Avoda

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
haAwoda
Labor Party
Labor Party logo
Amir Peretz 2019.jpg
Party leader Amir Peretz
founding January 21, 1968
Headquarters Tel Aviv , Israel
Youth organization Young Guard
Alignment Social Democracy , Socialist Zionism
Colours) red
Parliament seats
3/120
Number of members 55,000 (2013)
International connections Progressive Alliance

Socialist International

European party SPE (observer)
Website www.havoda.org.il

haAwoda ( Hebrew העבודה, German : "Die Arbeit") is an Israeli party . Her full name is Mifleget haAwoda haIsra'elit (מפלגת העבודה הישראלית, German: Israeli Labor Party). It was founded on January 21, 1968, among other things as the successor party of the Mapai . It is a center-left Zionist party . The party is a member of the Socialist International and the Progressive Alliance . Your youth organization is called Mischmeret Tse'irah schel Mifleget haAwoda (משמר נוער בתוך מפלגת העבודה).

history

Mapai

The Israeli left parties until 1948

The Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (Mapai,מפא״י, German: Party of the Workers of Eretz Israel ) existed from 1930 to 1968. It emerged from the merger of Achdut HaAwoda and HaPoel HaZair . The former emerged in 1919 from the moderate (“right”) wing of the internationally widespread, Marxist - Zionist party Poalei Tzion . HaPoel HaZair was also left and Zionist, but had no Marxist origins. The Mapai was closely associated with the Histadrut (general Hebrew trade union ), which dominated the Hebrew settlement economy and infrastructure. With their support, the Mapai became the ruling force in the Zionist movement.

By far the most prominent leading figure in the Mapai, like its predecessor Achdut haAwoda, was David Ben-Gurion , who headed the party from its founding until 1963. During the British mandate, Achdut haAwoda or Mapai was always the strongest force in the Assembly of Representatives , the parliament of the Jewish residents of Palestine. Ben-Gurion became executive chairman of the Jewish Agency in 1935 and led Israel to independence in 1948.

Mapai won the first Knesset election in 1949 and became the strongest force in all subsequent elections. Ben-Gurion became Israel's first Prime Minister and led the government - with one interruption - until 1963. The Mapai's most important competitor was initially the likewise left-wing Zionist Mapam , which was, however, even more strongly Marxist and promoted a pro-Soviet foreign policy in the beginning the Mapai under Ben-Gurion stood for a western orientation. The party was at the height of its popularity in 1959 , when it received 38.2% of the vote and 47 of the 120 Knesset seats.

As a result of the Lawon affair , Ben-Gurion resigned as head of the party and government in 1963. His successor in both offices was Levi Eschkol . Ben-Gurion then fell out with Eschkol, left the Mapai and founded the Rafi split in 1965 . Mapai and Achdut HaAwoda - Poalei Tzion (a moderate split from Mapam) joined the election in 1965 as the electoral alliance HaMaʿarach LeAchdut Poalei Eretz Jisraʾel ("Association for the Unity of the Workers of the Land of Israel") and then formed a joint faction in the Knesset - later Called "little Maʿarach".

Association 1968

Avoda Party Congress 1969

In 1968 the Mapai merged with the parties Achdut haAwoda - Poalei Tzion and Rafi to form the Israeli Labor Party Avoda (העבודה). David Ben-Gurion rejected the merger, however, and did not join the united party. After Levi Eschkol's resignation, he was succeeded in 1969 by Golda Meir, both as party leader and as prime minister.

From 1969 to 1988 the Avoda entered the Knesset elections as HaMaʿarach (המערך, "The connection"). The Maʿarach was both an electoral and a factional alliance to which in particular (until 1984) the second important left-wing Zionist party, Mapam , belonged as a junior partner. Until 1977, all prime ministers belonged to the Mapai or the Avoda. For a long time she ruled together with religious parties. The greatest opponent of the Avoda was Menachem Begin's right-wing conservative Cherut party (now Likud ).

