Kibbutz movement
The kibbutz movement ( Hebrew התנועה הקיבוצית, HaTenu'a HaKibbuzit ) is the umbrella organization of the secular, d. H. Most of the kibbutzim in Israel . This kibbutz movement currently has 273 kibbutzim in Israel with a total population of 120,000.
There is also the small association of religious kibbutzim, Religious Kibbutz Movement , founded in 1935 with 16 kibbutzim .
history
After the first kibbutz Deganja A was founded in 1909, the first umbrella organization was formed in 1925, namely Chewer HaKwutzot . It belonged to the center-left and tried to keep in touch with the political right of the Jewish population.
In 1927 the organization Kibbutz HaMeuchad was founded as an alternative , standing further to the left, and "preferred the large kibbutz as a pioneer of a large commune on a national level."
In 1928, the leftmost umbrella organization Kibbutz HaArtzi was founded (linked to the left-wing socialist Mapam party , now the Meretz party ). In 1998 she represented 85 kibbutzim.
The core of the political disputes always revolved around the question of what right the (classic bourgeois) individuality (including the nuclear family) still has in a collective model of life. After the establishment of the State of Israel, these differences intensified.
In 1951 the social democratic kibbutzniks of the center-left ( Ben Gurion , Mapai party) separated from the organization Kibbutz HaMeuchad , merged with Chewer HaKwutzot and formed the new umbrella organization Ichud HaKvutzot VeHaKibbutzim . The remaining members of the Kibbutz HaMeuchad organization in 1951 were close to the socialist party Achdut HaAwoda . The divisions of kibbutzim originate from this period, which remained spatially (mostly surrounded by a common security fence) but appended an 'Ichud' or 'Me'uchad' to the common kibbutz name, for example Ashdot Ja'akov or En Harod . Ichud and Kibbutz Hameuchad merged in 1979 to form the "United Kibbutz Movement" HaTenu'a HaKibbutzit HaMeuchedet (abbreviated Hatakam) and thus reversed the 1951 separation.
In the course of the political and economic crisis of the kibbutzim, Hatakam and the left-wing socialist organization Kibbutz HaArtzi finally merged in 1999 to form today's HaTenu'a HaKibbutzit .
literature
- Fela Yizhaki: The kibbutz from back then. Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-89468-096-2 .
- Claus Stefan Becker: Kibbutz, moshav and voluntary services - Israel. Freiburg 1997, ISBN 3-86040-010-X .
Web links
- Website of the secular kibbutz movement
- Website of the religious kibbutz movement
- Platform for former kibbutz volunteers from all over the world
References and comments
- ^ The Kibbutz Movement - Planting hope for future generations. ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.9 MB), p. 4 (English).
- ^ A b Michael Wolffsohn, Douglas Bokovoy: Israel. Opladen 1995 (4th edition), ISBN 3-8100-1310-2 , p. 344.
- ↑ In terms of political history, these disputes are a remarkable exceptional phenomenon insofar as it is actually the political rule that a state does not afford major differences and reduces democratic discussion processes if its existence is threatened from outside, as Israel is practically through its will to annihilate the entire Arab world in the 1950s.
