Hechaluz
Hechaluz ( Hebrew הֶחָלוּץ, The Pioneer ) was the umbrella organization of Zionist youth organizations that had set themselves the goal of organizing Jewish immigration to Palestine ( Aliyah ) and its preparation ( Hachshara ).
Germany
On December 16, 1922, a German regional association was founded, which brought together all the Chaluzim working in Germany . According to the founding principles, anyone who learned or practiced an agricultural, manual or any other occupation essential for the development of Palestine (“ redeployment ”) and who was able to integrate into the Jewish workforce of Palestine could become a member of the German state association .
During the Weimar Republic there were never more than 500 members; In the course of 1933 the number of members rose rapidly to an estimated 13,000 chaverim ("comrades"), of which about a third were female. Despite close cooperation with the Zionist Association , the Hechalutz remained formally independent. As of 1933, there were thirteen Gilim ("districts") with a district manager at the top. In 1933, Enzo Sereni , who had come to Germany as an instructor for the Palestinian kibbutz movement , became the head of the Hechalutz . In 1934 he was followed by Georg Josephthal , who left Berlin in 1937, handing over many responsibilities to Jehuda Barlev and Jehuda Markus.
The association identified itself ideologically with the Mapai . The socialist Habonim acted as an important support , while the competitive relationship with the Marxist Hashomer Hatzair intensified after 1933. In the tradition of the German youth movement, there was a certain leadership cult in Hechaluz and a preference for flags and symbols in order to strengthen the self-confidence of the Jewish youth.
The Hechaluz publishing house issued a total of 25 brochures and out, according to its own information, a total of over 200,000 copies.
With the increasing Jewish emigration from 1936 onwards, the number of local groups decreased, and a lack of management staff had to be replaced by often inexperienced workers. The Hechaluz was absorbed into Division I of the Palestine Office in November 1938 .
See also
literature
- Carsten Teichert: Chasak! Zionism in National Socialist Germany. 1933–1938 (Diss. Uni Cologne 1997), Cologne 2000. ISBN 3-9807173-0-5 .
- Harald Lordick: Polish Zionists in the Ruhr area. A Hechaluz club in Hamborn around 1925 . In: Jan-Pieter Barbian , Michael Brocke , Ludger Heid (eds.): Jews in the Ruhr area. From the Age of Enlightenment to the Present , Essen 1999. ISBN 3-88474-694-4 . Pp. 523-540.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Jehuda Reinharz (ed.): Documents on the history of German Zionism 1882-1933 . Mohr Siebeck, 1981, ISBN 3-16-743272-1 , p. 328 ff . ( online ).
- ↑ Hechaluz. Theresienstadt Ghetto - A reference work, accessed on April 9, 2008 .
- ↑ Teichert, p. 116 f.
- ↑ See Teichert, p. 137 f.
- ↑ Teichert, p. 142.