Halkların Democracy Partisi

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Halkların Democracy Partisi
Party leader Pervin Buldan and Mithat Sancar
founding 2012
Alignment Democratic socialism
Social democracy
Regionalism
Direct democracy
Pluralism
Feminism
Anti-capitalism
Left populism
Egalitarianism
Green politics
LGBT rights
Parliament seats
56/600
Number of members 40,528 (April 1, 2021)
International connections Progressive Alliance
Socialist International (associated)
European party Party of European Socialists (associated)
Website hdp.org.tr

The Halkların Demokratie Partisi (short name: HDP ; Turkish for Democratic Party of the Peoples , in Kurdish : Partiya Demokratîk a Gelan ) is a left-wing political party in Turkey . She advocates minority rights , especially for the Kurdish minority .

In the parliamentary elections in June 2018 , the HDP was able to overcome the ten percent hurdle with 11.7% of the vote and has 56 of 600 members (as of November 22, 2020) in the parliament of Turkey . This makes the HDP the third largest group in parliament. It is the first Kurdish majority party ever to be directly elected to parliament.

Various right-wing populist and national-conservative parties and politicians accuse the HDP of not distancing itself clearly enough from the PKK or of not having ties to it.

Program and organization

The aim of the statutes is to establish democratic rule by the people and to enable people to lead a dignified life without repression , exploitation and discrimination . Addressees include: all oppressed and exploited and all peoples and religious communities who are denied and exploited. All management positions should be held by a woman and a man together. The party is an umbrella party consisting of the Demokratik Bölgeler Partisi (DBP) and various smaller left-wing groups and parties.

history

Founding and references to other groups

The party was formally emerged in 2012 from the Halkların Demokratik Kongresi (German: "Democratic Congress of the Peoples") and is assigned to the left Kurdish spectrum. Several prominent MPs from the pro-Kurdish party BDP officially switched to the HDP in October 2013, with which there are considerable personal overlaps. Leading politicians of the BDP and HDP stated that the BDP acts as the HDP in western Turkey.

At a party conference on October 27, 2013 in Ankara, Ertuğrul Kürkçü and Sebahat Tuncel were elected party leaders. But since there can be no double leadership in the Turkish party law, Tuncel became the official party leader. Members of the then newly elected party executive committee, which had 80 members at the time, are three representatives of the LGBT movement, a prisoner from the Gezi Park movement , public figures and various ethnic groups, and Hüda Kaya, a representative for devout Muslims. The HDP, which was founded shortly before this party congress, serves as an umbrella organization for pro-Kurdish and socialist parties, activists from the trade union, women's, homosexual and environmental movements as well as representatives of religious and ethnic minorities.

The imprisoned chairman of the PKK , Abdullah Öcalan, is considered to be the founding initiator . Öcalan had called on the BDP to “bring the Kurdish movement and the left in Turkey together”. In a written greeting, Öcalan described the HDP as "the historical heiress of the revolutionary struggle". He pointed out that the radical political left around the Turkish student leader Mahir Çayan , who was killed in an exchange of fire with the police in Kızıldere in 1971 , had inspired the emergence of the Kurdish resistance movement. With the former guerrilla activist Ertuğrul Kürkçü , the only survivor of the Kızıldere incident was elected chairman of the HDP. Kürkçü described the party's general orientation as socialist and anti-capitalist : “We insist on socialism. Humanity cannot survive with capitalism ”. Kürkçü and the Kurdish politician , who was elected co-chair, Sebahat Tuncel had left the BDP parliamentary group to represent the HDP in parliament together with other left-wing MPs. In addition to the establishment of the HDP and the merging of its predecessor BDP in the new party, the candidacy of HDP co-chairman Selahattin Demirtaş in the presidential elections took place on the instructions of Öcalan, who is not a member of the party himself. In this way, according to the assessment of the Turkey expert Günter Seufert ( Foundation for Science and Politics ), unofficial power structures determine the actions of the legal party, which has formal decision-making mechanisms controlled by the state. The HDP can therefore be seen as part of the PKK-dominated and strongly centrally structured Kurdish national movement, which confronts the Turkish state in the negotiations with Turkey in the form of a legal party (HDP), as well as an association of civil society organizations ( DTL ), as a military organization ( HPG ) with its center in the Kandil Mountains , as an exile organization based in Brussels (KNK) and as a charismatic leader (Abdullah Öcalan).

For the local elections in March 2014, the BDP was planning to put up candidates under its name in the Kurdish parts of the country, while the HDP was to run for the first time in western Turkey.

