Anti-colonialism

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As anti-colonialism is defined as the totality of against the colonial policy directed efforts. These can range from criticism of individual measures to criticism of principle to armed resistance against colonial powers .

16th Century

Bartolomé de Las Casas described in his Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias occidentales (1552; “Report on the devastation of the West Indian countries ”) the massacres of the European conquerors in America. In Spain, efforts were then made for centuries to present his report as baseless (so-called leyenda negra ). In his essays, Michel de Montaigne strongly criticized Spanish colonial policy and denied a cultural and moral advantage of Europeans.

17th century

The Portuguese Jesuit António Vieira criticized the colonial grievances in Brazil in his literary works . He campaigned for the indigenous people without rights and is considered the apostle of the Indians of Brazil. Vieira also condemned slavery .

18th century

Under the leadership of José Gabriel Condorcanquis , who called himself Túpac Amaru II , a great Indian revolt took place in 1780 against the rule of the Spaniards in South America. It was the largest of countless Indian uprisings in the 18th century.

American and French Revolution

In the United States' Declaration of Independence , the 13 British colonies declared their secession from the United Kingdom in 1776. The American War of Independence officially ended with the Peace of Paris in 1783 .

On February 19, 1788, the Société des Amis des Noirs (German: "Society of Friends of Blacks") was founded in Paris. Their goal was the abolition of the slave trade and a gradual abolition of slavery.

In August 1791 , the uprising of the slaves began on Saint-Domingue , the French part of the island of Hispaniola , which ultimately led to Haiti's independence .

19th century

1800-1870

After the crisis triggered by the occupation of Spain by Napoléon Bonaparte (1808) , the struggle for independence in South America began under the leadership of Simon Bolivar . At the same time, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil in 1808 in order to protect Portugal's independence from the Napoleonic attempts at conquest, which were finally successfully repulsed. With Rio de Janeiro , a former colony has now become the capital of a colonial empire, a historical one-off. After the return of the royal family to Portugal, this led to the independence of the Brazilian Empire in 1822.

After uprisings and revolts against British rule in India had arisen since the second half of the 18th century, the Indian uprising of 1857 in particular made the British aware of the fragility of their empire .

The war of independence against Spain began in Cuba in 1868, but remained unsuccessful for a long time.

Criticism in principle of colonialism was rare in the 19th century. Most of the criticism was directed against certain excesses of the colonial system, such as the slavery that still exists in the American colonies. Before 1848, the French Victor Schoelcher campaigned particularly vehemently for its abolition .

In Germany, Alexander von Humboldt in particular , who had witnessed slavery in America - especially in Cuba - came out against this form of oppression. Because of the fundamental criticism in the United States, his work on Cuba was only allowed to come onto the market in abridged form. Besides Humboldt, it was above all the Africa researcher Dr. Heinrich Barth (1821–1865), who had toured large parts of North West Africa on behalf of the British and who had witnessed slave hunts in the north of what is now Nigeria. Barth had initially believed that the slave trade could be stopped by introducing legitimate trade in European finished products, but he saw through the actual plans of the British government and turned into a radical opponent of European intervention in Africa. He criticized the missions , which ruthlessly destroyed traditional cultures, and justified the armed resistance of the Africans - especially against the French, who were pushing towards Timbuktu from Senegal . But it went unheard because German interest in sub-Saharan Africa was still extremely low in the 1860s.

1871-1914

Before 1914, colonialism in Europe generally met with little criticism of principle . Most of the public opinion did not question the official propaganda that colonization also benefits the colonized.

One of the exceptions was the former Dutch colonial official Eduard Douwes Dekker . In his novel Max Havelaar or the coffee auctions of the Dutch Trade Society , which appeared under the pseudonym Multatuli , he strongly criticized the conditions in the Dutch East Indies .

1885 was in India Indian National Congress (Indian National Congress) was founded. At first it was a not very offensive party of dignitaries. The partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon led to a second broad anti-colonialist movement (after the uprising of 1857).

