Bomb attack in Ankara on February 17, 2016

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Police line at the crime scene

When bomb attack in Ankara on February 17, 2016 on a military convoy to which the Kurdistan Freedom Falcons known, a militant splinter group of the terrorist organization PKK , the government quarter were Çankaya from Ankara at least 29 people dead and injured over 80 others. It was the fifth bomb attack in Turkey since summer 2015.

prehistory

The attack took place in a situation where Turkey's foreign and domestic policy was very tense. After more than two years, a ceasefire between Turkey and the PKK broke up in July 2015 and set in motion a spiral of intensifying fighting with the PKK that claimed hundreds of lives in the clashes.

During the Syrian civil war , Turkey appeared as a staunch supporter of the Syrian rebels, whose struggle in the city of Aleppo was collapsing due to intense Russian air strikes, while Kurdish forces in the north of the province of Aleppo near the key city of Aʿzāz near the border with Turkey were facing the situation had exploited to bring new territories under the power of the Syrian-Kurdish YPG , which is a sister organization of the terrorist organization PKK in Syria, contrary to the line officially represented by the US government . In 2015, Turkey had after the attack in Suruç the airbase İncirlik approved for air operations of the US, including for air strikes in Syria that allowed the YPG advancement.

Destruction in the predominantly Kurdish town of Cizre after a month-long strict curfew was lifted (Photo: March 1, 2016)

Turkey, which expressed increasing concern about the YPG, which was supported by Russian air strikes in western Syria and by US air strikes in eastern Syria, and pointed to the YPG's links with the PKK, has been flying to PKK positions and villages in the northern Iraqi Kandil since summer 2015 . Mountains , where the PKK controlled an area of ​​around 50 square kilometers. Since mid-December 2015, the Turkish army has also launched an offensive against PKK fighters who were holed up in cities in southeastern Turkey, which is predominantly inhabited by Kurds. Hundreds of people died, including numerous civilians. Strict curfews were imposed on Kurdish-dominated districts, which drew sharp criticism from human rights groups. In clashes between Turkish security forces and Kurdish militias, dozens of people were killed and thousands displaced in the southeast Turkish city of Cizre, which is under strict military curfew .

Several attacks had occurred in Turkey in the months preceding the attack. Since the bloodiest attack to date in Ankara on October 10, 2015 , in which 103 people were killed in a pro-Kurdish peace demonstration in Ankara and for which, according to the Turkish authorities, the Islamic State , classified as a terrorist organization, was responsible, the highest terror warning level has applied. On January 12, a suspected IS supporter killed 11 German tourists in a suicide bomb attack in Istanbul . In the weeks preceding the attack on February 17, the Turkish security forces arrested numerous suspected IS fighters who are said to have planned further attacks in Ankara and the metropolis of Istanbul.

Course of events and victims

According to a report by the Turkish news agency Doğan, the suicide attack occurred on February 17, 2016, next to a passing convoy of military vehicles in Ankara's government district Çankaya in front of a building of the Turkish Air Force near Parliament. There was a big detonation. A large fire was seen on TV broadcasts. According to the army, the target of the attack were buses that transported members of the armed forces. The car bomb detonated in the evening rush hour around 6:30 p.m. local time when the army convoy stopped at a red light near the parliament building. Two of the buses burned out completely.

The attack hit an area in central Ankara where institutions are concentrated, including the army headquarters and parliament. The attack was one of the deadliest attacks on the Turkish military in recent years. According to initial information, a total of 20 soldiers of various ranks, six civilian employees and a young journalist were killed. Prime Minister Davutoğlu said the victims of the attack were 27 soldiers and one government official. According to February 24, the number of those killed had risen to 29 by that time after an injured person died. 81 others were injured.

  • Ankara daki Bombalı Saldırıda 28 Ölü 17-Feb-2016 2.jpg
  • Ankara daki Bombalı Saldırıda 28 Ölü 17-Feb-2016.jpg
  • Ankara daki Bombalı Saldırıda 28 Ölü 17-Feb-2016 5.jpg
  • Ankara daki Bombalı Saldırıda 28 Ölü 17-Feb-2016 3.jpg
  • Ankara daki Bombalı Saldırıda 28 Ölü 17-Feb-2016 7.jpg

Investigations, prosecutions and information about the perpetrator

On February 18, 2016, security authorities arrested 14 suspects. The Turkish government blamed the Turkish-Kurdish PKK and the Syrian-Kurdish party PYD with their military arm, the YPG, for the attack. Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said on February 18 that there was clear evidence that the attacker was a member of the YPG. The perpetrator comes from Syria and entered Turkey from there. Davutoğlu stated that the assassin was a fighter from northern Syria, born in 1992, named "Muhammet Salih Neccer", who belonged to the YPG and was supported by the PKK. He described the attack on February 18 as "completely solved". The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan confirmed on February 19 that the suicide bomber was “definitely” a member of the YPG.

