roller selects the cover sheet. With a skillful cut with the Chaveta - a kind of chopping knife - the cover sheet is cut into a sickle shape and rolled tightly around the blank. The cover sheet is only attached to the cigar head with a special adhesive made from tragacanth plants and rolled into a closed, round "head". With the "American method", however, a special knife with a round, closed blade is used to punch a small piece of tobacco from the rest of the wrapper and thus close the mouthpiece. The whole process (without pressing) only takes a few minutes for an experienced roller.
Every single cigar is checked after its production. The inspector checks whether the length, diameter and shape of the head correspond to the standard. Attention is also paid to an attractive appearance and an evenly extending cover sheet. Samples are drawn, some of which are smoked by tasters and others are cut open to check the composition and processing of the mixture. If the cigar passes the test, it is usually stored in bundles of 50 for several months, especially high-quality cigars for several years.
After storage, the cigars are sorted by color by the sorters ( escogedores ). A sorter puts together cigars of the same color, while another selects a cigar from the resulting bundles and determines the order in the box. On the left is the darkest and on the right the cigars get lighter and lighter in a precisely defined order. This is also where the final quality control takes place, in which cigars whose color does not meet the requirements are sorted out and, as false colors, are largely sold on the domestic market for significantly less.
Before packing, the cigar can be put on a bandage. It shows the name of the production company and the country of origin, sometimes also small images of various awards for quality in the form of medals. Cigar manufacturers often use the same belly bandages for decades. Their production is strictly monitored. The smallest deviations from the original abdominal bandage can be an indication of a forgery.
Before Cuban premium cigars go on sale, most international distributors freeze them for a short time to protect them from tobacco beetles and then slowly thaw them again. The beetle's eggs and larvae are killed by the freezing process. During the thawing process, the temperature is gradually increased only very carefully so that the sensitive cover sheets are not damaged.
Shapes and formats
Short filler
In short filler cigars, the tobacco insert consists of cut or torn tobacco , the so-called scrap filler , which is wrapped in a stable binder. This creates the doll, which already has the shape of the later cigar. A uniform cover sheet is rolled around this to complete.
Many of these work steps can be carried out by machines. In some cases, the binder and cover sheet are made from homogenized tobacco, which is not real tobacco, but paper made from tobacco .
Short fillers are typically European cigars and can be obtained for little money. They are also known as the "Dutch type". They are smoked dry and also stored dry.
In addition, there are also Caribbean cigars as a short filler variant. In contrast to the Dutch type, they are stored in the humidor at constant humidity . These short fillers are made both by machine and by hand ( totalmente a mano ).
Long filler
Long filler cigars consist of whole leaves, the so-called strips , not tobacco snippets. Different types of tobacco leaves are folded up by the cigar roller and then wrapped with a binder to form a doll , which is pressed into its shape with a wooden device. This doll becomes a finished cigar by wrapping a cover sheet, which is fixed with a special adhesive or by tightly rolling it up.
Since this work of the cigar roller requires a lot of sensitivity, machines can hardly be used here. The tobaccos used are sometimes of higher quality than those of the short filler variants.
Cheap cigars can be bought in Germany for less than one euro each. The prices for high-quality cigars start at around three euros with a wide range upwards. Prices around 50 euros per cigar are quite possible.
Long filler cigars are stored in humidors at 18 to 20 ° C and around 68 to 75% humidity . The cigars can be kept for years under these climatic conditions. High-quality cigars mature over time, which is also known as "aging". Maturing gives the cigars a milder, more balanced aroma. If stored too dry, the cigars will become brittle and burn too quickly and therefore too hot. Burning off too hot results in an aggressive, pungent and slightly bitter taste.
Types of cigars
Cigars come in many different formats. A distinction is made according to length, thickness and shape. The thickness of a cigar is the ring gauge; this dimension, also known as “gauge”, is given in 1/64 inch . A cigar with a ring gauge of 64 therefore has a diameter of one inch (= 25.4 mm). A cigar with a straight (cylindrical) twist is called a parejo, whereas a figurado is a cigar with a body of different thicknesses.
