Teyrêbazên Azadîya Kurdistan

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The Teyrêbazên Azadîya Kurdistan (TAK) , German  Freedom Falcons of Kurdistan , are a Kurdish terrorist organization in Turkey . Since 2005, the TAK have carried out multiple terrorist attacks in Turkish tourist areas such as Antalya , Marmaris , Izmir and Istanbul and threatened further violence. The Turkish government sees the TAK as a terrorist arm of the PKK . The Federal Court of Justice has also identified the TAK with legal effect as a sub-organization of the PKK and actually assigns terrorist attacks to which the TAK is committed to the PKK . The background to this is that the PKK wants to conceal its terrorist activities "under the guise" of the "supposedly independent" TAK. If the PKK officially distances itself from the TAK, it only does so “for tactical reasons”, according to the federal government . The TAK denies ties to the PKK, but portrays the imprisoned PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan as its leader on the TAK website and demands his release. According to its own account, the TAK, whose members had fought within the PKK for a while, emerged from the guerrilla units of the Kongra Gel , because the Kongra Gel and the HPG (military arm of the PKK) were too weak.

Background, foundation and objective

As a military arm of the PKK, the HPG founded the TAK in 1999 as a radical and independent urban branch of the PKK in response to the arrest of the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan . By founding the TAK, the PKK wanted to expand its network, which up until this point was mainly in rural areas, by attracting young city dwellers. The TAK is not the only, but the most radical, independent youth organization in the PKK environment. These hidden offshoots offer the PKK the advantage of being able to implement a dual strategy of official willingness to negotiate on the one hand and unofficial escalation of violence on the other: On the one hand, the PKK succeeded in attracting frustrated young Kurds who were more aggressive through the PKK offshoots such as the TAK as the official PKK line and prefer violent measures against the Turks perceived as occupiers. On the other hand, the PKK has repeatedly tried to break the spiral of violence (the high phases of which were between 2004 and 2012) by offering a ceasefire by not having to publicly acknowledge the violence of its splinter groups.

Right from the start, the PKK leadership deliberately refrained from official links with the TAK so that the TAK could operate independently against the Turkish security forces in urban areas without endangering the ceasefire unilaterally declared by the PKK after Öcalan's arrest in 1999. The PKK built on the ideological and operational loyalty of the young TAK activists to the PKK as their parent organization and allowed them complete freedom for initiatives and operations.

After the Turkish government had not shown its willingness to negotiate with the PKK, in June 2004 the PKK resumed the armed struggle from which it had renounced in 1999. Since then, the PKK has combined its guerrilla strategy in the traditionally Kurdish-dominated settlement areas in south-east Turkey with bomb attacks in the large cities in the west of the country and used its TAK organization for this purpose, which began in spring 2005 with attacks in Turkish population centers. With this dual strategy, the PKK pursued the goal of forcing an amnesty and direct negotiations on the so-called Kurdish question .

In 2004 the TAK officially split off from the PKK on the grounds that the TAK did not support the pacifist PKK manifesto of 2004, but according to Rayk Hähnlein, security expert at the Science and Politics Foundation ( SWP), so narrow that the TAK cannot be viewed as an independent organization.

The TAK fighters received (as of 2016) their paramilitary training in the Kurdish-dominated cantons in northern Syria that are under the control of the YPG - the Syrian arm of the PKK. Many TAK assassins had been trained in YPG camps for up to two years and had fought in the YPG associations. The direct confrontation with Turkish military actions on the YPG territory significantly promoted the reaction of the TAK with acts of terrorism in the western Turkish metropolises. After the Turkish military drove the PKK out of the cities and began a hitherto unprecedented drone war against the PKK in September 2016 , in which 600 Kurdish fighters were killed within a year, the PKK reacted by using the TAK as its unofficial proxy suicide bombing (e.g. from December 11, 2016 with 45 deaths ), which were comparable in style to the suicide bombings of the Islamic State (IS). According to the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution , the TAK attacks in 2016, with numerous fatalities and injuries, are an example of the fact that the PKK often “shaped and exacerbated” the military conflict through immediate retaliatory actions.