While the US State Department said it was still an "open question" who carried out the attack in Ankara, the Ankara Prosecutor announced on February 19 that six other suspects had been detained, adding up their total 20 increased. The arrests were made during police operations in at least seven provinces, the state news agency Anadolu (AA) reported on February 19, citing the public prosecutor's office. According to later reports, the number of those arrested in connection with the attack rose to 21.

On February 23, AA reported that a DNA test revealed that the killer was the Turkish Kurd Abdulbaki Sömer. The Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Numan Kurtulmuş emphasized that this "does not change the fact" that the attack was carried out in cooperation between Turkish and Syrian Kurds. He said the assassin had definitely entered Turkey from PYD-controlled Syrian territory in the summer of 2014. According to the Turkish daily Hürriyet , according to an initial report by the Turkish security authorities, he used forged identification documents in the name of “Salih Muhammed Neccar” and pretended to be a Syrian who fled the violence of IS in Syria with the falsified identity. Police arrested ten people, including his father and a brother, at a Sömer memorial service in Van Province on February 23. According to Hürriyet , the DNA test could be obtained by comparing the DNA of the father, Musa Sömer, with the DNA of "Salih Muhammed Neccar", who was registered as a Syrian refugee, when the father of the suicide bomber was arrested after the TAK as the perpetrator Abdulbaki Sömer, born in Van in 1989, had stated. On February 25, Daily Hürriyet reported that, according to information from his questioning as a suspect by Turkish security authorities, Musa Sömer had been looking for his son for years in PKK camps in northern Iraq (2008 in Haftanin, 2011 in Zap, 2013 in Gare and 2014 in Metina) after he reported him missing in 2005.

According to Hürriyet, according to the report by the Turkish security authorities, the DNA test indicated that the perpetrator of the attack was not a Syrian refugee named "Salih Muhammed Neccar", as Erdoğan and Davutoğlu had previously stated, but the one in Turkey Born Kurd Abdulbaki Sömer, who had apparently traveled to Turkey from Syria and was registered as a Syrian refugee "Salih Muhammed Neccar" thanks to a forged identity.

Various news agencies and Western media presented the TAK perpetrator information and the DNA tests as contradicting the perpetrator information provided by the Turkish leadership, which had linked the YPG to the attack. The news agency Agence France-Presse (AFP) claimed on February 19 that Davutoğlu's statement that the perpetrator was a Syrian YPG agent contradicted the TAK's allegations. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) headlined in an article based on AFP reports on February 24th with “Ankara assassin does not come from Syria - A DNA test has shown: the Ankara suicide bomber did not come from Syria as claimed. Does Turkey stop shooting at the Kurds in the neighboring country? "And presented the different perpetrator statements by the Turkish government and TAK as a contradiction after the publication of the Hürriyet article on the report of the Turkish security authorities, without referring to the falsified identity of" Hürriyet " Salih Muhammed Neccar ”. The German Press Agency (dpa) wrote in its international version on February 20 that the letter of confession countered the allegations of the Turkish government that the Syrian Kurdish allies of the USA were behind the attack. The dpa presented it as a contradiction that Turkey blamed a Kurd from northern Syria born in 1992, while the TAK had given a perpetrator born in 1989 in eastern Turkey. In some cases it was claimed in the media that if the TAK's allegations were to be verified, the Turkish government's portrayal would "be unmasked as a lie" (Elke Dangeleit / Telepolis ).