Probably the best known format, the Corona, is a cigar approximately 140 mm long with a diameter of around 16 mm. It has a cylindrical shape with a flat round head. "Corona" is actually a collective term, there are variations such as the larger Double Corona , the Corona Gorda ("thick Corona") or the small Petit Corona . Almost every brand, regardless of whether it is short filler or long filler, also offers the Corona format, which you can smoke for about 45 minutes.
The Panatela is a thinner cigar with a diameter of about 14 mm. In contrast, a Robusto has a thickness of 19.84 mm (which corresponds to the exact ring gauge 50), but is comparatively short with an average length of 124 mm. Thick cigars are not necessarily particularly strong; on the contrary, a diameter that is large in relation to their length also offers a light aroma the opportunity for complex development.
The Churchill format (named after British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , a passionate cigar smoker) combines length with thickness. For a long time it was produced by the company Alfred Dunhill (London) in cooperation with Romeo y Julieta (Havana / Cuba) especially for the British Prime Minister with a personalized belly band. Today, however, the name Churchill is used by manufacturers and retailers both as a brand name for very specific cigars, but also as a general name for this format, to the confusion of some consumers. The correct name for the very popular format is "Julieta 2" and is defined by a length of 178 mm and a ring gauge of 47 = 18.65 mm. There are deviations. High-quality tobacco unfolds its full taste in Churchill cigars. The smoking duration is up to 90 minutes.
The torpedo , the piramide and the belicoso are among the non-cylindrical formats, the figurados. The perfectos format is also one of the figurados and has a smaller diameter at the head and foot than in the thicker middle.
As crooked dogs or Culebras is called cigars, which have been intentionally bent in shape or curved. Culebras were originally given out by the owners of the cigar factories exclusively to cigar rollers (torcedores) in order to counteract or detect the theft of the straight cigars produced.
Wrong colors are cigars with a blotchy wrapper.
Cigarillos are very thin and short cigars. Since the taste is relatively sharp due to the small diameter, particularly mild (or less aromatic) tobacco is often used. More often than cigars, however, cigarillos also include specially flavored types to which natural or synthetic aromas such as vanilla or whiskey have been added. Cigarillos are available in stores with and without filters.
Stumps are round or pressed, short, evenly thick cigars that are cut off at both ends. Originally stumps were made in multiple lengths with the cover sheet glued on over the entire length and coupeed in the middle. In contrast to the cigar, the chubby is tart and smokes faster. Stumps are a Swiss invention: they were first made around 1850 in the Ormond cigar factory in Vevey, later mainly in the so-called Stumpenland (Aargau).
However, cigars differ not only in their format, but are also categorized according to their strength. A common distinction is made between five different degrees of strength in cigars: gentle, gentle-medium, medium, medium-strong and strong. For example, Cuban cigars are more likely to be medium-strength to strong cigars, while cigars from the Dominican Republic tend to be referred to as milder or lighter cigars. The strength at issue here is the nicotine content, not the taste. Cuban cigars usually have a much milder taste than Brazilian cigars, but are considerably stronger.
