Fernand Braudel

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Fernand Paul Braudel (born August 24, 1902 in Luméville-en-Ornois, today part of the municipality of Gondrecourt-le-Château , Département Meuse ; † November 28, 1985 in Cluses , Département Haute-Savoie ) was a French historian of the Annales School . He worked as a professor at the Paris elite university École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), the Collège de France and was a member of the Académie française .

Live and act

Braudel belonged to the second generation within the École des Annales , and from the 1950s onwards he was a defining figure in this phase of the Annales School , on the one hand through his direct student relationship with the founding fathers Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre and on the other hand through his extensive own work has been. Bloch was murdered by the Gestapo in June 1944, Febvre died in 1956 at the age of 78.

From 1924 Braudel taught as a teacher at various grammar schools in Algeria, which was then French-dominated (→ French-North Africa ), first in Constantine and later in Algiers . In 1932 he returned to Europe and taught at three Lycées until 1934: the Lycée Pasteur in Neuilly-sur-Seine , the Lycée Condorcet in Paris and the Lycée Henri IV in Paris . In 1934, the French government sent some young teachers and lecturers, including Claude Lévi-Strauss , Jean Maugüé , Pierre Monbeig and Braudel, to São Paulo in Brazil to support the newly founded Universidade de São Paulo . On the boat trip back to Europe, he met the later supervisor of his habilitation thesis , Lucien Febvre . From 1937 he moved to the École pratique des hautes études in Paris. There he was in contact with his teacher Febvre and began to work on what would later become his main work. The work on it was overshadowed by the impending war with Hitler's Germany; Braudel was drafted into military service as early as 1938. In June 1940, during the Western campaign , he was taken prisoner by Germany . He was in the officers ' camp ('Oflag') XII B Mainz at the Mainz Citadel and towards the end of the war in the Oflag XC in Lübeck . Braudel was rector of the camp university in both camps and had access to libraries.

In 1963, at Braudel's instigation , Gaston Berger founded the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (FMSH), a state-supported French foundation for the promotion of science, which Braudel headed until his death. In 1962 he became a corresponding member of the British Academy . Since 1964 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian and since 1965 of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences . In 1964 he became an elected member of the American Philosophical Society . In 1970 Braudel was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences .

The social scientist Immanuel Wallerstein is regarded as an important student of Braudel .

Braudel tomb in Paris

Braudel died in 1985 and was on the Paris cemetery Pere Lachaise buried (section 32 # 1).

Publications

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world

Braudel’s main work, largely written as a prisoner of war and published in 1949 as a habilitation thesis, is The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Epoch of Philip II. In it, Braudel drafts a universal history of the Mediterranean region at the time of Philip II of Spain. The monumental work of originally over 1200 pages is divided into three parts.

Each of these parts corresponds to a certain level of time, by means of which Braudel tries to approach the past in different ways. While the first part deals with the history of humans in the landscape in their relationship to a geographical milieu, in the second part Braudel deals with the history of larger structures such as states, societies, cultures, etc.

The third part is based on traditional historiography with its emphasis on political and military events, whereby Braudel himself again and again relativizes the importance of individual human actions.

Time levels

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Braudel differentiates between three time levels. The bottom layer is formed by a slowly flowing story in which changes are barely perceptible, a histoire quasi immobile , which Braudel also calls géohistoire . This is the time of natural phenomena, when all movements return to their starting point in a cycle. It is the story of the valleys and mountains, the islands and coasts, the climate, the land and sea routes.

The layer above is the one that was later associated with the term longue durée . It is the time of slow rhythms of history, of larger social, cultural, economic and political structures that can span a period of one or two centuries.

Ultimately, on the surface is the history of the events, the histoire événementielle . According to Braudel, history cannot be understood if only this last level is considered; rather, human events appear like mere waves on the surface of the stream of history without touching its deeper ground.

His main interest is therefore not in the history of events , but rather he is oriented towards the almost immobile time of natural phenomena. So he focuses on timeless phenomena and describes, for example, that mountain dwellers are usually more conservative than the inhabitants of the plains or that the Adriatic has always been a cultural divide . Braudel coined the term longue durée for this slow passage of time . This term was also taken up by other Annales historians, but without always referring to the same thing as Braudel.

Civilization matérielle

The trilogy Civilization matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme, XVe – XVIIIe siècle is considered to be Braudel’s most important work . In these volumes (1: Structures du quotidien - 2: Les jeux de l'échange - 3: Les temps du monde ), Braudel examines the developments and classification of economic systems : local economy of exchange and small markets, market economy as a compensation system under normal competitive conditions, capitalism and world economy as anti-economy. Economic systems can only function optimally if these three stages can work. This perspective can be a starting point for regional and structural policies.