Structure and ideology

PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan , TAK idol figure (Photo: 1997)

The TAK is an urban youth organization. As of 2016, the average age of its members was around 25 years. Your suicide bombers were never older than 30 years. The TAK is particularly popular with marginalized and ideologically easily manipulated Kurdish youth in the southeastern cities, who see the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan as their idol . An employee of the Mezopotamian News Agency (MHA), which was banned by the then Federal Minister of the Interior Otto Schily in 2005 , told the media that the TAK were recruited from a new generation of “frustrated young Kurds” who had grown up in the slums of Istanbul, Izmir and Ankara after their parents fled the fighting by the PKK and the army from southeast Turkey in the 1990s. According to media reports, other Kurdish observers rated the TAK as “socially uprooted youth” and a “new urban guerrilla” born of hopelessness.

In 2006, according to media reports, insights into the structure and procedures of the TAK beyond the close connection between PKK and TAK were considered difficult to gain. Similar to the Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Baden-Württemberg, Heinz Kramer , SWP's Turkey expert, assumed a close connection between the PKK and the TAK and pointed out that the political program of the PKK and TAK was very similar, but emphasized that one does not know whether there are offices that have further information about the TAK. According to media reports, the Turkish secret service failed to clear up the organization. The group apparently operates in small cells in the metropolitan areas - whereas the PKK is a classic management organization with well-known staff and a well-known structure, especially in the east of the country.

attacks

2005-2006

Since spring 2005, the TAK has been drawing attention to itself with attacks in the Turkish population centers, which were part of the PKK's dual strategy, in which the PKK, in addition to the TAK attacks in the western cities, continued the clashes in the rural south-east in the form of a guerrilla strategy. Since the summer of 2005, the TAK has reacted with acts of terrorism whenever Turkey increased the military pressure on the PKK in the predominantly Kurdish-populated areas.

  • July 17, 2005 - After intensive military operations by Turkey in the southeast in the spring of 2005, the TAK carried out an attack on a tourist bus in Aydın , which was also regarded as the first TAK attack.

In an e-mail in German on April 14, 2006 to the Turkish embassy in Berlin and to various tour operators, the TAK announced attacks, in particular against tourism in Turkey. Since the spring of 2006, there have been an increasing number of explosive attacks, to which the TAK claimed responsibility.

  • June 25, 2006 - A bomb attack in a picnic area of ​​the park at the Manavgat waterfalls - around 100 kilometers east of the Mediterranean city of Antalya - kills 4 people and injures 28 others. According to the media, the TAK are committed to the act.
  • August 14, 2006 - The TAK confess to a bomb explosion in the old town of Istanbul with three injured.
  • August 28, 2006 - Attacks in tourist centers: Ten British and six Turks are injured when a bomb destroys a minibus in the seaside resort of Marmaris . Another five people are injured when two more explosive devices explode in Marmaris. A total of 27 people are injured in the three explosions in Marmaris. Four people are killed and over 70 others injured in Antalya, including three German citizens. Previously, six people in Istanbul were injured by a parcel bomb. The TAK are committed to the deeds. By arresting a PKK member, the police apparently thwarted another attack in Izmir.

According to media reports from the end of August 2006 with reference to the Kurdish media, the TAK had carried out around 30 attacks in Turkish holiday resorts or holiday areas since the beginning of 2006, in which a total of twelve people had been killed. On its homepage the TAK threatened that Turkey was “not a safe country, tourists should not come here” and announced that it would “turn the country into hell”. On August 29, 2006, the TAK literally made the following declaration on their website:

“Our attacks will mainly focus on the tourism sector. Because tourism is one of the main areas that feed and finance the dirty war. We warn domestic and foreign tourists not to venture into tourist areas. We will not bear the responsibility if they lose their lives in attacks in these areas. "

In fact, the series of attacks on August 28, 2006 represented a preliminary climax in the spiral of violence. After Öcalan called for a unilateral ceasefire on September 29, 2006 through his lawyers and called for steps to resolve the "Kurdish question", the HPG announced on September 29, 2006 Wanting to keep the armistice on October 1, 2006, whereupon the TAK have not committed to any terrorist attacks since the armistice came into force. The constitution protection report of the German Ministry of the Interior stated for 2006 that in the bomb attacks that the TAK carried out in 2006 in Turkish cities and holiday regions, a total of 14 people - including foreign tourists - were killed and 200 people - including three Germans - were partially killed were seriously injured.