| designation | Length (cm) | Thickness (cm) | Smoking duration (minutes) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Almuerzos | 13 | 1.6 | 51 |
| Belvederes | 12.3-12.9 | 1.4-1.7 | 42-55 |
| Brevas JLP | 12.3 | 1.5 | 45 |
| Britanicas | 13.7 | 1.8 | 62 |
| Cadetes | 10.5-11.3 | 1.2-1.4 | 29-37 |
| Campanas | 11.3-14 | 1.4-2.06 | 37-74 |
| Cañonazo | 15-17 | 1.71-2.06 | 77-80 |
| Carlotas | 14.3 | 1.4 | 51 |
| Cazadores | 16.2 | 1.75 | 75 |
| Cazadores JLP | 14.9 | 1.6 | 61 |
| Cervantes | 16-16.5 | 1.5-1.7 | 63-75 |
| Chicos | 11.2 | 1.1 | 30th |
| Conchas No. 2 | 11.5 | 1.98 | 55 |
| Conchitas | 12.5-12.7 | 1.3-1.4 | 40-44 |
| Conservas JLP | 13 | 1.6 | 51 |
| Coronas | 13.8-14.2 | 1.6-1.7 | 56-62 |
| Coronas Gordas | 14.1-16 | 1.7-1.83 | 61-75 |
| Coronas Grandes | 15.3-15.5 | 1.67-1.7 | 68-69 |
| Coronitas | 10.5-11.7 | 1.2-1.6 | 29-45 |
| Cremas | 12.9-14 | 1.4-1.6 | 49-57 |
| Cremas JLP | 12.5 | 1.6 | 49 |
| Dalias | 14.2-17 | 1.6-1.8 | 64-77 |
| Delicados | 19.2 | 1.6 | 83 |
| Demi cup | 9.8 | 1.1 | 24 |
| Dobles | 15.5 | 1.98 | 80 |
| Edmundo | 13.5 | 2.06 | 70 |
| Eminent | 13.2 | 1.7 | 56 |
| Entreactos | 9.8-10 | 1-1.19 | 22-27 |
| Epicures | 9.8 | 1.1 | 24 |
| Forum | 13.5 | 1.83 | 62 |
| Franciscanos | 11.6 | 1.6 | 44 |
| Franciscos | 14.3 | 1.7 | 62 |
| Ingenious | 15th | 2.14 | 83 |
| Gordito | 14.1 | 2 | 71 |
| Gran Corona | 10.4-23.5 | 1.7-1.87 | 41-124 |
| Hermosos No. 4th | 12.2-12.7 | 1.8-1.91 | 53-60 |
| Infantes | 9.4 | 1.4 | 29 |
| Julieta No. 2 | 17.4-17.8 | 1.8-2 | 84-95 |
| Laguito No. 1 | 19.2 | 1.51 | 79 |
| Laguito No. 2 | 15.2 | 1.51 | 60 |
| Laguito No. 3 | 11.5 | 1.03 | 28 |
| Laguito No. 4th | 11.9 | 2.06 | 59 |
| Laguito No. 5 | 14.4 | 2.14 | 79 |
| Laguito No. 6th | 16.6 | 2.22 | 98 |
| Marevas | 12.7-13.7 | 1.4-1.7 | 44-56 |
| Minutos | 10.7-11 | 1.7 | 43-44 |
| Montesco | 13 | 2.18 | 71 |
| Nacionales | 14th | 1.6 | 57 |
| Nacionales JLP | 12.6 | 1.5 | 47 |
| Palmas | 17th | 1.3 | 59 |
| Parejos | 16.6 | 1.5 | 66 |
| Partagas No 16 | 16.7 | 1.9 | 85 |
| Perlas | 10.2 | 1.59 | 37 |
| Petit Cetros | 12.7-12.9 | 1.5-1.6 | 47-51 |
| Petit Cetros JLP | 12 | 1.4 | 41 |
| Petit Churchill | 10.2 | 1.98 | 46 |
| Petit Coronas | 12.5-12.9 | 1.5-1.7 | 46-55 |
| Petit Edmundo | 11 | 2 | 51 |
| Petit No. 2 | 12 | 2.06 | 60 |
| Petit Robusto | 10.1 | 2.1 | 48 |
| Piramides | 15.3-15.6 | 1.9-2.06 | 76-84 |
| Pirámides Extra | 16 | 2.14 | 90 |
| Placeras | 12.4-12.5 | 1.3 | 40 |
| Prominent | 19.4 | 1.9-2 | 101-105 |
| Robust | 12-15.6 | 1.9-2 | 56-78 |
| Rothschild | 11-12 | 1.9-2 | 40-55 |
| Seoane | 12.6 | 1.43 | 44 |
| Sports | 11.7 | 1.39 | 39 |
| default | 12.3 | 1.6 | 48 |
| Tacos | 15.5 | 1.7 | 69 |
| Toppers | 16 | 1.5 | 63 |
| Toro | 14.4-16.4 | 1.98 | 60-70 |
| torpedo | 13 | 1.98 | 64 |
| Trabucos | 11 | 1.51 | 39 |
| Vegueritos | 10.8-12.7 | 1.3-1.4 | 33-44 |
Colors of the tobacco leaves
The producers of cigars distinguish over 200 different shades of tobacco used, which can be reduced to the following seven basic colors:
| designation | meaning |
|---|---|
| clarissimo | green |
| claro claro | blond |
| claro | yellow brown / milk coffee colored |
| claro colorado | light brown |
| maduro colorado | reddish brown |
| maduro | dark brown |
| oscuro | black |
Only five shades are used in the production of Cuban cigars, black and green are not used.