The deputy Sirri Süreyya Önder , who play a central role at the start of Taksim Gezi Park - protest had played, saw a connection in the Kurdish resistance movement and the Gezi protests to the protests against the road construction on the campus of the Technical University of the Middle East (ODTÜ) in Ankara: "The process that began with the Kurdish freedom movement and was continued with strikes, the Newroz celebrations and Gezi Park actions culminated in the resistance at the Technical University of the Middle East". According to Önder, the time has come for "building barricades", with the HDP being "the cement of this barricade". The origins of the HDP lie in the electoral alliance between the pro-Kurdish BDP and socialist groups. The strongest force in the alliance is the BDP, which, in addition to a parliamentary group of over 30 members, has around 100 mayors in the Kurdish parts of the country. Left associations such as the Labor Party (EMEP) and the Socialist Democracy Party (SDP) played an important role in the protest movement in the summer.

Attacks on rallies and HDP facilities

During the election campaign in June 2015, shortly before the election, there was a bomb attack during an HDP rally in Diyarbakır , in which at least two people were killed. Several attacks on HDP offices had previously taken place. On October 10, 2015, 102 people were killed and 500 injured in a terrorist attack on an HDP rally in Ankara.

Since the recent clashes between Turkish armed forces and the PKK began, the HDP has come under increasing pressure under the pretext of maintaining close ties to the PKK. In addition to political pressure, there were also arrests and physical attacks on party buildings.

Electoral participation

The party first took part in local elections in Turkey in March 2014 . With the membership of Ertuğrul Kürkçü , Sebahat Tuncel , Sırrı Süreyya Önder and Abdullah Levent Tüzel , the HDP became the fifth party in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . After the four MPs Gürsel Yıldırım, İbrahim Ayhan, Selma Irmak and Faysal Sarıyıldız were released from custody in February 2014 as part of the KCK trials , they also joined the HDP shortly afterwards. With the transfer of almost all BDP MPs at the end of April 2014, the HDP had 29 MPs and thus parliamentary group strength.

HDP election campaign in Germany in May 2015

In the parliamentary elections in June 2015 , the party surprisingly managed to get into parliament with 13.1% of the vote and 80 seats. It also prevented a further absolute majority for the AKP, which has ruled alone since 2002 - it would have been the fourth - as well as the AKP's hope of winning a constitutional majority for a presidential system in favor of President Erdoğan , who has been representative since his election in 2014 Had to limit tasks. Because there was no clear majority after the election and the AKP was unable or unwilling to govern with a coalition partner (failed coalition negotiations were considered to be an advance), a cabinet was initially put together with ministers from all parties involved in the government wanted to. The HDP also took part and for the first time provided two ministers in the interim cabinet, Cabinet Davutoğlu II , Ali Haydar Konca and Müslüm Doğan . They resigned in September 2015 in protest of the government's actions in the Kurdish regions.

In the early parliamentary elections in November 2015, it was uncertain whether the HDP would succeed in moving back in. In the end, it received 10.7% of the vote and 59 seats; Despite the narrow recovery of the HDP, the AKP surprisingly achieved a government majority with a clear increase in votes, with great support from the state media and an election campaign focused on regaining the absolute majority for the ability to govern. In the meantime, after the attempted coup in 2016 , the AKP established a presidential government through decrees in the following state of emergency, before introducing the presidential system in 2017 through a narrow referendum. Previously, numerous HDP MPs had their parliamentary immunity lifted. In the early parliamentary elections in June 2018 , which are now linked to the presidential election in the new system of government , the HDP received 11.7% of the vote and 67 seats. Erdoğan was re-elected despite the significantly lower approval and the renewed loss of the parliamentary majority for the AKP through the new alliance of his party with the formerly hostile nationalist-secular MHP.

In the local elections in March 2019 , the HDP and three major cities ( Diyarbakır , Mardin and Van ) won a total of 65 mayor positions. Since then, in the course of various legal proceedings, the Turkish government has removed 36 mayors - including all major cities - and replaced them by employees of the Interior Ministry (as of mid-March 2020).

Proximity to the PKK and repression by the Turkish government against the HDP

The HDP is accused by the ruling Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP) , Iyi Parti (IYI) and Turkish President Erdoğan of being close to the PKK , which many countries classify as a terrorist organization, or not clearly enough to distance her.

In Turkey, but also in NATO , in the USA and in several other countries , the PKK is classified as a terrorist organization . A ruling by the European Court of Justice after the PKK's classification on the EU terrorist list for the years 2014 to 2017 was declared null and void due to procedural errors, is ineffective due to a new EU decision on the terrorist list, as it was already entered on the terrorist list in 2002 remains relevant. The EU continues to accuse the PKK of fighting with armed violence and attacks for a Kurdish state or an autonomous region in southeast Turkey.

