Abdullah Ocalan

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Abdullah Öcalan (1997)

Abdullah Öcalan (also known as Apo ; born April 4, 1949 in Ömerli , Şanlıurfa , Turkey ) is a leader in life imprisonment and a founding member of the PKK , whose chairman is classified as a terrorist organization in the USA , the EU and Turkey it was from its founding in 1978 until it was renamed in 2002.

According to the founding agreement of the youngest organization to emerge from the PKK, the KCK , Öcalan remains in charge of the leadership. He is therefore called "Serok" ( leader ) by his followers and enjoys a cult-like veneration among them .

Life

Abdullah Öcalan is the son of a Turkish woman and a Kurd .

Personal

At the end of the 1970s, Öcalan married the Kurdish - Alevi student Kesire Yıldırım (born October 21, 1951). Within the organization there were strong reservations about marriage as an institution and about the origin of his wife. In 1980 the two separated. In the meantime, some of Öcalan's followers toyed with the idea of ​​murdering Yıldırım. In 1984 Öcalan had her arrested. A death sentence was imposed, but Öcalan prevented it from being carried out. Yıldırım was later pardoned and charged with organizing the party work in Athens . In 1988 Yıldırım finally attempted an internal party coup against Öcalan in Athens , but failed. Dilek Öcalan , who has been a member of the HDP since the 2015 parliamentary elections in Turkey , is Öcalan's niece.

Studies and beginnings of political engagement

Follower of Öcalan's in London 2003

In the early 1970s, Öcalan began to study political science in Ankara . There he came into contact with socialist ideas and developed sympathy for the THKP-C . The political influence of the THKP-C increased at that time among both the Turkish and the Kurdish population. Öcalan sympathized with the underground organization because it was the only organization that campaigned publicly for the rights of the Kurds and addressed the problems in south-east Turkey.

Öcalan was arrested in April 1972 for taking part in a protest against the shooting of Mahir Çayan and other THKP-C leaders. In Mamak Prison , he witnessed the executions of the THKO leadership ( Deniz Gezmiş , Yusuf Aslan and Hüseyin Inan ).

After his release from prison in October 1972, Öcalan and the two Turkish socialists Haki Karer and Kemal Pir founded a group that was ideologically influenced by socialist ideas and national and anti-colonial liberation struggles. The group propagated a national liberation struggle in Kurdistan . The Kurdish landowners were initially identified as opponents because, from the group's point of view, they exploited and oppressed the farmers.

Role as PKK chairman

The PKK was founded on November 27, 1978 and Öcalan was elected chairman. Members of the Central Committee were Şahin Dönmez and Cemil Bayık . The goal was the communist revolution and the establishment of an independent Kurdish state . The means to the end was guerrilla war . In July 1979, when after the arrest and questioning of Dönmez a wave of arrests began against the organization, Öcalan and with him the PKK sought refuge in Syria . Öcalan first traveled to Beirut , Lebanon , where Adel Murad from the PUK helped him reorganize the PKK abroad and let him live with him for three months. Murad procured a passport for Öcalan and put him in contact with the DFLP , which supplied the PKK with its first weapons and which soon agreed to train PKK fighters. Öcalan later lived in Damascus and from there directed the training of the fighters in the Lebanese Bekaa Plain , which was then controlled by Syria, and who resumed the armed struggle on August 15, 1984 in a "great advance" (büyük atılım) . During his time in Damascus, Öcalan led the armed struggle of the PKK and wrote a large number of writings that served the PKK cadres at the Mahsum Korkmaz Academy on the Bekaa plain as training material. Öcalan's radio conversations with the guerrilla field commanders were also published as books under the name Telsiz Konuşmaları . The development of the personality cult around Öcalan also fell during this period .

Öcalan ruled the PKK, took action against dissidents and had alleged rivals or traitors executed. PKK cadres or dissidents who are known to have been murdered with his knowledge or on his orders include Kürşat Timuroğlu (1986 in Germany), Saime Aşkın (1984/1995 in Iraq), Mahmut Bilgili (1987 in the Netherlands), Çetin Güngör (1985 in Sweden), Ali Ömürcan (1983 in Lebanon) and Mehmet Şener (1991 in Syria). Ocalan had his brother Osman and his wife Kesire Yıldırım sentenced to death, but prevented their execution.

Law Enforcement, Trials, and Detention

Arrest warrant and arrest

After the murder of a dissident in Rüsselsheim in 1984 , Germany issued an international arrest warrant against Öcalan in 1990 .