Opposition and grand coalitions

Shimon Peres (1986)

In 1977, after Yitzchak Rabin resigned , the Labor Party under its new leader Shimon Peres lost the Knesset elections against Begins Likud and thus had to go into the opposition for the first time. After another electoral defeat in 1981, the Labor Party formed a grand coalition with Likud in 1984, the “government of national unity”, whereupon Mapam resigned from the HaMaʿarach faction. The grand coalition gave the term “ Israeli solution ” its name: since Avoda and Likud were almost equally strong, a rotation in the Prime Minister's office was agreed. Peres served as Prime Minister until 1986 and then handed over to the Likud leader Yitzchak Shamir . Ezer Weizmann's small center party Jachad (a moderate split from Likud) was absorbed into the Labor Party in 1986.

After the Knesset elections in 1988, the grand coalition was re-launched, but Avoda was now only a junior partner of the Likud under Shamir. After the so-called “doves” gained strength within the Labor Party, the coalition broke up in 1990 over questions of peace and security policy. Shimon Peres' attempt to subsequently form a coalition with the religious Shas party under his leadership failed, whereupon the Labor Party had to go back into the opposition.

Rabin and Peres governments

In 1992, Yitzchak Rabin was elected as the new leader of the Avoda against Shimon Peres. Under Rabin, the Labor Party won the Knesset elections and Rabin became the new prime minister of a coalition with the left-wing Mapam successor Meretz and the ultra-orthodox Shas party. During the electoral term, Rabin signed a peace treaty with Jordan and participated in the Oslo peace process . After the murder of Rabin by the religious right-wing extremist Jigal Amir , Shimon Peres initially took over the affairs of government and then headed a new government until May 1996, when he lost the elections to Likud politician Benjamin Netanyahu . The main cause of the lost election is believed to be a wave of suicide bombings by the Palestinian terrorist group Hamas .

Party leadership by Barak and Peretz

After the failure of the Netanyahu government, Peres' successor as Avoda party leader Ehud Barak was able to replace the party that is now called Yisrael Achat (ישראל אחת, Eng .: An Israel) had entered into an electoral alliance with the small parties Gescher and Meimad , who win direct elections for the office of prime minister. After the outbreak of the al-Aqsa intifada , he lost a vote of confidence in 2001 and also lost the prime ministerial elections against Ariel Sharon . In the 2003 elections for the next Knesset, the Avoda under Amram Mitzna lost the position of the strongest party against Sharon's Likud and went into the opposition.

After the Shinui party left the government in a coalition crisis in 2004 , the Labor Party rejoined a “government of national unity” with the Likud, with Shimon Peres becoming Vice Prime Minister under Ariel Sharon. By joining the government, the Labor Party wanted to support Sharon's plan to evacuate the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip . In a membership survey at the end of 2005, with which the party leader and top candidate for the Knesset election was determined, Shimon Peres was narrowly defeated by his challenger Amir Peretz . Peretz terminated the coalition with the Likud. In the 2006 Knesset elections, the Avoda achieved second place with 19 seats behind the newly founded Kadima , with which it then formed a government coalition.

Ehud Barak (200)

When the far-right Jisra'el Beitenu was accepted into the coalition by Avigdor Lieberman , nine Knesset MPs protested against a coalition , including the Awoda minister Ophir Pines-Paz , who resigned his ministerial office to protest this decision and left the government the Labor Party with Isra'el Beitenu, as this party advocates a strict social separation of Arabs and Jews and, in this context, calls for the expulsion of Arab Israelis to the West Bank.

Peretz was replaced by Ehud Barak in 2007, both as Avoda party leader and as defense minister. Under this the Labor Party lost six seats in the early Knesset elections in 2009 and for the first time became only the fourth strongest force behind Kadima, Likud and Jisra'el Beitenu. Nevertheless, the party joined a Likud-led government coalition with Jisra'el Beitenu and Shas, in which it provided four ministers, including Ehud Barak, the defense minister. Awoda's participation in this coalition was highly controversial within the party, as many saw the party as the left fig leaf of a right-wing coalition and preferred renewal in the opposition, while Barak stressed the party's responsibility for the state of Israel.