Attitude and role of TAK and PKK

On February 19, 2016, the militant Kurdish group Teyrêbazên Azadîya Kurdistan (German: “Freedom Falcons Kurdistan”, abbreviation: TAK) claimed responsibility for the suicide attack on their website and wrote: “We struck in the heart of the fascist Turkish state in Ankara”. The TAK stated on its website that the "suicide attack" on February 17th was carried out by the 26-year-old "sacrificial warrior" Abdulbaki Sönmez (battle name: Zinar Raperîn) of the "Brigade of Immortals" of the TAK, who was in 1989 in the Kurdish-dominated East was born in Turkey in the city ​​of Van and has been involved with the TAK in the Kurdish "freedom struggle" since 2011. The TAK portrayed the suicide bombing as revenge for Turkish military operations in the south-east of the country and stated that the attack in Ankara was retaliation for the situation in Cizre, where civilians were "murdered" during the intense fighting with the PKK .

At the same time, the TAK announced the continuation of its "campaign of revenge against the fascist Turkish state" and threatened further attacks against the important tourism sector . The TAK explicitly directed its threats to the tourists in Turkey and urged foreign tourists to stay away from Turkey. In an additional English-language statement, the TAK threatened to want to “destroy” tourism in Turkey and wrote: “We admonish all foreign and local tourists not to go to the tourist areas of Turkey. We are not responsible for those who are killed in the attacks on these areas. ”The TAK threatened that Turkey would not be able to protect holidaymakers. Tourism is one of the most important sources of finance for Turkey's “dirty war” and is therefore “an important goal” that the TAK “wants to destroy”. The TAK claimed to be fighting with further attacks on the Kurdish population and wrote: "We will take revenge for all the suffering of the Kurdish people."

The TAK, which had emerged from the banned PKK in 2004 and attacks in cities - even in the largely untouched otherwise by the violence in the Kurdish-dominated southeastern West - had committed, as the PKK both Turkey and the United States as terrorist group. In the past, the TAK had stated that it had broken away from the PKK, which was also classified as a terrorist organization in the EU . According to media reports, the TAK fought for "regional autonomy". The TAK was a little-known group, which had nevertheless gained some importance in the previous months after it was responsible for a mortar attack on December 23, 2015 on Istanbul's second most important airport ( Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen ). which killed an airport employee and damaged several aircraft.

The PKK leader Sabri Ok said that from a military point of view it was a great and historic action, to which one had to admit in every respect and of which one had to be proud.

In an interview, PKK leader Cemil Bayık stated that the attack was part of the war, that such an attack was not condemned and that the TAK would gain sympathy in society with such attacks.

Western security experts consider the TAK's representation of being independent from the PKK to be unreliable. The TAK is seen as a splinter group of the PKK, but some security experts claimed at the time of the attack that the TAK still had links with the PKK. According to Turkish authorities, the TAK is a facade for PKK attacks on civilian targets. The PKK, on ​​the other hand, claims that the TAK is a splinter group that the PKK does not have control over. The PKK denied participation in the act. In an interview published in pro-PKK media, PKK leader Cemil Bayık said he did not know who carried out the attack in Ankara, but said it could have been “retaliation for the massacres” in Kurdish areas.

In March 2016, the TAK claimed responsibility for another suicide attack on Kızılay Square in Ankara , in which at least 37 people, mostly civilians, were killed on March 13.

Attitude and role of YPG / PYD

"West Kurdistan" (Rojava):
predominantly Kurdish populated areas
and territorial claims of the PYD in northern Syria
Syria Ethno-religious composition..jpg
Ethnic and religious composition of Syria with Kurdish regions (pink)
Rojava cities.png
Rojava as "West Kurdistan" as claimed on a PYD website in October 2013