On October 9, 1998, Öcalan was expelled from Syria under the Adana Agreement after Turkey threatened Syria with war. Syria let him emigrate to Cyprus , from where he traveled on to Greece and Moscow . In Russia he was granted political asylum by parliament , but the government was looking for a different solution. On November 12th, accompanied by an Italian MP, he traveled to Italy , where he was arrested on the basis of a German arrest warrant. Italy put Öcalan under house arrest , which he spent in a villa in Infernetto near Rome . After the federal government announced on November 23 that it would waive an extradition request , Öcalan was released from house arrest in December 1998. Öcalan's attempts to obtain political asylum and support for a political solution in Europe failed. In January 1999 the PKK leader left Rome.

Öcalan asked for asylum in various countries (including Italy and Greece), but was refused. On February 15, 1999, after leaving the Greek embassy in Nairobi ( Kenya ) , he was picked up by the Turkish secret service and with the help of the Israeli foreign secret service Mossad and the CIA and brought to Turkey. Öcalan was carrying a Cypriot passport with the name "Lazaros Mavros". The allegation made by Turkey that Öcalan had received it from the Republic of Cyprus described the latter as “completely baseless” propaganda (“ […] Turkish propaganda […] is totally baseless ”).

In Öcalan's view, “the Jews ” were behind his capture. The Mossad did after a long preparation with Hillary Clinton and Monica Lewinsky two Jewish-born female agents into the White House placed and directed the scandal. Clinton then ordered his capture “to get away cheaply”.

In particular, statements in Öcalan's speeches that he had made on the PKK channel MED TV were discussed in court. This included, for example, instructions from Öcalan on fire and bomb attacks, attacks against Kurdish village guards, the burning of forests in Istanbul, Izmir and Alanya, or instructions on strikes against the tourism sector. Öcalan admitted these statements. When asked why the PKK had mostly killed people of Kurdish origin, Öcalan said that people like Şemdin Sakık , Kör Cemal , Şahin Baliç or Cemil Işık had usurped the local leadership and committed these atrocities. He punished the last three. He had tried Şemdin Sakık, but the arrest intervened. The order to kill the mayor of Viranşehir İbrahim Keleş Abdioğlu was given by Abdullah Öcalan in retaliation for a bomb attack against him in May 1996. Öcalan also gave information about his colleagues and high-ranking PKK leaders Cemil Bayık , Duran Kalkan , Mustafa Karasu , and explained Murat Karayılan that Faysal Dunlayıcı heads the PKK in Europe, Numan Uçar in Moscow. He also disclosed the names of all the leadership of the women's organizations and area managers in Turkey. He also reported on the organisation's finances and how much money he gave to whom when he had to leave Syria. In court, Öcalan also granted PKK death sentences against people such as Şahin Beliç, Cemil Işık, Şemdin Sakık and his wife Kesire Yıldırım . Öcalan viewed the murder of Olof Palme as a plot against him within the PKK. Responsible for this are the then European leader of the PKK Ali Çetiner , his wife Kesire Yıldırım and Hüseyin Yıldırım , the organization's external officer.

After Öcalan's arrest, Kurds occupied mainly Greek, but also Kenyan and Nigerian diplomatic missions in an organized action in many European countries. Over a dozen Greek facilities were occupied, some of which were held hostage for a short time . For example, 400–500 Kurds stormed the Greek Consulate General in Frankfurt , and the entire furnishings of the listed villa were destroyed. An attempt by Kurdish demonstrators on February 17, 1999 to take the then Israeli Consulate General in Berlin was prevented by Israeli security forces using firearms. Four demonstrators died. The Swiss army was deployed in Geneva to protect the numerous diplomatic institutions after Kurdish occupations of UN buildings. For supporters of Öcalan, February 15 is considered a day of mourning (Black Day) and is celebrated annually with demonstrations.

Judgments

On June 29, 1999 Öcalan was sentenced to death by the Ankara State Security Court No. 2 for high treason according to Art. 125 tStGB old version. The judgment was not carried out due to European pressure, among other things, and was commuted to life imprisonment in 2002 with the abolition of the death penalty .

In the last instance on May 12, 2005, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) described the proceedings against Öcalan as unfair. Turkey was obliged to pay its lawyers' costs of 120,000  euros . There was no order to resume domestic criminal proceedings. The ECHR ruled that a finding of a violation of Articles 3, 5 and 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) constituted sufficient fair compensation for all damage suffered.