2010-2015

Between 2010 and 2015, the TAK interrupted their series of attacks so as not to endanger rapprochement and the peace process between the AKP government and the PKK. According to the German government, the PKK leadership shifted responsibility to the TAK after the attacks and criticized their acts of violence in public, while the threat of militant actions “using terrorist means” was a central component of the PKK's struggle.

  • 31 October 2010 - In a suicide attack on a police bus in the Taksim Square in Istanbul are injured 32 other people. Except for the suicide bomber, nobody dies. The TAK confessed to the act in a statement published on the Internet on November 4, 2010. The PKK leadership functionary Murat Karayilan sharply criticized the attack, because at that time the PKK was in talks with the Turkish government as part of the unilaterally declared ceasefire (so-called Oslo talks).
  • September 20, 2011 - The TAK detonated a car bomb in the government district of Ankara , killing three people and seriously injuring 34 other civilians. The TAK claimed responsibility for the attack in a statement published on the Internet on November 22, 2011.

Since 2015

Since the failure of the peace process in the summer of 2015 and the subsequent major military offensives against the PKK in southern Anatolia (Cizre, Silopi and other cities), the TAK has resumed its acts of terrorism, starting with the attack on Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen airport on December 23 2015:

  • December 23, 2015 - At around 02:05 a.m., four mortar shells exploded at Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen Airport , three aircraft were hit by shrapnel , including a parked Boeing 737-800 ( registration number TC-CPV) of Pegasus Airlines . At the time, there were two cleaners on the plane, one of whom was killed and the other injured. The TAK took responsibility for the attack.
Bomb attack in Ankara on February 17, 2016

While the majority of the PKK conflict continued to take place in the Kurdish-dominated settlement area in south-eastern Turkey, the violence has increasingly spread to western Turkey since January 2016, with the two TAK bombings on February 17 and March 13 alone At least 66 people (38 civilians and 28 security guards) were killed in 2016 in Ankara:

After the bomb attack in Ankara on February 17, 2016, for which the TAK claimed to be a “suicide attack” on their homepage, the TAK wrote that they had “struck in the heart of the fascist Turkish state in Ankara” and announced the continuation of their “campaign of revenge against the fascist Turkish state ”and threatened with further attacks against the important tourism sector . They explicitly addressed the tourists in Turkey with their threats and urged foreign tourists to stay away from Turkey. In an additional English-language statement, the TAK threatened to want to "destroy" tourism in Turkey and wrote:

“We urge all foreign and local tourists not to go to the tourist areas of Turkey. We are not responsible for those killed in the attacks on these areas. "

The TAK threatened that Turkey would not be able to protect vacationers. Tourism is one of the most important sources of finance for Turkey's “dirty war” and is therefore “an important goal” that the TAK “wants to destroy”. The TAK claimed to be fighting with further attacks on the Kurdish population and wrote: “We will take revenge for all the suffering of the Kurdish people.” In their letter of confession they wrote as long as PKK leader Öcalan was in captivity, would detonate their bombs anywhere in Turkey. The income from tourism would help finance the war, which is why the TAK attacked the tourist destinations.