The Syrian-Kurdish “People's Defense Units” (YPG) are the military arm of the Syrian-Kurdish “Party of the Democratic Union” (PYD), which was founded in 2003 and is closely linked to the banned Kurdish PKK. The PKK is classified as a terrorist organization by Turkey as well as by the EU and the USA. However, while Turkey also regards the PYD and YPG as a terrorist organization, the US government does not treat the YPG fighters as terrorists, but sees them as the most effective force on Syrian territory in the fight against the IS terrorist militia and supports them militarily as allies in the Fight against the IS militia in Syria. During a stay in Ain al-Arab (Kurdish: Kobanê), which could be defended with the help of massive US air force support after months of fighting by YPG units against IS ( Battle for Kobanê ), the special envoy appointed by US President Barack Obama emphasized for the International Alliance against the Islamic State (IS) Brett H. McGurk according to media reports that the US “does not regard the YPG as a terrorist organization and will continue to support and equip it”, which led Turkish President Erdoğan to the reproachful question to the US Government had prompted: “Are you our allies, or are you allies of the terrorists?” The PYD is pursuing the goal of bringing a contiguous area along the Turkish border under its control, in order to isolate the three mainly Kurds from each other lying de facto cantons "Afrin", "Kobane" and "al-Hasaka" to combine. Turkey sees this goal as the preliminary stage of an independent Kurdish state in Syria and fears effects on its own Kurdish population of around 15 million in southeastern Turkey. Prime Minister Davutoğlu accused the left-wing YPG of attacking Syrian civilians, together with Russia and Syrian armed forces, which have been operating air strikes in northern Syria against Syrian rebel groups since October 2015, of "committing ethnic cleansing and war crimes in northern Syria" and "Kurds, Arabs and Turkmen who don't think like them “to attack. The human rights organization Amnesty International had also accused the YPG of expulsions and forced resettlements of mainly non-Kurdish - especially Turkmen and Arab - civilians and of destroying their villages in this area and spoke of abuse of power, disregard for international law and war crimes on the part of the YPG.

The military advance of the YPG in northern Syria thwarted the Turkish plans to be able to reliably care for refugees in camps near the border on Syrian territory and thus to limit the influx of further refugees into Turkey. A high priority goal for Turkey was to prevent the Syrian Aʿzāz from coming under the control of the YPG. Aʿzāz was of outstanding strategic importance and served Turkey as an important transit station for supplying hundreds of thousands of civilians in Aleppo as well as for supporting selected Syrian rebel groups. Since the weekend before the attack in Ankara, the Turkish military has been firing heavy artillery at alleged positions of the YPG and militias allied with them on Syrian territory. Davutoğlu justified the artillery bombardment of YPG positions by saying that Turkey wanted to ensure that "refugees can stay safely in the Azaz area". Turkish aid organizations set up eight refugee camps near the Öncüpinar / Bab al-Salam border crossing on Syrian territory, where they are caring for around 80,000 refugees. The Turkish government wanted a ten kilometer deep security zone on Syrian territory along the Turkish border, which would also include Aʿzāz. Rebel groups supported by Turkey came under pressure from the advance of the YPG and the government troops of the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad , which were strengthened by Russian air strikes, and the supply corridor towards Aleppo was already south of the Kurdish-controlled areas by Assad's government troops several times blocked. Thus, if there was a further escalation in northern Syria, Turkey was threatened with a new wave of refugees with tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of people. In addition, Davutoğlu justified the Turkish action with the right to self-defense , argued that the aggression emanated from the YPG and threatened the YPG: “We will retaliate against every step (the YPG). The YPG and its backers should know Turkey's position. The YPG must leave Azaz and its surroundings immediately and no longer approach it. "

The Turkey correspondent of tagesschau.de, Oliver Mayer-Rüth, used the fact that the PKK and YPG are sister organizations for an assessment of the background to the attack, which gives the YPG a motive for the attack in Ankara after the Turkish military attacked YPG positions in northern Syria to prevent the YPG from taking control of a large area on the Syrian-Turkish border through the partial capture of Tall Rifaat and the imminent capture of Aʿzāz. This could have been a reason for the YPG to "strike back after the attacks by Turkey."

After the attack in Ankara, Turkish Prime Minister Davutoğlu said on February 18, 2016: "Yesterday it became clear again that the YPG is a terrorist organization." This should now also be recognized by the allies. Turkish President Erdoğan strongly advised the US against supporting the YPG on February 19, saying there was “no doubt” that the YPG were behind the attack. Turkey is "saddened" that the West is stubbornly insisting that the YPG not be associated with the PKK. While Turkey urged the US to declare the YPG, the armed Syrian branch of the PKK fighting in Turkey, a terrorist organization, the YPG denied any connection and asserted that it had never attacked Turkey or any other neighboring state.

The US government continued to refuse to accept any request by Turkey to classify the PYD and YPG as a terrorist organization. The USA and other countries called on Turkey to show restraint towards the YPG. The Turkish government called back calls from the USA and France to stop the shelling immediately.

The Syrian Kurds denied any involvement in the Ankara attack. The YPG and PYD denied the Turkish government's allegations that they were branches of the PKK and denied being involved in the attack in any way.