Conditions of detention

Öcalan has been held in solitary confinement on the prison island İmralı in the Sea of ​​Marmara since February 15, 1999 . Since November 15, 2009, Öcalan was no longer in solitary confinement, but was held with five other prisoners. He should be allowed to see the other prisoners 10 hours a week. From there he reported with the help of his lawyers in the form of meeting minutes ( görüşme notları ) to speak. He also wrote numerous books while in custody. From October 6, 2014 to September 2016, Öcalan was not allowed to receive visitors. On September 12, 2016, he received a visit from his brother Mehmet Öcalan . This was his last known visit until July 2018. The lawyers have not seen Öcalan since July 27, 2011. According to the PKK-affiliated ANF news agency , Öcalan's lawyers had made 757 requests to visit their client by October 2018. According to the ANF, all of them were rejected for various reasons such as “bad weather” or “technical problems with the boat”. After they were allowed to visit again for the first time since 2011 in early May 2019, the Turkish government lifted the ban on contact for its lawyers on May 17, 2019. On May 27, 2019 it was reported that Öcalan's total isolation had been lifted. This also ended the hunger strike that has been going on for months by thousands of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey and activists in Europe. According to this report, the day before, on Sunday, May 26, 2019, Öcalan's lawyers declared at a press conference in Istanbul that the ban on visiting the prison island of İmralı had been lifted.

Alleged poisoning of Öcalan

On March 1, 2007, Öcalan's lawyers announced that their client was being poisoned. The PKK organized demonstrations, actions and hunger strikes in which tens of thousands of people took part. At the end of March 2007, an independent medical delegation from the CPT examined Öcalan's health situation. On March 6, 2008, the CPT announced that Abdullah Öcalan had found no signs of poisoning.

Suspected physical torture of Öcalan

On October 16, 2008, Öcalan's lawyers announced in a press release that "physical torture" had also been used against him (in addition to psychological torture in the form of years of solitary confinement) . In the days that followed, tens of thousands of Kurds took to the streets across the country to demonstrate for Öcalan and against his alleged torture. Numerous shops have closed in some cities in Southeast Anatolia . Most of the demonstrations resulted in violent street battles between young protesters and the police. In Europe, the demonstrations were peaceful.

Peace initiative

Despite his solitary and solitary confinement, which was in effect until November 2009, Öcalan was still considered a key figure in solving the Kurdish question and acted from prison through his lawyers. While the Turkish-Kurdish conflict intensified in 2011 and 2012, Öcalan successfully called in November 2012 to end a two-month hunger strike by around 1,700 Kurdish prisoners and politicians (including Leyla Zana ). Meanwhile , Iraqi President Jalal Talabani campaigned diplomatically for a peace plan that could lead to improvements in Öcalan's prison conditions and a subsequent amnesty . While the Turkish government, Öcalan and the PKK leadership were ready to talk, on January 3, 2013 two members of the Kurdish party Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi (BDP) were allowed to visit Öcalan for the first time . In mid-February 2013, the BDP officially submitted permission to the Turkish Ministry of Justice in Ankara for a delegation of Kurdish politicians to visit the imprisoned PKK leader; Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had previously given his consent to a visit in principle.

In March 2013, Öcalan had BDP politicians in Diyarbakır announce a call for a ceasefire . All Kurdish fighters should withdraw from Turkey. "Our goal is democratization in the area of ​​the whole of Turkey," Öcalan was quoted as saying. In the previous weeks, the PKK had released eight Turks who had been deported to northern Iraq . At the beginning of May of the same year, the PKK began withdrawing its fighters from Turkey. In September 2013 the PKK interrupted the withdrawal of fighters while maintaining the ceasefire. In March 2015, Öcalan again called for a peace process between Turkey and the PKK, in the course of which the PKK would cease armed struggle. Öcalan's appeal did not lead to peace negotiations between Turkey and the PKK. In July 2015, Erdoğan officially declared the peace process over.

Positions

religion

Öcalan is an atheist and declares that the PKK is tolerant of all faiths.

politics

Öcalan's writings and speeches from the 1970s are shaped by a relatively classic Marxism , paired with ideas of national liberation movements such as the Vietnamese or the Algerian in the sense of Frantz Fanon . From the mid-1980s, Öcalan criticized real socialism .

In 1993, in an interview with the news magazine Focus , Öcalan said he welcomed actions by xenophobic Germans against Turks. Because he thinks it's not a good thing that the Turks can move freely in Germany without limits.

In 1999 Öcalan declared in Serxwebûn No. 207 that sexual offenses within the party were punishable by death . Sexual seduction by men or women violates fundamental principles and is the death of warfare.