On January 26, 1889, August Bebel sharply criticized Carl Peters and his German-East African Society . On February 17, 1894, he said in the Reichstag :

“Gentlemen, what does your Christian civilization really mean in Africa? Make no mistake about it, or try not to deceive others - because I can't possibly believe that you are wrong about it - so: what does this whole so-called Christian civilization in Africa really mean? Outwardly Christianity, inwardly and in truth corporal punishment , abuse of women, schnapps plague, slaughter with fire and sword, with saber and rifle. This is your culture. It is about very common material interests, about doing business and nothing more! "

The fact that Bebel did not reject colonialism in principle was shown in his statements before the same forum in the colonial debate of December 1, 1906:

“Gentlemen, that colonial policy is practiced is in and of itself not a crime. Carrying out colonial politics can sometimes be a cultural act; all that matters is how colonial policy is carried out. There is a big difference between what colonial policy should be and what it is. If the representatives of cultivated and civilized peoples come, as it is z. B. the European nations and the North American are to foreign peoples as liberators, as friends and educators, as helpers in need, to bring them the achievements of culture and civilization, to educate them to be cultured people, this happens in this noble one Intentionally and in the right way, then we Social Democrats will be the first to be ready to support such a colonization as a great cultural mission. "

These statements cannot be seen as a fundamental criticism of colonialism.

In 1900 the first Pan-African Congress took place. In 1905 Pierre Mille published Nous roulons sur des cadavres in the Cahiers de la Quinzaine .

In January 1907 the so-called " Hottentot Elections " took place. For the first time, colonial policy was a central election campaign issue in Germany.

In 1907, at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in August, a draft resolution that contained no fundamental rejection of colonialism was only rejected by a narrow majority. The background were theories of a " socialist colonial policy ", in Germany mainly by Eduard Bernstein , Richard Calwer or Georg von Vollmar . The colonial policy of the socialists differed fundamentally from that of the capitalist colonial powers and was primarily aimed at the export of human rights and the social development of the colonies.

Rosa Luxemburg was one of the harshest critics of colonialism . Like Karl Kautsky , she included colonialism in the overall phenomenon of imperialism .

20th century

1914-1945

In 1931 the great Paris colonial exhibition took place, which was very well received by the population. Anti-colonial groups and French artists protested. The Ligue de Defense de la Race Nègre, led by Tiemoko Garan Kouyaté and the PCF, organized an anti-colonial counter-exhibition.

Burmese Days , the novel by former colonial official George Orwell, was published in New York in October 1934 . Several British publishers had refused to publish it.

In 1935 intellectuals criticized the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in the Manifeste pour le respect de la Loi internationale . It was defended in the Manifeste des intellectuels français pour la défense de l'Occident et la paix en Europe , published in Le Temps in October 1935 , and by many well-known writers, including twelve members of the Académie française , and by people like Marcel Aymé , Georges Blond , Pierre Drieu La Rochelle , Pierre Gaxotte , Thierry Maulnier ou Pierre Mac Orlan .

After 1945

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
Various wars of liberation, e.g. B. Indonesia, British colonies in Africa, ...; Hong Kong, Macau; today's movements, e.g. B. New Caledonia
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Numerous independence movements fought partially successfully for their goals.

On September 2, 1945, after the successful August Revolution , Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . The attempt by the French to reestablish their colonial rule led to the Indochina War , which ended in 1954 with the crushing defeat of the French at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ . This defeat sent a worldwide signal to anti-colonial movements.

India gained independence in 1947. In the same year the uprising in Madagascar against the French colonial rulers began.

In October 1952, the British government declared a state of emergency to combat the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya . The uprising was suppressed militarily, but the scandal surrounding murders in internment camps contributed to independence.

In France, the Réseau Jeanson actively supported the FLN during the Algerian war . "Porters" were also active in Germany. In 1960, in the Manifesto of 121 , French intellectuals declared the refusal of military service and the support of Algerian fighters to be legitimate.

The Portuguese colonial war that began in 1961 led to the independence of the Portuguese colonies in Africa. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974 overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime in Portugal, the new left-wing government of Portugal released the overseas provinces into independence and actively supported them. This ended the 500-year history of Portuguese possessions in Africa.

present

On the occasion of the celebration of the anniversary of the "discovery" of America by Columbus , there were numerous protests in 1992.