The co-chairman of the Syrian Kurdish party PYD, whose armed arm are the YPG, Salih Muslim , told dpa on February 18: “We have no connection to what is happening in Turkey”. The Turkish allegations are part of an "escalation policy" against Kurdish parties.

The YPG and its spokesman Rêdûr Xelîl described the allegations as a pretext for an invasion by Turkey into the areas in northern Syria named by the YPG Rojava and in fact controlled by them.

Reactions

Protests after the attack

Turkey

  • TurkeyTurkey Turkey - Turkey blamed Kurdish fighters - PKK and its Syrian offshoot YPG - for the attack and announced retaliation.
Vice Prime Minister Numan Kurtulmuş spoke of an attack "on the entire nation".
The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced retaliation and declared that Turkey was determined to exercise their "right to self-defense." He canceled his February 18 trip to Azerbaijan , stating that such attacks inside or outside Turkey's borders would only increase Turkey's determination to fight back in the same way.
Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu canceled his trip to Brussels , planned for February 18 , where he wanted to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and talk about concrete measures to deal with the refugee crisis. Davutoğlu announced retaliation for the attack and made serious charges against the Syrian government: “The YPG is a puppet of the Syrian regime and the Syrian regime is directly responsible for this attack. We reserve the right to take any kind of measure against the Syrian regime. ”He went on to say that Turkey would“ without hesitation face the treacherous elements and puppets of the outside forces in the toughest possible way ”.

On February 18, 2016, a joint bipartisan condemnation of the terrorist attack failed in a special session in the Turkish parliament in Ankara. The declaration that was finally adopted was supported by all parties except the HDP , which in the parliamentary debate justified their rejection by explicitly mentioning the attack in Suruç in 2015, the bomb attack in Diyarbakir on June 5, 2015 and other attacks in the declaration want. The explanation that is not supported by the HDP is as follows:

“As parties represented in parliament, we strongly condemn inhuman terrorist attacks aimed at unity and integrity in our peace and security. Terrorism and violence will never achieve their goal. We declare that our nation will never give in to terror and that it has the power to thwart these plans. ”

On February 22, 2016, a memorial service for the assassin was held in Van with the family of the assassin, which caused great outrage among the Turkish public. The participation of MP Tuğba Hezer (HDP) was severely criticized by the ruling AKP party and the leading opposition party of the social-democratic CHP as “high treason” and support for a terrorist organization, whereupon Tuğba Hezer's immunity was demanded. Ayhan Bilgen, the party spokesman for the HDP, defended Hezer's visit at the memorial service with the sensational reason that they did not mourn the bomber there, but wanted to share the loss and pain of the bomber's family, which was also heavily criticized by Ayhan Bilgen.

International

  • United NationsU.N. UN - UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemned the explosion and expressed his hope that “the perpetrators of the terrorist attack will be brought to justice as soon as possible”.
  • NATO NATO - NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg sharply criticized the act and said that there could be no justification for such terrible acts. NATO is on the side of member Turkey in the fight against terrorism.
  • GermanyGermany Germany - Chancellor Angela Merkel was appalled by the attack and condemned it "in the strongest possible way". She expressed Germany's solidarity with Turkey.
  • FranceFrance France - French President François Hollande condemned the "shameful attack" and assured Turkey of his support.
  • IranIran Iran - Iran condemned the bomb attack. Foreign office spokesman Jaber Ansari said, according to the ISNA agency, the attack had "once again demonstrated how important and necessary the joint fight against terrorists" is.

Further incidents in the temporal context

On February 17, 2016, the day of the attack, the so-called refugee summit started , at which a Euro-Turkish solution to the European refugee crisis was fought. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu canceled his participation in Brussels after the attack.

Since the evening of February 17, the Turkish Air Force has carried out air strikes on PKK positions in northern Iraq after the attack, although it was not initially clear whether the attacks were related to the Ankara attack. According to Davutoğlu, 70 PKK fighters were killed, including leaders of the PKK.

One day after the attack - on February 18, 2016 - at least 6 soldiers died in an alleged PKK bomb attack on the army in Lice, Diyarbakır province . According to the AA, at least two soldiers and two police officers were killed in clashes with PKK fighters in the Sur district in the south-east Turkish Kurdish stronghold of Diyarbakır , where PKK supporters holed up and fought heavy fighting with the security forces since December 2015.

According to the activist source SOHR , which is against the Syrian government and often not independently verifiable , the Turkish military is to intensify the cross-border shelling of areas that the YPG had previously brought under its control on February 19 and has made YPG positions difficult since the attack in Ankara have shot.