In recent years Öcalan was inspired by Murray Bookchin's concept of confederalism for what is known as Democratic Confederalism . Further sources of inspiration are Immanuel Wallerstein , Fernand Braudel , Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno .

As part of the peace negotiations between Öcalan and representatives of the Turkish security apparatus in 2013, Öcalan supported the introduction of a presidential system based on the American model and the candidacy of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in a conversation with a BDP delegation with the participation of Altan Tan and Sırrı Sakık . Öcalan also brought an electoral alliance with the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) into play on this issue. He presented power to the AKP on a “golden platter”. At the meeting, Öcalan took the view that people within the government apparatus had planned a coup against the Turkish secret service (MIT) in 2011 and wanted to remove the then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and bring him to justice for high treason. He, Öcalan, prevented this.

Women politics

Since the 1990s, Öcalan has given women's liberation a large space in his writings. A first PKK women's congress was held at the end of 1992. Among other things, the right to marry was claimed. The congress was seen by Öcalan as an attempt to eliminate the PKK ( Tasfiyecilik ), and it was annulled. The founding of the women's army and later the “Party of Free Women” (PJAK), a sub-organization of the PKK, goes back to him . Öcalan also ensures that women take on more responsibility in politics. With the HDP and the BDP in Turkey and the PYD in Syria, there are three political parties that want to apply Öcalan's ideas in relation to women and some of them do so. In all three parties, for example, the top positions at party presidia, mayor offices or party offices at regional and local level are held by one man and one woman each.

Öcalan is also the founder of Jineology , also known as the Science of Women or Kurdish Feminism . See also: Women's rights in Kurdistan

The Kurdish author, former mayor and member of the Kurdish parliament in exile, Nejdet Buldan , whose brother was killed by the Turkish military, interviewed former PKK fighters in his book PKK'de Kadın Olmak (2004), including a female founding member of the organization. The former fighters reported sexual assaults by Öcalan, which they either experienced themselves, of whom they had witnessed or of whom they had heard from. In his book Nasıl Yaşamalı, Öcalan characterized the Kurdish woman as follows:

“Kürt kadınlarının çoğunun bedenleri olü, kokuşmuş, soğuk ve çok kabadır. Fizikleri biraz böyledir, ruhları donuktur. Fikir düzeyi hiç yoktur. "

“The bodies of most Kurdish women are dead, foul smelling, cold and very coarse. Their physique is like that and their psyche is frozen. They completely lack intellectual level. "

- Abdullah Öcalan : Nasıl Yaşamalı, Volume 1, Page 91

In his defense paper “Beyond State, Power and Violence” (2010), Öcalan expresses himself on page 144 regarding the situation of women as follows: “The problem does not arise from a simple weakness or a biological difference between the sexes. It stems from the fact that hierarchical - statist society has placed women as the first object of stratification on the lowest level. That this is the most fundamental problem in society is due to the characteristics of the status that has been assigned to it in society. "

Furthermore, on pages 144 to 145 of the same book one learns the following about Öcalan's views: “What is called“ honor of the family ”or“ honor of marriage ”basically means nothing other than to suffer constantly from the“ little emperor ” . Just as the great emperor regards it as a casus belli (reason for war) if something happens to his state property, the little emperor also regards it as a great attack on his honor and therefore a reason to fight if his wife is his Ownership matters, something happens. It is even stranger how the woman is made completely soulless and externally transformed into an extremely feminine, decorated “cage bird” with a pretty voice. Voice and make-up have almost nothing in common with natural women and are based on a strong self-denial that has a devastating effect on the personality. In particular, the apron hunting robs women of their personality. It is a man's invention, he insists. "

Further down on page 145 Öcalan tries to explain today's situation of women as follows: “The female sex, deprived of all sanctity by pornography , is reduced again to the level of the great apes in capitalism . The fact that in the course of the history of civilization women was wiped out from society is related to the development of hierarchy and classes as well as to the rise of patriarchal society . "

Öcalan's self-image

In his book Özgür İnsan Savunması (“Defense of the Free Man”, p. 52) Öcalan tries to interpret his position as a political leader:

“When Jesus was nailed to the cross, the people around him just wept. When Muhammad died , there were three days of discussion about the succession in front of his corpse. When Lenin died, nobody committed suicide. But when I was arrested and extradited, the children, sons and daughters of the Kurdish people surrendered to the flames in their hundreds. What did you mean by that? What was the anger of those who bombed themselves and blew themselves up against? What realities made you do this? If I hadn't prevented it personally, thousands would have been ready. "