Rescue workers at the scene of the bomb attack in Ankara on March 13, 2016
  • March 13, 2016 - Another TAK car bomb attack on a central bus station in Ankara kills 35 civilians and two terrorists.
  • April 27, 2016 - A TAK suicide bomber attacked the Great Mosque in Bursa, injuring 13 people. Apparently the bomb exploded prematurely.
  • June 7, 2016 - A car bomb attack on a police bus in Istanbul's Vezneciler district kills 7 policemen and 4 civilians and injures 36 people. A few days later the TAK took responsibility for this.
  • October 2016 - According to media reports, a "rocket attack" took place on the coast of the tourist region of Antalya, in which no people were harmed. The TAK confessed to the attack and spoke of an act of revenge for three of its fighters who had previously been killed.
  • November 4, 2016 - Car bomb attack in Diyarbakir. The TAK claimed responsibility for the attack. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution assessed the attack as a presumed reaction to the fact that on the night of November 4, 2016, the two chairmen of the HDP were arrested in Diyarbakır and Ankara, along with other MPs . In addition to the TAK, the Islamic State also claimed responsibility for the attack .

The TAK reacted to the Turkish military actions against the PKK and the repression against Kurdish journalists, scientists and politicians in autumn 2016 with their attacks on December 10, 2016:

On June 6, 2017, the TAK published a statement in Turkish and English with the announcement that the fight in Turkey would be intensified and that “all metropolises and tourist areas” in Turkey would be treated as potential attack areas:

“We warn those who consider Turkey a safe country for investment and tourism. All cities, megacities, metropolises and tourist areas of the Turkish Republic are our war zone, and our attacks will take place much more frequently than in the past. "

- TAK homepage, November 24, 2017

Classification as a terrorist organization

The TAK has been on the EU list of terrorist organizations since 2006 . The German state foreign broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW), on the other hand, stated in 2016 that, in addition to the UN , Russia , China and Egypt , the EU would not regard the TAK as a terrorist organization.

The USA classified the TAK as a terrorist group in 2008. The TAK were "responsible for multiple terrorist attacks in Turkey that targeted tourist locations, military sites and government buildings and led to several deaths," according to the US government. The US State Department said the designation confirms "the US commitment to counter terrorism in cooperation with its NATO ally Turkey". The US would "continue to work with Turkey, Iraq and the rest of Europe against the PKK and its support networks and affiliates, such as the TAK". There should be no “safe haven for such terrorists”. In its strong condemnation of a PKK attack on a military checkpoint in southeastern Turkey on October 9, 2016, the US National Security Council also condemned the October 5, 2016 motorcycle attack in Istanbul, for which the TAK had declared itself responsible, by was viewed by the US government as an “urban terrorist unit of the PKK”.

Turkey also classifies both the PKK and its splinter group TAK as a terrorist organization.

The United Kingdom put the TAK separately on its list of terrorist groups on December 24, 2008.

Relations with the PKK

The Federal Court of Justice is of the opinion that terrorist attacks to which the TAK is committed are actually attributable to the PKK . Because the PKK wants to conceal its terrorist activities under "the guise" of the "supposedly independently acting" TAK. If the PKK officially distances itself from the TAK, it only does so “for tactical reasons”, according to the federal government . Western security experts believe that the TAK's representation of being independent of the PKK is unreliable. According to security experts, the TAK still had connections with the PKK at the time of its attacks in 2016. Observers suspect that the PKK had set up the TAK itself for attacks in cities in western Turkey, while it fought itself with the military in the south-eastern mountain areas.

The PKK, on ​​the other hand, claims that the TAK is a splinter group that the PKK does not have control over. The TAK is a structure outside the PKK organization. However, their attacks were part of the war and the TAK would gain sympathy in society with their attacks.