Split in 2011

After the participation in the government was exposed to increasing criticism from within the party, party leader Ehud Barak announced on January 17, 2011 his resignation from the Labor Party and the establishment of a new "centrist, Zionist and democratic" Knesset faction called Ha'Atzma'ut ( independence ) . Barak was followed by four of the twelve remaining members of the Avoda faction into the new parliamentary party, which continued to support the government. Barak's move was welcomed by Labor leaders as an opportunity to rebuild the party. Shortly after its announcement, the Avoda ministers Jitzchak Herzog , Avischai Brawerman and Benjamin Ben-Eliezer announced that they were leaving the government, which after Barak's split still had a majority in the Knesset.

Shelly Yachimovich was elected in September 2011 to succeed Barak as chairman of the Labor Party. After the party only received fifteen seats in the Knesset election in January 2013, Yachimovich was replaced by Yitzchak Herzog in November .

Zionist Union

During the election campaign at the end of 2014, the Labor Party formed a joint electoral list with the Ha-Tnu'a of Tzipi Livni under the name Zionist Union . In the event of an election victory, the government should alternate between Herzog and Livni ( Israeli model ). However, shortly before the election on March 17, 2015, Herzog terminated this agreement.

Avoda politicians 2017: Danny Atar , Jitzchak Herzog , Ayelet Nahmias-Verbin

Since the beginning of April 2016, the party under Yitzchak Herzog has been increasingly pessimistic about the two-state solution. In addition, she was less committed to the interests of the Palestinians, such as the evacuation of Israeli settlements, while on the other hand, for example, there has recently been talk of Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel. This tendency continues under Avi Gabbay's leadership. On January 1, 2019, three months before the early parliamentary elections, Gabbay terminated the Zionist Union alliance .

Loss of importance since 2019

Development of the Avoda Knesset seats from 1969 to 2019

In the Knesset elections on April 9, 2019 , the Avoda fell to 4.45%, the worst result in its history. It was only represented by 6 of the 120 MPs in the Knesset. After Prime Minister Netanyahu failed to form a government after the election, Netanyahu turned to Avi Gabbay shortly before the deadline to avert new elections . After initial hesitation, however, he rejected his party's entry into the coalition. Gabbay, who had promised before the election not to join any Netanyahu-led government, was heavily criticized within his own party for hesitating until he turned down Netanyahu's offer. After calls for resignation were raised against him, Gabbay decided not to run again for the party chairmanship and to withdraw from politics. Amir Peretz was elected as his successor at the beginning of July 2019, who has now held this post for the second time.

With a view to the Knesset election in September 2019 , Peretz announced that Awoda would run together with the Gescher party founded by Orly Levy-Abekasis . At the same time issued Peretz other electoral alliances, such as with Democratic Israel or Meretz , a Absage. The decision was both of the other parties of the left spectrum, and within the Avodah, as of Itzik Shmuli and Stav Shaffir criticized. Shaffir then left the Avoda and took part in the formation of the Democratic Union electoral alliance (consisting of Meretz, Democratic Israel and the Green Movement), for which she took second place on the electoral list in the upcoming election. After the formation of the government failed again, HaAwodah ran together with Meretz in the 2020 elections, but resigned from the parliamentary group after the election in order to join Benny Gantz and belong to a Netanyahu government.

ideology

The Mapai came from the socialist movement of the "Workers of Zion" ( Poalei Tzion ) and adhered to the Zionist-socialist ideology as propagated by Nachum Syrkin and Ber Borochov . During the tour of Ben-Gurion (1930s to 1950s), the Mapai concentrated mainly on Zionist concerns and saw their primary goal in creating a national homeland for Jews. It was closely associated with the powerful trade union federation Histadrut and with the left kibbutz movement .

After the establishment of Israel, the Mapai participated in the establishment of the new state, among other things with the establishment of the Israeli army IDF (Tzahal - צה wobeiל) , whereby armed predecessor groups were dissolved, the establishment of many settlements, the settlement of more than a million Jewish people Immigrants and the integration of immigrants into a new Zionist Israeli culture.