- Özgür İnsan Savunması

Öcalan explains in his book Partileşme Sorunları ve Görevlerimiz 2 (“Problems in becoming a party and our tasks”):

“I always had serious problems to contend with. Despite everything, I am an inexhaustible source of life. I fight with incredible efforts. I look at you and say: who and what are these people? […] Watch out, there is no one else in this world who solves problems and liberates people on such an incredible level. But that's not enough for you. In any case, you may have joined for this reason. I'm sorry for you. [...] I am trying to make an incredible effort to lead you to awareness. Take care to enlighten and organize my method is flawless. But when I see how you get involved. You are pretending to be plotting , as if you are being administered. Of course the fault lies with you. [...] The things you enjoy are purely individualistic things. I don't say it for nothing when I talk about cigarette addiction. Since it is an example, I keep repeating it. Most of your joys are like the joys you get from cigarette smoke. Your interests are only in simple matters. You don't have sweeping love, you don't have true loyalty , you don't wage a great war, you don't have great reactions, you don't have great feelings. The leader's personality shows true greatness in the face of these issues. She applies them extensively and has great feelings. [...] If the problem were my development, I would know exactly how to propel myself. Everyone should know: it is impossible for me to stop or be stopped. On the basis of guidance, no one can stop me from giving rise to the cause of an entire people, nor will I get bogged down like you. The manner of leadership is just like that. What about you? What makes you persevere? Have you lost a world in the past or do you expect other life opportunities? I do not believe that. Still, you are immobile. […] Do you understand why I have to live like this? If you asked yourself, 'How does this man live?', If you examined me and understood, I would be happy. [...] People like me who concentrate [on the essentials] rarely meet. "

- Partileşme Sorunları ve Görevlerimiz 2

Understanding of history

The following excerpt from one of Öcalan's transcripts may illustrate his understanding of history:

“The Templars are a very secret organization. Later they even behead the French king. This is a Masonic organization . The source of all of this is the idea and ideal of Zionism . But that doesn't mean that I have anything against Jews or that I'm an anti-Semite . I am in favor of Jews taking their place in the Middle East in a democratic way. However, Zionism is a different mentality. Zionism always creates its opponents. The Baath -Nationalismus emerged in opposition to him. The Shia was also strengthened as an opponent of Zionism. The problems in Palestine and Lebanon are the result of opposition to Zionism. These Zionist organizations or Freemasons struggled to convince Sultan Abdülhamid II of their ideals. They offered Abdülhamid 150,000,000 in gold for Salonika and Palestine in order to buy land there. However, Sultan Abdülhamid recognized their intention and refused. That is why these organizations founded the Committee for Unity and Progress , in which there was hardly any Turkish element. And what the Committee on Unity and Progress did is well known. [...] The Armenians were murdered by the hand of 'unity and progress' . "

anti-Semitism

As early as the late 1980s, Öcalan was spreading the view that the Jews were a basic evil. Öcalan takes the view that Turkish nationalism was not created by Turks, but by English and Jewish capital. The circles of Jewish and English capital were alarmed because he was telling the truth. The Jewish and English capital are trying to get Turkey under their control. The MHP chairman Devlet Bahçeli noticed this and tried to counteract this. However, Jewish capital did not let him. In the first volume of his manifesto of democratic civilization, the book "Maskeli Tanrılar Ve Örtük Krallar Çağı" , Öcalan agrees with Hitler's assessment of the Jews. Öcalan wrote literally: “Hitler blamed the Jews for the defeat in the First World War . He had correctly recognized that the superiority of London was related to Jewish ideology and Jewish nationalism. Germany had been betrayed. The Jews were responsible. "

In the so-called conversation notes of March 1, 2008, which were published in the Yeni Özgür Politika , Öcalan took the view that the Jews were behind the murders at Zirve-Verlag . Furthermore, the Jews would give the AKP money so that they could distribute election gifts. On April 4, 2008, he took the view that Jews had developed Turkism in 1926 . You would have coined the phrase “How happy he is who says I'm Turkish” . Ataturk never said anything like that. Even Hitler would have instilled these thoughts into the Jews. It was the Jews who created Hitler. Later, the Jews would have created Saddam to carry out their plans. The think tank Vocal Europe described Öcalan's views that the Islamic State is an Israeli project and that Israel is striving to establish Israel in Turkish Kurdistan as bizarre. Furthermore, Öcalan took the view that the Southeast Anatolia project served the goal of Israel to rob the people of land and water and to establish Israel in the region. Nobody could oppose Israel.