The HDP as well as the UN and several other states do not define the PKK as a terrorist organization. At the end of July 2015, HDP chairman Selahattin Demirtaş told a German journalist that there were no connections to or even instructions from the PKK. On the other hand, HDP party member Ertuğrul Kürkçü said: “ If we were to say that we are against everything the PKK does, then that would not be very convincing ... that the HDP and the PKK are in many ways related and that even the brother of the HDP top candidate Selahattin Demirtas with the rebels in the mountains is ... The Kurdish people do not consider these people to be terrorists ... "

On February 18, 2016, in a special session in the Turkish parliament, a joint bipartisan condemnation of the bomb attack carried out by an arm of the PKK in Ankara on February 17, 2016 failed . The declaration that was finally adopted was supported by all parties except the HDP parliamentary group, which justified its rejection in the parliamentary debate, including the attack carried out by IS in Suruç in 2015 , the bomb attack in Diyarbakir on June 5, 2015 and other attacks in of wanting to have explicitly mentioned in the declaration.

The participation of MP Tuğba Hezer (HDP) at a funeral of a suspected PKK assassin in Van was described by the ruling AKP party , as well as by the main opposition party of the Kemalist CHP , as “high treason” and support of a terrorist organization and the lifting of Tuğba’s immunity Hezers demanded. Ayhan Bilgen, the party spokesman for the HDP, defended Hezer's visit at the funeral service, which is why Bilgen was also accused of not clearly distancing himself from terrorism.

HDP MP Abdullah Zeydan was sentenced in July 2017 to eight years, one month and 15 days in prison for "propaganda and support for a terrorist organization" after he declared in July 2015 to the Turkish government that "... [the PKK is so powerful that] it could drown you in its spit ... ". Following an appeal to a regional appeals court, Zeydan's prison sentence was overturned, but re-sentenced in January 2018 in the Fifth Criminal Chamber of the Diyarbakirs Court.

According to the presentation in February 2018 by the Hamburg social scientist Yaşar Aydın , he justified the decline in the HDP's electorate between the parliamentary elections in June 2015 and November 2015 because of its political incompetence " ... to distance itself clearly from the PKK ... ". He predicts the political role of the HDP " ... will ... depend on whether it can credibly emancipate itself from the PKK ... ".

In November 2018 four HDP MPs (went Leyla Güven , Tayyip Temel, Murat Sarısaç and Dersim Dağ) into an unlimited solidarity hunger strike against solitary confinement of PKK founder / -Vorsitzendes Ocalan, who because of high treason has been imprisoned since 1999, according to Human Rights Watch (1998) Öcalan is considered to be responsible for the "crimes against humanity" ( German  crimes against humanity ) between 1992 and 1995 in Turkey. For the wanton murder of innocent civilians. This political action was " ... controversial within the Turkish-Kurdish left ... " and met with criticism from within the party. These four HDP MPs obeyed Öcalan's request to stop starving in May 2019 and thus ended the hunger strike.

Constitutional amendment waived immunity

On May 20, 2016, the constitution was amended to make it easier to lift the immunity of Turkish MPs. The HDP was particularly affected by this constitutional amendment, as 50 of its 59 MPs were investigated. If convicted, the MPs lose their mandate. It was rumored that this procedure was intended to reduce the number of HDP MPs in order to give the AKP the majority it needs to implement a presidential republic in Turkey. This was criticized by the German Chancellor Angela Merkel as undermining the rule of law. In the following months, however, with the appointment of a constitutional referendum by a 60% majority with the help of the MHP, another route to the presidential system was chosen. President Erdogan is accused of trying to target political opponents with this constitutional amendment (which actually took place after the constitutional referendum in 2017 ). Although the immunity of parliamentarians from all four parties represented in the Grand National Assembly has been lifted, the Turkish judiciary is now largely staffed with staff loyal to Erdogan, so that international journalists and observers assume that this process was essentially used to combat the HDP as an opposition becomes. EU Parliament President Martin Schulz described the process as a severe blow to Turkish democracy, literally saying: "Since the last elections, the rule of law has been systematically undermined and one-man rule cemented."