After the TAK interrupted its series of attacks between 2010 and 2015 in order not to jeopardize rapprochement and the peace process between the AKP government and the PKK, the operative PKK chief Cemil Bayık , who had once actively supported the establishment of the TAK, announced in the November 2015 the impending possibility that his generation would be the last with whom the AKP government could negotiate a peace. According to Rayk Hähnlein (SWP), the TAK took this signal from Bayık as an encouragement to further violence. After the resumption of the attacks by the TAK, the PKK spokesman Zagros Hiwa told the Dutch journalist Frederike Geerdink at the PKK headquarters in the northern Iraqi Kandil mountains that the PKK had no information about the TAK, but that the TAK had "with [the Turkish President] Erdoğan spoken in the only language he understands ”. Hiwa was a statement by Cemil Bayık again, one day after the TAK-attack in Ankara on February 17, 2016 , referring to the death of civilians during the fighting in cities like Diyarbakir , Cizre and Silopi had announced that the TAK-attacks "retaliation for the massacres in Kurdistan" could have been. Two days after the March 13, 2016 bomb attack in Ankara , Bayık announced in an interview with the Times that the PKK wanted to expand the war. The main goal is to bring down the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the ruling party AKP. Turkey could not become democratic “with them”. Bayık asserted with allusion to the Kurdish population: "Our people want revenge, they want the guerrillas to retaliate for them." Bayık, one of the most wanted terrorists, had threatened several times in the previous months, like in December 2015, that the PKK- Guerrillas would invade the cities if the Turkish government were to expand the war against the PKK. The two attacks by the PKK splinter group TAK in the center of Ankara in February and March 2016 with a total of 66 dead were interpreted as the realization of this threat. Various Turkish political scientists took the view that the PKK was clearly pursuing the goal of creating chaos and bringing Turkey - similar to Syria - into a failed state . The political scientist and security expert Sedat Laçiner from the Çanakkale University saw the attacks in Ankara as "part of a strategy with which the PKK wants to turn Turkey into a sort of second Syria" by wishing to expand terrorism to include Turkey in a complete To make chaos ungovernable, since their goals and aspirations for autonomy are far easier to achieve in a failed state like Libya or Syria than in a strong, centrally managed state. Bayık, on the other hand, claimed in an interview with Geerdink in May 2016 that the Turkish state was carrying out attacks on behalf of the TAK.

PKK leader Sabri Ok explained that the TAK bombing in Ankara on February 17, 2016 was a major and historic military action, one to which one must admit in every respect and of which one must be proud.

Sinan Ülgen, President of the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy, takes the view that the PKK uses the TAK to carry out serious actions that could damage the image of the organization and the organization's relations with foreign countries.