In New York , the UN Security Council held deliberations on February 19, during which Russia presented a draft resolution demanding respect for Syrian state sovereignty and territorial integrity in response to alleged Turkish plans to send troops to Syria , albeit swiftly from them with veto -equipped UN Security Council members United States and France has been rejected.

The news magazine Der Spiegel reported that the NATO allies had signaled to the Turkish government that in the event of a military conflict provoked by Turkey with Russia, which supports the Syrian government, it would not have to count on the assistance of NATO.

See also

Web links

Commons : Ankara bombing on February 17, 2016  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Turkish inspectors to dive deeper into detail of Ankara bombing ( Memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), hurriyetdailynews.com, February 26, 2016, by Fevzi Kızılkoyun.
  2. ↑ a b Many dead after the terrorist attack in Ankara , February 17, 2016 (stu / kle (afp, dpa)).
  3. ↑ a b Many injured after the explosion in Ankara - car bomb kills at least 28 people , bild.de, February 17, 2016.
  4. ↑ a b Conflicts - At least 28 dead in attack on military convoy in Ankara , focus.de, February 17, 2016 (dpa).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kurdish splinter group in Turkey claims Ankara bombing as "revenge" ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), dpa-international. com, February 20, 2016, from Shabtai Gold.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Report: DNA evidence shows Ankara bomber came from Turkey, not Syria ( Memento from March 15, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), dpa-international.com, February 23, 2016.
  7. ↑ Residents Return to Cizre, Turkey ( Memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), voanews.com, March 1, 2016.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l 28 dead in bomb explosion in Ankara - search for the perpetrators of the attack ( memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, February 18, 2016.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kurdish terrorist group TAK confesses to attack in Ankara - Two days after the attack on a military convoy in Ankara, a militant Kurdish organization committed itself to the act ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) , Tiroler Tageszeitung Online, February 19, 2016 (APA / Reuters / dpa / AFP).
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m New attack in the southeast - Turkey and its opponents: "Flammable" mixture ( memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) , heute.de, February 18, 2016 (afp, dpa).
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kurdish militants claim Ankara bombing, warn foreign tourists ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), news.yahoo.com, February 19, 2016, by Stuart Williams (AFP).
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Turkey - Ankara assassin does not come from Syria - A DNA test has shown: The Ankara suicide bomber did not come from Syria as claimed. Will Turkey stop shooting at the Kurds in the neighboring country? ( Memento from February 28, 2016 on WebCite ) , faz.net, February 24, 2016 (AFP).
  13. ↑ Erdogan: 14 arrests after the attack in Ankara , Salzburg24.at of February 18, 2016
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Kurdish group from Turkey confesses to the Ankara attack ( memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) , zeit.de, February 19, 2016 (dpa)
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g Ankara bomber infiltrated Turkey with fake id: report ( Memento of 27 March 2016 Webcite ) , hurriyetdailynews.com (English) 23 February 2016 Mesut Hasan Benli.
  16. ↑ a b Kurdish extremist group TAK acknowledges attack in Ankara ( memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) , de.reuters.com, February 19, 2016.
  17. ↑ a b c TAK is committed to the attack on the military convoy in Ankara - The "Freedom Falcons of Kurdistan" also call the assassin, which the representation of the Turkish government, if applicable, would unmask as a lie ( Memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) , Telepolis , February 20, 2016, by Elke Dangeleit.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f Kurdish militant group TAK claims responsibility for Ankara bombing ( Memento of 21 February 2016 Webcite ) , reuters.com (English) 19 February 2016 by Ece Toksabay, Gulsen Solaker and David Dolan.
  19. ↑ BBC, March 20, 2016
  20. ↑ Cumhuriyet of April 25, 2016 ( Memento of the original of October 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cumhuriyet.com.tr
  21. ↑ BBC, April 25, 2016
  22. ↑ Ankara attack was retaliation for "massacre in Kurdistan," group says ( Memento from March 17, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), dpa-international.com, March 17, 2016, by Mirjam Schmitt.