A special way of making cigars is rolling two-tone cigars. To make the two-tone cigar, a whole wrapper, e.g. B. the lighter color, used and wrapped a darker tobacco leaf cut into strips.
Consumer technology
Before a cigar can be smoked, the head end of many models must first be opened. With this so-called cut, a hole is cut through which the smoke enters the mouth. Cigars in the lower and middle price ranges have a notch at one end that was already made during industrial production so that they can be smoked without cutting. This also occurs with short fillers, as these are usually stored and smoked in a dry place and cutting the dry cover sheet harbors the risk that it will tear. If this notch is not present, which is the case with all hand-rolled brands, the cigar must be cut, drilled or bitten open with scissors, a special cigar drill or a so-called cutter at the head end before smoking. Special cigar cutters are also available in specialist shops for this purpose . A distinction is made between cigar scissors, cutters and cigar punches, with the latter being more suitable for very flat ends (with Havanas). A good cut creates a hole 3/4 the size of the cigar diameter and otherwise leaves the cover sheet intact. When it comes to cutters, a distinction is made between models with a single blade and models with a double blade.
For longer and thicker formats, we recommend opening the cigar with a special drill that drills a small hole in the end of the cigar. The advantages are that any disturbing tobacco particles are not absorbed with the drawing; when cutting, however, the cover sheet is always injured, even with the best scissors. Furthermore, the puffing behavior of the cigar improves. Piercing a cigar is one of the oldest methods of opening cigars. However, the drilling method also has its disadvantages: For example, fatty acids and tobacco juices collect quickly in the comparatively small opening, which can adversely affect the taste of the cigar while smoking.
In contrast to cigarettes, cigar smoke is not inhaled but only absorbed (puffed) into the oral cavity . In order not to impair the taste, in addition to correct storage, lighting and a drawing technique adapted to the cigar are important. Cigars are smoked much more slowly than cigarettes. The usual measure is around one pull of the cigar per minute.
Petrol lighters or sulfur-containing matches are unsuitable for lighting a cigar , as they can adversely affect the taste of the cigar. Instead, it is recommended to use either a normal gas lighter or a wood chip, also known as a fidibus . The foot end of the cigar is not held directly in the flame, but slowly turned over the flame ("toasted") until a small ring of ash has formed. Only then do you take the first train.
Some smokers blow on the foot end to fan the embers. This way of lighting a cigar has a certain show effect, but in contrast to carefully pressing air through from the head end, which blows bitter substances out of the cigar when lighting, there is no practical advantage compared to lighting the cigar directly with a gas lighter.
When puffing the cigar, it must not be pulled too vigorously, because the resulting excessively high temperatures are detrimental to the aroma. Furthermore, care should be taken not to pull on the cigar too often, otherwise the smoke will also become too hot.
The last third of the cigar serves as a filter and should not be smoked. Good long filler cigars can also be smoked up to the last quarter. A cigar is not pressed out, but rather placed in the ashtray where it goes out by itself. Cigarillos can also be put out in a fire extinguisher .
When the cigar burns down, a long ash cylinder is created, which is carefully tapped into an ashtray from time to time. The right time for this can partly be recognized by the formation of a small fracture point. If the ash is knocked off and not wiped off by turning the cigar in the ashtray, as is recommended, there is a risk that the embers will break off or even the insert sheets will tear.