In recent decades the Avoda has developed into a party of the center on some social and economic policy issues. She was considered to represent the middle and upper classes of the country who had immigrated from Europe. Since peace and security policy overlays everything, economic issues are rarely discussed controversially in Israel, so the political focus in this area is less on political ideologies. Only with the election of Amir Peretz as party leader did socio-political issues regain greater weight. Peretz is an Oriental Jew ( Mizrachi ) who broke the dominance of the established European Jews ( Ashkenazim ) at the head of the Avoda.

The Avoda used to represent a tough position on defense issues. Under her government, Israel was involved in the Suez Crisis (1956), the Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War . The Labor Party has been divided on the question of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict for many years.

The so-called “ pigeon faction” around originally Jossi Beilin , Amram Mitzna, Avraham Burg and Juli Tamir fully supported peace negotiations with the Palestinians and is ready to clear most of the Israeli settlements. Supporters of this direction strongly criticize the actions of the Israeli army against the Palestinians, for example the targeted killings of leaders of the terrorist organizations. In 2003, a small group to Beilin and split Yael Dayan on the Avoda to later together with Meretz , a new left party called Meretz Jachad form (Social Democratic Israel).

The so-called “Pragmatics Group” of the Labor Party, originally headed by Shimon Peres, Ophir Pines-Paz, Chaim Ramon and Benjamin Ben Eliezer, supported the idea of ​​negotiations with the Palestinians in the event of an end to terrorism and the replacement of the current Palestinian leadership with a government which is not associated with violent groups. However, Shimon Peres and Chaim Ramon left the Avoda in 2006 and joined the Kadima .

Election results of the Mapai and Avoda

Representative Assembly year Total votes Votes in% Seats in parliament comment
1. 1920
70/314
 As Achdut haAwoda
2. 1925
54/221
 As Achdut haAwoda
3. 1931 21,497 43.5
27/71
 As a Mapai
4th 1944 73,367 36.52
64/171
 As a Mapai
Knesset year Total votes Votes in% Seats in parliament comment
1. 1949 155.274 35.7
46/120
 As a Mapai
2. 1951 256,456 37.3
45/120
 As a Mapai
3. 1955 274.735 32.2
40/120
 As a Mapai
4th 1959 370,585 38.2
47/120
 As a Mapai
5. 1961 349.330 34.7
42/120
 As a Mapai
6th 1965 443.379 36.7
45/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
7th 1969 632.035 46.2
56/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
8th. 1973 621.183 39.6
51/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
9. 1977 430.023 24.6
32/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
10. 1981 708.941 36.6
47/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
11. 1984 724.074 34.9
44/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
12. 1988 685.363 30.0
39/120
 In the HaMa'arach electoral alliance
13. 1992 906.810 34.7
44/120
14th 1996 818.741 26.8
34/120
15th 1999 670.484 20.2
26/120
 In the electoral alliance Yisrael Agate
16. 2003 455.183 14.46
19/120
 Electoral alliance with Meimad
17th 2006 472,366 15.06
19/120
 Electoral alliance with Meimad
18th 2009 334,900 9.93
13/120
19th 2013 432.118 11.39
15/120
20th 2015 744.673 18.73
24/120
 In the electoral alliance Zionist Union
21st 2019 191,323 4.44
6/120
22nd 2019 212,529 4.80
5/120
 In the electoral alliance with Gescher ; five of the six seats went to the Avoda
23. 2020 267,362 5.84
3/120
 In the electoral alliance Awoda-Gescher-Meretz with Gescher , Meretz and Bechira Demokratie ; three of the seven seats went to the Avoda

Party leaders of the Mapai and Avoda

See also

literature

  • Myron J. Aronoff: Power and ritual in the Israel Labor Party: A study in political anthropology . 2nd Edition. Routledge, Armonk, NY 1993, ISBN 978-1-56324-106-2 (American English, Rev. & expanded ed).
  • Efraim Inbar: The decline of the Labor party . In: Israel Affairs . tape 16 , no. 1 , January 1, 2010, p. 69–81 , doi : 10.1080 / 13537120903462019 (American English).
  • Neill Lochery: The Israeli Labor Party. In the Shadow of the Likud. Ithaca Press, Reading 1997, ISBN 978-0-86372-217-2 (American English).