Attitude to the Armenian Genocide

In a conversation with his lawyers in September 2008, Abdullah Öcalan took the view that Jewish nationalism was behind the expulsion and the massacres of the Armenians . Abdullah Öcalan later made several comments on the Armenian genocide. He took the view that the Armenians had "been subjected to physical genocide" because they were intelligent. The genocide could never have happened without Germany's support for the Ottoman Empire. Another reason for the genocide was Armenian nationalism. This only laid the foundation for the genocide. "Plots of capitalist modernity" are to be blamed for the genocide. It was French and English missionaries who brought the idea of ​​separatism into the Armenian Church. This disastrous process led to the almost complete annihilation of the Armenians. Historian Taner Akçam interpreted Öcalan's remarks on the Armenian genocide in the Turkish daily Radikal as an attempt to conceal the fact that the real culprits were Turks and Kurds.

Honorary citizenships and awards

The following localities have made Abdullah Öcalan an honorary citizen.

  • Palermo
  • Olympia
  • Naples
  • Castel del Giudice
  • Castelbottaccio
  • Pinerolo
  • Martano
  • Reggio Emilia
  • Palagonia
  • Riace
  • International Peace Prize by the International Peace Bureau

Selected bibliography

Translations

Turkish

  • Din Sorununa Devrimci Yaklaşım. 1991 (revolutionary consideration of the religious question)
  • 12 Eylül Faşizmi ve PKK Direnişi. 1995 (The fascism of September 12th and the resistance of the PKK)
  • Kürdistan'da Halk Savaşı ve Gerilla. 1991 (The People's War and the Guerrillas in Kurdistan)
  • Önderlik Gerçeği ve PKK Deneyimi. 1992 (The reality of the Führer [Öcalans] and the experience of the PKK)
  • Kürdistan Yurtseverliği ve Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi. 1992 (The Patriotism of Kurdistan and the National Liberation Front)
  • Kürdistan'da İşbirlikçilik ve İhanet (Collaboration and betrayal in Kurdistan)
  • PKK'ya Dayatılan Tasfiyecilik ve Tasfiyeciliğin Tasfiyesi. 1993 (The eradication policy imposed on the PKK and the eradication of the eradication policy)
  • Kürdistan'da Kadın ve Aile. 1993 (wife and family in Kurdistan)
  • Halk Savaşında Militan Kişilik. 1994 (The Militant Personality in the People's War)
  • Bir Muhatap Arıyorum - Ateşkes Konuşmaları. 1994 (I'm looking for a contact person - speeches on the ceasefire)
  • Nasıl Yaşamalı. 1996 (How do you have to live?)
  • Sosyalizm'de Israr İnsan Olmakta Isrardır. 1998 (The insistence on socialism is the insistence on being human)
  • Kürt Sorununda Democracy Çözüm Bildirgesi. (The proclamation of a democratic solution to the Kurdish question)
  • Sumer Rahip Devletinden Halk Cumhuriyetine. 2002 (From the priestly state of the Sumerians to the People's Republic)
  • Bir Halkı Savunmak. 2004 (The Defense of a People)
  • Özgür İnsan Savunması. Istanbul 2005 (Defense of the Free Man)

See also

literature

  • Ali Kemal Özcan: Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. New York 2006