swell

  1. ↑ Decision of the 3rd Criminal Senate of 6.5.2014 - 3 StR 265/13 -. In: juris.bundesgerichtshof.de. Retrieved December 19, 2016 .
  2. ^ Reply of the Federal Government, page 5 at the beginning. (PDF) Retrieved January 21, 2017 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Report on the Protection of the Constitution 2006 ( Memento from August 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
  4. ↑ a b c d e Current findings on the continuation of the PKK's ban on associations (request for the Federal Government's response to the small question on Bundestag printed paper 18/3491) ( Memento from July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , German Bundestag, 18th electoral term, printed matter 18 / 3702, January 7, 2015, answer of the federal government to the small question of the MPs Ulla Jelpke, Jan van Aken, Christine Buchholz, other MPs and the parliamentary group DIE LINKE. - Printed matter 18/3615 - (PDF).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rayk Hähnlein, in: Kurds: Terrorist acts of the »Freedom Falcons« harm the PKK ( Memento from July 27, 2017 on WebCite ) , Science and Politics Foundation, Briefly, 16. December 2016.
  6. ↑ a b c Guido Steinberg , in: The new Kurdish question - Iraqi Kurdistan and its neighbors ( Memento from July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , Science and Politics Foundation, SWP Study 2011 / S 12, May 2011, 34 pages.
  7. ↑ Günter Seufert : With the Kurds, against the Kurds ( Memento from July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2018, p. 6.
  8. ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Home Affairs (ed.): "Workers' Party Kurdistans" (PKK) ( Memento from July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , verfassungsschutz.de, [undated].
  9. ↑ Kurdish Freedom Falcons, Messengers of Hell , Der Spiegel , August 30, 2006
  10. ↑ Kurdish Freedom Falcons, Messengers of Hell , Der Spiegel , August 30, 2006, by Alexander Schwabe.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g Chronology: Bomb attacks this summer ( Memento from July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , derstandard.at, September 19, 2006 (APA / Reuters / AP / AFP).
  12. ↑ a b “Will turn Turkey into hell” , Wiener Zeitung , August 30, 2006, accessed on November 6, 2013
  13. ↑ Kurdish group professes to attack in Ankara , Die Zeit from 23 September 2011
  14. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-86J (WL) TC-CPV Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW) in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on April 18, 2017.
  15. ↑ Militant Kurds confess to explosion , Tagesschau from December 26, 2015
  16. ↑ Ankara'daki Bombalı Saldırıda 28 Ölü ( Memento from March 24, 2016 on WebCite ) (Turkish), Amerikainsesi.com ( Voice Of America in Turkish language), February 17, 2016.
  17. ↑ a b c d Berkay Mandıracı: Turkey's PKK Conflict: The Death Toll ( Memento from July 29, 2018 on WebCite ) (English), International Crisis Group (ICG), July 20, 2016.
  18. ↑ 28 dead in the attack in Ankara. Zeit Online , February 17, 2016, accessed February 18, 2016 .
  19. ↑ PKK splinter group TAK is committed to the attack in Ankara. Süddeutsche Zeitung , February 19, 2016, accessed on February 19, 2016 .
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Kurdish militants claim Ankara bombing, warn foreign tourists ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), news.yahoo.com, February 19, 2016, by Stuart Williams (AFP).
  21. ↑ a b c d e Kurdish terror group TAK confesses to attack in Ankara - Two days after the attack on a military convoy in Ankara, a militant Kurdish organization committed itself to the act ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) , Tiroler Tageszeitung Online , February 19, 2016 (APA / Reuters / dpa / AFP).
  22. ↑ a b c Kurdish militant group TAK claims responsibility for Ankara bombing ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), reuters.com, February 19, 2016, by Ece Toksabay, Gulsen Solaker and David Dolan.
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g Kurdish splinter group in Turkey claims Ankara bombing as "revenge" ( Memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), dpa-international.com, February 20, 2016, from Shabtai Gold.
  24. ^ Kurdish extremist group TAK is committed to attack in Ankara ( memento of February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) , de.reuters.com, February 19, 2016.
  25. ↑ a b c d Kurdish group from Turkey is committed to the Ankara attack ( memento from February 21, 2016 on WebCite ) , zeit.de, February 19, 2016 (dpa)
  26. ↑ The return of the »Freedom Falcons« , Neues Deutschland , February 24, 2016
  27. ↑ Blast Rocks Turkish Capital, Killing at Least 34 ( Memento from March 21, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), voanews.com, March 13, 2016 (VOA News).
  28. ↑ Ankara Kızılay'da Patlama ( Memento from March 22, 2016 on WebCite ) (Turkish), Americaninsesi.com (Voice Of America in Turkish language), March 13, 2016.