Good cigars form a stiff ash that forms a stable cylinder.
Many cigar smokers appreciate light ashes. However, it is less the quality of the cigar than the speed at which the cigar is smoked that is decisive. Smoking slowly and deliberately promotes the formation of light ashes.
equipment
The accessories for cigar smoking primarily include the cigar cutter or the cigar knife for cutting the mouthpiece and the humidor for storing the cigars in order to prevent them from drying out. Fire extinguishers and cigar swings are rarely or rarely used.
Health effects
All forms of tobacco smoking have negative health effects, including cigar smoking.
According to the American Lung Association , the risk of lung cancer of smokers who consume five or more cigars a day, some of whom also inhale, is one-third lower than that of smokers who smoke an average of one pack of cigars a day. If the smoker himself or others inhale cigar smoke ( passive smoking ), the lungs can be stressed.
Cigar smoke remains - longer than cigarette smoke - for several seconds in the mouth, where he worked on the palate , throat , gums and tongue tumors can produce. Three cigars a day double or triple the risk of oral tumors compared to non-smokers, according to the American Lung Association. Cigar smoke can also cause carcinogenic substances to enter the body via the oral mucosa and saliva and lead to tumors in the digestive system or in the urinary bladder . The risk of developing cancer in the throat area is higher for cigar smokers than for cigarette smokers.
Most brands of cigars contain around 100 to 200 milligrams of nicotine (in some cases up to 444 milligrams); an average cigarette contains about 8.4 milligrams. Less nicotine is absorbed through the oral mucous membrane than through the lungs, but cigar smokers can also become physically dependent due to the higher nicotine content. As with all drugs, cigar smokers can also sometimes experience psychological dependence ( habitual addiction ). With an addiction, the most difficult hurdle to overcome is psychological dependence, because this persists even after the physical symptoms have subsided. The ritual character of cigar smoking in particular helps ensure that enjoyment can quickly become a habit and smoking one or more cigars a day leads to dependence.
Known cigar smokers
- Fidel Castro - Cuban head of state and party leader
- Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister
- Bill Clinton - former US President
- Ludwig Erhard - German Chancellor
- Peter Falk - American actor and film producer, film role inspector " Columbo "
- Alfred Hitchcock - British-American film director
- Heiner Müller - German playwright
- Edward G. Robinson - American actor, “Mr. Cigar "
- Gerhard Schröder - former German Chancellor
- Ove Sprogøe - Danish actor, film role " Egon Olsen "
- Rudi Assauer - German football manager
photos
The French writer George Sand (1804–1876) was one of the first women to smoke cigars in public in Europe.
Cuban cigar brands
Advertisement for cigars from Havana, 1868
Advertisement for tobacco products, 1901
Presorting the tobacco leaves according to the characteristics of the taste
Cuban torcedor
Cuban cigar rollers in Pinar del Rio
Rolled cigars in molding board
Banderole of a cigar (Dominican Republic)
Two-tone cigar
Cigar in the ashtray
literature
Gourmet and consumer goods
- Anwer Bati: cigars. Heyne, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-89910-035-2 .
- Anwer Bati: The Big Book of the Cigar. Heyne, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-89910-238-X .
- Guillermo Cabrera Infante: smoke signals. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1990, ISBN 3-518-38250-0 .
- Zino Davidoff : Cigar Breviary or What smokes the connoisseur. Paul Neff, Vienna 1991, ISBN 3-7014-0751-7 .
- Vahe Gerard: cigars. 2 vols. Delius Klasing, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-7688-1482-3 .
- Erhard Gorys: The Art of Smoking a Cigar. dtv, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-423-36076-3 .
- Hubertus Grubner: Pocket Guide Cigars. Gentlemen's Digest, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-9810086-8-5 .
- Richard Carleton Hacker: The World of the Cigar. Heyne, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-89910-138-3 .
- Bernard LeRoy, Maurice Szafran: The great story of the cigar. Christian-Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-88472-158-5 .