Arrest of members of parliament

Several MPs of the party were arrested on the night of November 4, 2016. After they were brought before the judge, nine of them were sentenced to pre-trial detention. These were the HDP chairmen Figen Yüksekdağ and  Selahattin Demirtaş , as well as Nursel Aydoğan, Leyla Birlik , Gülser Yıldırım,  İdris Baluken , Abdullah Zeydan, Ferhat Encü and Selma Irmak. Among other things, the Turkish authorities accuse them of membership in a terrorist organization. On November 4, Sebahat Tuncel was also arrested, brought before the judge and taken into custody. The politically motivated arrests were heavily criticized by the US and the EU. Federal Foreign Minister Steinmeier appointed the Turkish envoy and stated in a statement that although no one disputed Turkey's right to act against terrorism, this should “not serve as a justification for silencing the political opposition or even bringing it behind bars. " Federal President Gauck publicly asked whether the actions of the Erdogan government were" the final turning away from the path towards Europe ". After the arrests, the HDP announced a boycott of parliament.

After the bomb attacks in Istanbul , to which the PKK splinter group TAK claimed responsibility , around 237 higher-ranking members of the party, including the HDP chairmen of Istanbul and Ankara, were arrested on 12 December 2016 for alleged PKK connections without accusing them of being involved in the crime. The Turkish Minister of the Interior, Süleymann Soylu, defined the government's task as “eliminating forever” alleged puppets from the region.

According to Human Rights Watch, 13 HDP MPs had been arrested by March 2017 and 82 municipalities in the Kurdish south-east of Turkey had been placed under state administration. On the morning of March 31, 2017, Demirtaş announced through his party that he was going on a hunger strike . However, this could be ended on the evening of the same day due to promises of recovery from the prison administration.

Removal of HDP mayors

After a total of 65 HDP politicians were elected as mayors in the local elections in Turkey in 2019, a total of 47 newly elected HDP mayors have been dismissed by the Turkish government and replaced by state administrators by September 2020. The Turkish government cited specifically raised allegations of terror support and propaganda and membership of a terrorist organization as reasons.

Wave of arrests in autumn 2020

Another wave of arrests ordered by the Turkish government against the HDP began in September 2020 . First of all, arrest warrants were issued against 82 people, including numerous former MPs and mayors of the HDP, such as the co-mayor of the city of Kars , Ayhan Bilgen and the former MPs Sırrı Süreyya Önder , Ayla Akat Ata and Emine Ayna . In addition, the General Prosecutor's Office announced that it would request the waiver of the immunity of seven HDP MPs. At the end of September, 14 people were arrested in Diyarbakır, southeast Turkey . At the beginning of October 2020, another raid against the HDP followed in the province of Kars with at least 19 arrests. The co-mayor Şevin Alaca and her deputy as well as city and provincial council members were removed from office by order of the Interior Ministry. Against most of those arrested was the grounds flight risk , without the presence of lawyers , detention imposed.

The background to this was an investigation by the General Prosecutor's Office in Ankara, which was opened in autumn 2019 and accused the victims of inciting violence, attempted destruction of the unity and integrity of the state, murder, looting and deprivation of liberty, among other things. Due to the attitude of the Turkish AKP government in the fight of the Kurds against the attempted occupation of the Syrian-Kurdish border region around Kobanê by IS militias , the HDP had to neither send military aid nor allow Kurdish fighters or weapons to support them across the border in October 2014 called the people of Northern Kurdistan and Turkey to protest against the government. This had led to street battles with Turkish security forces in many Turkish cities, with at least 37 dead, mostly on the part of the protesters. The HDP had made several motions in parliament to have the unrest investigated, but all of them were rejected. According to the Ankara Public Prosecutor's Office, the protests in October 2014 led to attacks against 326 security forces and 435 civilians.

Prohibition application in March 2021

On March 17, 2021, the Attorney General's Office of the Supreme Court in Turkey requested the Constitutional Court to ban the HDP . The public prosecutor accused the HDP of "terrorist activities". As a further reason, it was said that HDP members had intended with their statements and actions to undermine the integrity of the state. The HDP rejected the allegations. On the same day, HDP representative Ömer Faruk Gergerlioğlu was deprived of his parliamentary seat and thus his immunity. An appeals court had previously upheld Gergerlioğlu's two-and-a-half-year prison sentence for terrorist propaganda (he called for a peaceful solution to the Kurdish conflict on Twitter in 2016 ). The prohibition action filed in March was dismissed by the court due to formal deficiencies. As a result, the Attorney General's office again filed a lawsuit in June 2021, which was accepted for decision by the Constitutional Court.

Member of the HDP in the Turkish Parliament (selection)

Former HDP MPs in the Turkish Parliament (selection)

See also

Web links

Commons : Halkların Demokratik Partisi  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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