  23. ↑ Joseph Holliday, The Struggle For Syria In 2011 - an operational and regional analysis ( Memento September 7, 2014 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), The Institute for the Study of War (ISW), Middle East Security Report 2, Washington , DC, December 2011, 28 p., Here p. 11, Map 2, archived from the original .
  24. ↑ Parties, Youth Movements and Coordinating Committees in Western Kurdistan ( Memento from September 9, 2014 on WebCite ) (English). www.pydrojava.net, The Democratic Union Party, October 15, 2013, archived from the original ( memento of the original from September 9, 2014 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pydrojava.net
  25. ↑ a b c d Turkey and Syria - The Kurds in Syria: Friend or Foe? - For the Turkish government, the Syrian Kurds are terrorists. The Americans support them in the fight against the "Islamic State". What role do PYD and YPG really play? ( Memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, February 18, 2016, by Reinhard Baumgarten.
  26. ↑ 'We had nowhere to go' - Forced displacement and demolitions in Northern Syria ( Memento of 15 October 2015 Webcite ) (English), Amnesty International, Index number: MDE 24/2503/2015, October 12, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from October 15, 2015 on WebCite )). See also: "We had nowhere else to go": Forced displacement and demolitions in northern Syria (English; video: 7:43 min.), YouTube, published on the YouTube channel Amnesty International on October 13, 2015.
  27. ↑ Syria: US ally's razing of villages amounts to war crimes ( Memento from October 14, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), amnesty.org, October 13, 2015.
  28. ↑ Syria: Amnesty International accuses Kurds of being expelled - PYD fighters supported by the US are said to have forced thousands of civilians to flee and destroyed villages in northern Syria. Amnesty speaks of a war crime ( memento from October 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , zeit.de, October 13, 2015 (Zeit Online, Reuters, ap, ces).
  29. ↑ Reports from Northern Syria - Amnesty accuses Kurdish militia of war crimes ( memento from October 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, October 13, 2015, by Martin Durm.
  30. ↑ Syria: Amnesty accuses Kurdish militia of expulsions ( memento from October 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , spiegel.de, October 13, 2015 (anr / Reuters / dpa).
  31. ↑ Amnesty International accuses Kurds of expelling Arabs ( memento from October 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , Telepolis, October 13, 2015, by Peter Mühlbauer .
  32. ↑ Amnesty International accuses Kurdish YPG of war crimes ( Memento from October 14, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), al-monitor.com, October 13, 2015, by Amberin Zaman.
  33. ↑ Video - Oliver Mayer-Rüth ​​on the background to the attack ( Memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) (Video; MP4), tagesschau.de, February 18, 2016 ( MP4 ( Memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite )).
  34. ↑ Ankara blast: At least 28 dead in Turkish capital explosion. BBC News, February 18, 2016, accessed February 18, 2016 .
  35. ↑ 3 political parties in Parliament issue joint declaration condemning terror ( memento of the original dated February 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Todays Zaman, February 18, 2016, accessed February 24, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.todayszaman.com
  36. ↑ Turkish parliament fails to make a joint declaration after Ankara attack ( Memento of the original from February 28, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. The Journal of Turkish Weekly, February 18, 2016, accessed February 24, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.turkishweekly.net
  37. ↑ Turkish police detain eight during operation on Ankara bomber's commemoration Hürriyet Daily News, February 22, 2016, accessed on February 24, 2016
  38. ↑ Ayhan Bilgen'den taziye açıklaması: Cenaze törenleri geride kalanlarla ilgilidir SputnikNews Turkey, February 23, 2016, accessed on February 24, 2016
  39. ↑ Chancellor Merkel condemns the attack in Ankara , bundesregierung.de

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Originally the TAK had apparently given the names Zinar Raperîn and Abdulbaki Sönmez. The TAK later apologized on its website for having given the wrong family name with “Sönmez” and now gave the name of the suicide bomber Abdulbaki Sömer (source: Özür ve düzeltme açıklaması ( memento of March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) , teyrebazenkurdistan. com (TAK), published date: February 22, 2016). Deviating from this, Elke Dangeleit wrote on Telepolis on February 20 that the TAK had named "Dönmez" as the perpetrator's surname (Source: TAK is committed to the attack on the military convoy in Ankara - the "Freedom Falcons of Kurdistan" also call the assassin, according to the illustration the Turkish government would if applicable unmask as a lie ( Memento of 27 March 2016 Webcite ) ).

Coordinates: 39 ° 54 ′ 55.5 "  N , 32 ° 50 ′ 26.6"  E