- Andrea Molinari: The cigar. With template for all ring mass. Heyne, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-453-19352-0 (only about Cuban cigars).
- Min Ron Nee: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Post Revolutionary Havana Cigars. AWM, Sankt Augustin 2005, ISBN 3-9809308-1-5 (all Habanos documented in their original size).
- Matthieu Prier: Havana. Hallwag, Bern 1996, ISBN 3-444-10474-X .
- Dieter H. Wirtz: The cigar lexicon. Droemersche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-426-27191-5 .
- Dieter H. Wirtz: The Havanna Lexicon. Christian, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-88472-509-2 .
- Pierluigi Zoccatelli: Havana - the best cigars in the world. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 2005, ISBN 3-7688-1659-1 .
Social history of the cigar workers
- Arnold, Sebastian: Turning Times: Chapter 2, The Age of the Cigar Makers. Rödersheim-Gronau 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-029455-6 .
- Patricia A. Cooper: Once a cigar maker: men, women, and work culture in American cigar factories, 1900-1919. Univ. of Illinois Pr., Urbana 1992, ISBN 0-252-01333-6 .
- Dagmar Burgdorf: Blue haze and red flags, economic, social, political and ideological development of the Bremen cigar workers in the 19th century. Brockkamp, Bremen 1984, ISBN 3-922496-01-6 .
- Rolf Momburg: The cigar makers: From the history of the cigar industry in Minden-Lübbecker Land from 1830 to the present. Publishing house Kurt u. Margarete Meyer, Hüllhorst 1996, ISBN 3-920621-06-9 .
- Monika Dickhaus, Martin Fiedler: Rise and Fall: The History of the Bünder Tobacco Industry in the 19th and 20th Century. In: Martin Fiedler et al. (Hrsg.): Traces of the cigar: Bünde - a tour through the “Germany's cigar box”. Essen 2000, ISBN 3-88474-903-X .
- Martin Fiedler: And that's how we worked all our lives in your company. Letter from a cigar maker from 1924. In: Historical yearbook for the Herford district 2001. Bielefeld 2001, pp. 157–171, ISSN 0942-6434 .
Web links
- American Lung Association Cigar Smoking Fact Sheet
- Federal Association of the Cigar Industry V.
- Cigar formats
- Website of the German Tobacco and Cigar Museum in Bünde
- Socio-historical cigar factory museum of the Palatinate
- Video: making cigars by hand . Institute for Scientific Film (IWF) 1979, made available by the Technical Information Library (TIB), doi : 10.3203 / IWF / E-2284 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ According to the Oxford English Dictionary
- ↑ In cigarro veritas. Smoking with Hermann Burger . Retrieved July 13, 2014.
- ^ Fritzsche ( Memento from December 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), full text , Wilhelm Heinz Schröder : Arbeitergeschichte und Arbeiterbew Movement. Industrial work and organizational behavior in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Frankfurt 1978. especially pp. 120-149, pp. 237-253.
- ↑ Tobacco industry: Germans smoke cigars more often . In: Spiegel Online . January 14, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed January 15, 2019]).
- ↑ Havana ( Memento of May 2, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Federal Ministry of Finance Lexicon ( Memento from September 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ ᐅ cigarette or cigarillo . In: JuraForum.de . ( juraforum.de [accessed on August 14, 2018]).
- ↑ Duden
- ↑ a b Encyclo
- ↑ Silvio Rizzi: Burned down. In: NZZ Folio . 11/1996 «Fire, please!»
- ^ Tabakfabrik Roth, Hallwil ( Memento from July 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Thomas Brunnschweiler: The stump. In: NZZ Folio 3/1999.
- ↑ Thomas Brunnschweiler: Smoke signals from the Stumpenland. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 3, 2002.
- ^ Zino Davidoff . In: Cigar Breviary. 6th edition, Paul Neff Verlag, Vienna 1986, p. 30.
- ↑ "German Cancer Research Center". Accessed on May 3, 2017.
- ↑ Cancer information service of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg. Retrieved September 3, 2014.