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Öcalan and the Kurdish question, Arte broadcast of February 10, 2015
  2. ↑ Michael M. Gunter: Historical Dictionary of the Kurds, Lanham, MD and Oxford: Scarecrow Press 2004
  3. ↑ Aliza Marcus: Blood and Belief. New York 2007, p. 110
  4. ↑ Hürriyet of June 2, 1999
  5. ↑ Aliza Marcus: Blood and Belief. New York 2007, p. 42f.
  6. ^ After the Kurdish party entered the Turkish parliament: Erdogan calls on parties to behave responsibly. Der Tagesspiegel , June 8, 2015, accessed on May 28, 2019 .
  7. ^ A b Ali Kemal Özcan: Turkeys Kurds . Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-36687-9 , pp. 89-90 .
  8. ↑ Aliza Marcus: Blood and Belief. New York 2007, pp. 48f.
  9. ↑ Hannes Černy: Iraqi Kurdistan, the PKK and International Relations: Theory and Ethnic Conflict . Routledge, London, New York 2018, ISBN 978-1-138-67617-6 , pp. 154-155 (English).
  10. ↑ Michael Lüders: Fear of Öcalan . In: Die Zeit , No. 49/1998
  11. ↑ Hannes Černy: Iraqi Kurdistan, the PKK and International Relations: Theory and Ethnic Conflict . Routledge, 2018, ISBN 978-1-138-67617-6 , pp. 193 .
  12. ^ A b Andrew Mango: Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone . Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 0-415-35002-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  13. ^ A b Ali Kemal Özcan: Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan . Routledge, 2012, ISBN 978-1-134-21130-2 , pp. 12 .
  14. ↑ Zürcher; Erik J: Turkey: A Modern History, 4th Edition . IBTauris, 2017, ISBN 978-1-78672-183-9 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  15. ^ Italian court sets Kurd leader free . In: The Independent . December 17, 1998 ( independent.co.uk [accessed October 17, 2018]).
  16. ^ Ali Kemal Özcan: Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan . Routledge, 2012, ISBN 978-1-134-21130-2 , pp. 10 .
  17. ↑ Alessandra Stanley: Italy Ending House Arrest Of Rebel Chief Of the Kurds . December 17, 1998 ( nytimes.com [accessed October 17, 2018]).
  18. ^ Tackling the PKK: New Directions for Turkey's Special Forces
  19. ^ Turkey Captures PKK Chief. In: Kibris 7, No. February 2 , 1999, archived from the original on February 28, 2008 ; accessed on January 25, 2010 (English).
  20. ↑ The Capture of Abdullah Ocalan , South Asia Analysis Group
  21. ↑ un.int ( Memento from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ Abdullah Öcalan: Sümer Rahip Devletinden Demokratie Uygarlığa, Vol. 2. Cologne 2001, p. 291.
  23. ↑ Savcısını Onaylayan Öcalan'ın Mahkeme İfadesi in vengma.net, tr.
  24. ↑ Öcalan tek tek anlatıyor Hürriyet, tr.
  25. ↑ And abroad onwards You reached by storming the Israeli Consulate General to prevent it . edumagazin.de. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  26. ↑ Israel rebuilt an old villa for the ambassador . Berlin newspaper . May 9, 2001. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  27. ↑ Grobet interpellation
  28. ↑ E. 1999/21, K. 1999/73.
  29. ^ Court decision: Life sentence for Öcalan . In: Spiegel Online . October 3, 2002 ( spiegel.de [accessed July 21, 2018]).
  30. ↑ EuGRZ: www.eugrz.info ( memento from April 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) in the web.archive . April 6, 2008.
  31. ↑ Öcalan no longer alone , the standard.
  32. ^ A b Abdullah Öcalan: Turkey ends solitary confinement . November 17, 2009 ( handelsblatt.com [accessed July 21, 2018]).
  33. ↑ Elke Dangeleit: Turkey: Öcalan can receive visitors again. Retrieved on July 21, 2018 (German).
  34. ↑ RP ONLINE: PKK boss Öcalan gets the first family visit in two years. Retrieved July 21, 2018 .
  35. ^ Lawyers published report on Kurdish leader Öcalan - Global Rights . In: Global Rights . August 25, 2017 ( globalrights.info [accessed November 14, 2018]).
  36. ^ Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 757th time . In: ANF ​​News . October 23, 2018 ( anfenglish.com [accessed November 14, 2018]).
  37. ↑ Turkish government lifts ban on visiting PKK founders. Spiegel Online, May 17, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  38. ^ Elke Dangeleit: Turkey: Öcalan's total isolation lifted - hunger strike ended. Telepolis (Heise Online), May 27, 2019, accessed on May 28, 2019 .
  39. ↑ "Öcalan'da zehirlenme bulgusu yok" ( Memento of 9 March 2008 at the Internet Archive ), CNNTürk, accessed on 6 March 2008
  40. ↑ Public Prosecutor: No symptoms of poisoning of PKK boss Öcalan . derstandard.at. March 22, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  41. ↑ derstandard.at: Kurdish activists wanted to storm the UN City in Vienna , accessed on October 18, 2008