  29. ^ "Civilian victims inevitable" - Kurdish organization professes to assassination. n-tv , March 17, 2016, accessed March 17, 2016 .
  30. ↑ Kurdish Freedom Falcons: We're behind Ankara blast - Suicide bomber killed 35 in Ankara Sunday. WCVB-TV, March 17, 2016, accessed on March 17, 2016 .
  31. ↑ a b Bursa'daki intihar saldırısını TAK üstlendi , BBC Turkish from May 1, 2016
  32. ↑ Istanbul: Militant Kurds confess to attack on police bus , Spiegel Online, June 10, 2016, accessed on the same day
  33. ↑ 10 wounded in blast near police station in Istanbul. Hürriyet Daily News , October 6, 2016; accessed October 8, 2016 .
  34. ↑ Turkey: Injured in explosion in Antalya . In: fr-online.de . ( fr.de [accessed on November 6, 2016]).
  35. ↑ a b c Federal Ministry of the Interior (Ed.): Verfassungsschutzbericht 2016 ( Memento from July 29, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF), editor: Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, ISSN  0177-0357 , item number: BMI17006, status: June 2017, published on 4th July 2017.
  36. ↑ Turkey: Eight dead and many injured after the explosion in Diyarbakir. In: Spiegel Online . November 4, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2018 .
  37. ↑ wen: Attack in Turkey: Car bomb kills eight people in Diyarbakir. In: Focus Online . November 4, 2016, accessed October 14, 2018 .
  38. ↑ PKK splinter group also committed to attack after IS (zeit.de from November 6, 2016, accessed on November 18, 2016)
  39. ^ Attacks in Istanbul: letter of confession from PKK splinter group. Tagesschau , December 11, 2016, accessed on December 11, 2016 .
  40. ^ RP ONLINE: Turkish PKK splinter group: Tak is committed to the attack in Izmir. Retrieved January 22, 2017 .
  41. ↑ a b c Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs (ed.): Verfassungsschutz Report 2017 ( Memento from July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF), as of July 2018, published on July 24, 2018.
  42. ^ Addendum to the EU list of terrorist organizations of December 21, 2006 (PDF) , europa.eu
  43. ↑ Turkey's Kurdish TAK faction a breakaway from the PKK ( memento from July 29, 2018 on WebCite ) , dw.com, March 17, 2016 (jh / msh (AFP, Reuters)).
  44. ↑ US labels Kurdish group as terrorist ( memento from July 29, 2018 on WebCite ) , edition.cnn.com, January 11, 2008.
  45. ↑ : Statement by NSC Spokesperson Ned Price on Terrorist Attacks in Turkey ( Memento July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF), The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, October 9, 2016.
  46. ↑ Proscribed terrorist groups . Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved on February 9, 2009.
  47. ↑ Decision of the 3rd Criminal Senate of 6.5.2014 - 3 StR 265/13 -. In: juris.bundesgerichtshof.de. Retrieved December 19, 2016 .
  48. ^ Reply of the Federal Government, page 5 at the beginning. (PDF) Retrieved January 21, 2017 .
  49. ↑ a b Report: DNA evidence shows Ankara bomber came from Turkey, not Syria ( Memento from March 15, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), dpa-international.com, February 23, 2016.
  50. ↑ Ankara attack was retaliation for "massacre in Kurdistan," group says ( Memento from March 17, 2016 on WebCite ) (English), dpa-international.com, March 17, 2016, by Mirjam Schmitt.
  51. ↑ a b c Ankara bombing: PKK, TAK ties come under scrutiny again - PKK leaders claim they don't control YPS or TAK, but they also haven't tried to calm tensions by urging those Kurdish groups to stop violence ( Memento vom 29 July 2018 on WebCite ) , middleeasteye.net, March 4, 2016, by Frederike Geerdink.
  52. ↑ a b c d Five to eight / Cemil Bayık: Turkey is getting used to the terror - A column by Özlem Topçu - The PKK chief has announced that he wants to expand the war against the Turkish military. The people want revenge. A false claim: People want peace ( memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) , zeit.de, March 18, 2016, by Özlem Topçu.
  53. ↑ Cumhuriyet of April 25, 2016 ( Memento of October 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  54. ↑ Revenge will be ours, pledges Turkey's most wanted man - The PKK leader accuses state forces of stealing and burning everything ( Memento July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , thetimes.co.uk, March 15, 2016, by Anthony Loyd.
  55. ↑ Cemil Bayık Times'a konuştu: Erdoğan'ı ve AKP'yi devirmek istiyoruz ( Memento from March 28, 2016 on WebCite ) (Turkish), bbc.com, March 15, 2016.
  56. ↑ PKK: “One wants to carry terror into the cities” - four attacks in less than three months - and: the terror is shifting more and more to the cities ( memento from March 27, 2016 on WebCite ) (video: 3:14 min .), srf.ch, March 24, 2016, by Luise Samman.
  57. ↑ PKK co-leader Cemil Bayik: 'What are we supposed to do? Surrender? Never. ' ( Memento of July 28, 2018 on WebCite ) , byline.com, October 3, 2016 (first publication: September 6, 2016 on Beaconreader.com), by Fréderike Geerdink.
  58. ↑ BBC, March 20, 2016
  59. ↑ Attentat d'Ankara: qui se cache derrière les Faucons de la liberté? Le Point on March 17, 2016