Works (selection)

  • La Méditerranée et le monde méditeranéen à l'epoque de Philippe II . Paris 1949 (post-doctoral thesis 1947).
  • La longue durée . In: Annales . 1958, p. 725-753 .
    • German as: The long duration . In: Writings on History Vol. 1: Society and Time Structures . 1992, p. 49-87 .
  • With Georges Duby and Maurice Aymard: La Méditerranée . Arts et métiers graphiques, Paris 1978.
    • Last German as: The world of the Mediterranean. On the history and geography of cultural forms of life . Fischer TB, Frankfurt 2006, ISBN 978-3-596-16853-8 .
  • Civilization matérielle, économie et capitalisme (XVe – XVIIIe siècles) . Armand Colin, Paris 1979 (3 volumes).
    • German as: Social history of the 15th – 18th centuries Century . Kindler, Munich 1985 (3 volumes). Volume 1: Everyday Life . 1985. Volume 2: The trade . 1986. Volume 3: Departure to the world economy . 1986.
  • La dynamique du capitalism . Arthaud, Paris 1985, ISBN 2-08-081192-4 .
    • German as: The dynamics of capitalism . 2nd Edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-608-93093-0 .
  • L'identité de la France . Arthaud, Paris 1986 (3 volumes).
    • German as: France . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-608-94644-4 (3 volumes: Volume 1: Space and History . Volume 2: People and Things . Volume 3: Things and People .).
  • Le modèle Italy . Arthaud, Paris 1989.
    • Last German as: Modell Italien 1450–1650 . Wagenbach, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8031-2457-3 .
  • Writings on history . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1992 (2 volumes). Volume 1: Society and Time Structures . 1992, ISBN 3-608-93142-2 . Volume 2: People and Ages . 1993, ISBN 3-608-93159-7 .
  • How history is made . Wagenbach, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-8031-2326-7 (collection of articles).
  • History as the key to the world. Lectures in German captivity in 1941 . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-608-94843-1 ( translated from the French by Peter Schöttler and Jochen Grube).

Autobiographical

  • Personal testimony . In: Journal of Modern History 44, 1972, No. 5, pp. 448-467.
  • How I became a historian . In: Writings on history . tape 2 : People and Ages . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-608-93159-7 .

literature

  • Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas: Fernand Braudel and the modern social sciences . Leipziger Universitäts-Verlag, Leipzig 1999, ISBN 3-931922-93-6 .
  • Peter Burke: The story of the "Annales". The emergence of the new historiography . Wagenbach, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-8031-2503-0 .
  • Georg G. Iggers: The Annales and their critics. Problems of Modern French Social History . In: Historical magazine . tape 219 , no. 3 , 1974, p. 578-608 .
  • Barbara Kronsteiner: Time, Space, Structure. Fernand Braudel and the writing of history in France . Geyer Edition, Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-85090-135-1 .
  • Yves Lemoine: Fernand Braudel. Espaces et temps de l'historien . Punctum, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-35116-006-1 ( Vies choisies ).
  • Erato Paris: La genèse intellectuelle de l'œuvre de Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'epoque de Philippe II (1923–1947) . Athens 1999.
  • Jörg Schmidt: Fernand Braudel's historiographical approach and the current crisis in historical studies . Phil. Diss., Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 1971.
  • Eric Piltz: Fernand Braudel and the Spatial Stories of History. In: Jörg Döring, Tristan Thielmann (Ed.): Spatial Turn. The space paradigm in the cultural and social sciences. Transcript, Bielefeld 2008, pp. 75-102.
  • Peter Schöttler : Fernand Braudel, prisonnier en Allemagne: face à la longue durée et au temps présent . In: Sozial.Geschichte Online , H. 10, 2013, pp. 10–27 [1]

Web links

Commons : Fernand Braudel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Laura Hannemann: The unleashed spirit. The French camp universities in World War II . In: Francia 33, 2006, issue 3, p. 95 ff. ( Http://mdzx.bib-bvb.de/francia/Blatt_bsb00016440,00115.html?prozent=1 ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive. today ) ).
  2. ↑ History ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme on the organization's website, accessed on October 20, 2015.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fmsh.fr
  3. ↑ Member History: Fernand PA Braudel. American Philosophical Society, accessed May 18, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Information on "findagrave.com" , accessed on August 15, 2016
personal data
SURNAME Braudel, Fernand
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Braudel, Fernand Paul
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French historian
DATE OF BIRTH August 24, 1902
PLACE OF BIRTH Luméville-en-Ornois, Meuse department, France
DATE OF DEATH November 28, 1985
Place of death Cluses , Haute-Savoie department , France