  42. ↑ Abdullah Ocalan . In: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 04/2013 of January 22, 2013 (accessed via Munzinger Online ).
  43. ^ Application for a detention visit to Öcalan . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 15, 2013, No. 39, p. 5.
  44. ↑ Kurds: PKK boss Öcalan calls for a ceasefire on faz.net, March 21, 2013 (accessed on March 21, 2013).
  45. ↑ Ceasefire: PKK starts withdrawal from Turkey on Spiegel Online , May 8, 2013 (accessed on May 8, 2013).
  46. ↑ Damper on peace efforts: PKK stops withdrawal from Turkey . tagesschau.de. September 9, 2013. Archived from the original on September 12, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  47. ↑ Ismail Küpeli: The cruel story should end In: Neues Deutschland , March 23, 2015.
  48. ↑ Turkey: Erdogan suspends peace process with Kurds . In: Spiegel Online . July 28, 2015 ( spiegel.de [accessed July 21, 2018]).
  49. ^ The last fight of the Kurds , zeit.de
  50. ↑ New Terrorist Targets. The head of the radical Kurdish organization PKK is threatening Turks and Germans
  51. ↑ The wording of the passage: Sen partinin yetkisiyle, partinin olanaklarıyla gelen kızı düşürürsen veya kız da kendi basit kadınlığıyla bizim fukara, zavallı erkeğimizi düşürürse, bu en büyük suçtur. Bunun cezası idamdır. Çünkü en temel ilkeleri, en temel savaşçılığı öldürüyor.
  52. ^ Abdullah Öcalan: Abdullah Öcalan Demokratik Kurtuluş Ve Özgür Yaşamı İnşa (İmralı Notları), Neuss 2015, page 19.
  53. ↑ Nejdet Buldan: PKK'de Kadın Olmak. Istanbul 2004, pp. 20-25
  54. ↑ What Is Jineolojî? - JINEOLOJI. Retrieved on July 27, 2018 (Swiss Standard German).
  55. ↑ Original text on abdullah-ocalan.com İsa çarmıha gerildiğinde etrafındakiler sadece ağlayabildi… ( Memento from August 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  56. ↑ Original text on Partileşme Sorunları Ve Görevlerimiz 2.CİLT - Abdullah Öcalan (PDF)
  57. ↑ Minutes of Öcalan's conversations from December 8, 2006 "Siyonistler ve Masonlar etkili"
  58. ↑ http://www.hagalil.com/
  59. ↑ Conversation minutes 2008, published on Firatnews ( Memento from September 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  60. ↑ Abdullah Ocalan: Maskeli Tanrılar Ve Örtük Krallar CAGI. Ankara, p. 175
  61. ↑ Öcalan: Operasyonlarla sorun çözülmez ( Memento from February 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  62. ↑ Öcalan: Türkiye daha da kaosa sürüklenecek! ( Memento of May 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
  63. ^ Ocalan: There is a high intensity war. Retrieved June 12, 2019 .
  64. ↑ Rojava is a friend, ally of Palestine Israel shouldn't forget that | Resistance Is Fertile 06/11/2019: Israel's ambivalent relations with Turkey's Kurds. In: Vocal Europe. Retrieved June 12, 2019 (American English).
  65. ↑ Rojava is a friend, ally of Palestine Israel shouldn't forget that | Resistance Is Fertile 06/11/2019: Israel's ambivalent relations with Turkey's Kurds. In: Vocal Europe. Retrieved June 12, 2019 (American English).
  66. ↑ Görüşme Notları: Öcalan'a 10 günlük hücre cezası verildi ( Memento from February 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  67. ↑ Bölücübaşı yine konuştu! Vatan newspaper of September 27, 2008
  68. ↑ Öcalan'ın ağzından 'Ermeni meselesi in the Armenian weekly newspaper Agos from January 17, 2014
  69. ^ Abdullah Öcalan: Democratic Confederalism. Neuss 2018, page 39
  70. ^ Abdullah Ocalan: War and Peace in Kurdistan. Neuss 2018, p. 13 .
  71. ↑ Öcalan'ın mektubuna yanıt: Türkiyeli Ermeniler ne söylendiğini anlar. Retrieved June 12, 2019 (Turkish).
  72. ↑ a b c d 'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate | Ahval . In: Ahval . February 9, 2018 ( ahvalnews.com [accessed October 22, 2018]).
  73. ↑ Bernhard Zand, Gerd Höhler: SPIEGEL TALK: “Öcalan was a hot potato” . In: Der Spiegel . tape March 13 , 1999 ( spiegel.de [accessed July 13, 2018]).
  74. ^ A b Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan. Retrieved October 22, 2018 (it-IT).
  75. ↑ a b c Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan . In: Il Gallo . February 14, 2017 ( ilgallo.it [accessed October 22, 2018]).
  76. ↑ teleSUR / mh-CD-mk: Kurdish PKK Leader Ocalan Awarded International Peace Prize . 2015 ( telesurtv.net [accessed July 13, 2018]).
personal data
SURNAME Ocalan, Abdullah
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Apo (alias); Serok
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Turkish leader and former chairman of the Kurdish underground organization PKK
DATE OF BIRTH April 4, 1949
PLACE OF BIRTH Ömerli (Halfeti)