Web links

Commons : Awoda  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Peter Münch: Mr. Compensation . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , November 23, 2013, p. 10
  2. ↑ Mordecai Naor: Eretz Israel . Könemann, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-89508-594-4 , page 394
  3. ↑ Israel . In: Federal Center for Political Education (Ed.): Information on Political Education . Issue 278. Franzis' print & media, 2008, ISSN  0046-9408 , From the Zionist Vision to the Jewish State, p. 9 .
  4. ^ Bettina Marx: A minister as a strategic threat (tagesschau.de archive) ( ARD , October 30, 2006)
  5. ↑ Labor party remains in the Israeli government . In: NZZ , October 29, 2006
  6. ↑ Olmert: Coalition with the far right does not change Israel's Middle East policy . In: Der Standard , October 30, 2006
  7. ↑ Mazal Mualem: Labor MK: Lieberman's entry into gov't would mark 'black day' . ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Jack Khoury, Yoav Stern: Labor's Arab members vow to 'settle score' over partnership with Lieberman . ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Akiva Eldar: So much for another kind of olive harvest . ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (all three in: Ha'aretz , October 27, 2006) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.haaretz.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.haaretz.com @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.haaretz.com
  8. ↑ Netanyahu's right-wing coalition is in place. In: FAZ.net . March 25, 2009, accessed December 16, 2014 .
  9. ^ Jean-Luc Renaudie: Israel's Barak quits Labor and forms new party. In: The Age , January 18, 2011.
  10. ↑ www.haaretz.com
  11. ↑ www.haaretz.com
  12. ↑ www.haaretz.com
  13. ↑ www.freitag.de
  14. ↑ www.haaretz.com
  15. ^ Jachimowitsch new Avoda boss Israelnetz.com, September 21, 2011, accessed on May 12, 2012
  16. ↑ Sabine Brandes: Merger of Hatnua and Labor Party. In: Jüdische Allgemeine Zeitung. December 11, 2014, accessed March 4, 2017 .
  17. ↑ SDA-ATS : Stalemate in elections in Israel: Likud and Zionist camp level. In: swissinfo.ch . March 17, 2015, accessed March 4, 2017 .
  18. ↑ Mikhael Manekin: Labor party on the wrong track. In: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Israel Office. December 20, 2016, accessed March 4, 2017 .
  19. ↑ Israel's Labor Party Must Get Rid of Herzog. In: Haaretz. April 21, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Liat Schlesinger: Everything began with the left foot - Plea: Israel's Labor Party must find its left voice again. In: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Israel Office. December 18, 2017, accessed January 3, 2018 .
  21. ↑ The Israeli opposition alliance breaks up shortly before the parliamentary elections. In: www.nzz.ch. January 1, 2019, accessed January 1, 2019 .
  22. ↑ Raoul Wootliff: rejecting laboratory chief admits weighing, then, last-minute offer to join coalition. Retrieved July 3, 2019 (American English).
  23. ^ TOI staff: Labor MK: Party chief Gabbay 'has ended his political career'. Retrieved July 3, 2019 (American English).
  24. ↑ Stuart Winer, TOI staff: After stormy term, Labor chief Gabbay announces he is quitting politics. Retrieved July 3, 2019 (American English).
  25. ↑ Raoul Wootliff: Ailing Labor elects past chairman Amir Peretz to lead it through next election. Retrieved July 3, 2019 (American English).
  26. ^ Labor's Peretz joins forces with Orly Levy-Abekasis, shuns Meretz. Retrieved July 25, 2019 (American English).
  27. ^ Labor chief Peretz rules out alliance with left-wing Meretz, Barak. Retrieved July 25, 2019 (American English).
  28. ↑ Fresh cracks form in Labor as left-wing parties said to ramp up merger efforts. Retrieved July 25, 2019 (American English).
  29. ↑ Raoul Wootliff, TOI staff: Meretz, former PM Barak, Labor defector Shaffir announce joint Knesset run. Retrieved July 25, 2019 (American English).
  30. ↑ Ulrich Schmid: Israel's left is reinventing itself. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , July 12, 2017, accessed on July 17, 2017 .