With the end of apartheid , many believed that the age of colonialism had finally come to an end. Others believe that the continued economic and political dependence of many former colonies - what they term neo-colonialism - shows that the phenomenon is not yet a thing of the past.

monument

Bremen anti-colonial monument

The former "Reichskolonialehrendenkmal" created by Fritz Behn for the fallen German soldiers in the colonial wars became the first anti-colonial monument in Germany in 1990 in Bremen .

bibliography

Bibliographies

Sources (in chronological order)

Anthologies

  • Marcel Merle (ed.): L'anticolonialisme européen de Las Casas à Karl Marx. Texts choisis et présentés. Colin, Paris 1969.
  • Charles-Robert Ageron (Ed.): L'anticolonialisme en France de 1871 à 1914 (= Dossiers Clio. 67, ISSN  1638-9220 ). Texts choisis et présentés. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1973.

Individual texts

  • Resolution of the majority of the commission on the colonial question. In: Internationaler Sozialisten-Kongress Stuttgart 1907. From August 18th to 24th. Vorwärts, Berlin 1907, p. 112, digitized .
  • Paul Vigné d'Octon: Les crimes coloniaux de la Troisième République. Guerre Sociale, Paris 1911.
  • Hans Paasche : The lost Africa (= pamphlets of the Federal New Fatherland. No. 16, ZDB -ID 1060060-7 ). Berger, Berlin 1919, (reprinted in: Helmut Donat , Wilfried Knauer (Hrsg.): "Auf der Flucht" shot ... Writings and articles by and about Hans Paasche (= series of publications "The Other Germany". No. 1, ZDB -ID 599483-4 ). With a preface by Helga Paasche, H. Donat - W. Knauer et al., Bremen ia 1981, pp. 169–188).
  • André Gide : Voyage au Congo. Suivi de Le retour du Tchad: Carnets de route. Gallimard, Paris 1928.
  • Alexander von Humboldt : Essai politique sur l'île de Cuba. Librairie de Gide fils, Paris 1826, (New edition: Cuba-Werk (= Alexander von Humboldt. Study edition. Vol. 3 = Research company of the Humboldt Society. 40). Edited and commented by Hanno Beck . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1992, ISBN 3 -534-03103-2 ).
  • Albert Londres : Terre d'ébène. Michel, Paris 1929, (new edition: Terre d'ébène. La traite des noir. Récit (= Motifs. 8). Le serpent à plumes, Paris 1994, ISBN 2-908957-29-9 ).
  • Lamar Middleton: The Rape of Africa. Smith & Haas, New York NY 1936.
  • Andrée Viollis: Indochine SOS Préface d ' André Malraux . Gallimard, Paris 1935, (several new editions).
  • La colonization, son avenir, sa liquidation. In: Esprit . Vol. 3, No. 39, December 1, 1935, ( digitized ).
  • Manifest in: Esprit , November 22, 1948.
  • Aimé Césaire : Discours sur le colonialisme. Présence Africaine, Paris 1950, (In German: About colonialism (= Rotbuch. 3). Wagenbach, Berlin 1968).
  • Frantz Fanon : Les damnés de la terre (= Cahiers Libres. 27/28, ISSN  0526-8370 ). Préface de Jean-Paul Sartre . 1961, (In German: The damned of this earth. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1966).
  • Hamdou Rabby Sy: The Anti-Colonial Discourse: Which Topicality? In: Manuel Aßner, Jessica Breidbach, Abdel Amine Mohammed, David Schommer, Katja Voss (eds.): AfrikaBilder im Wandel? Sources, continuities, effects and breaks (= Africa and Europe. Colonial and post-colonial encounters. Vol. 8). Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2012, ISBN 978-3-631-61568-3 , pp. 41-52.

Studies

  • Rudolf von Albertini : Decolonization. The discussion about the administration and future of the colonies 1919-1960 (= contributions to colonial and overseas history. Vol. 1, ISSN  0522-6848 ). Westdeutscher Verlag, Cologne et al. 1966.
  • Masao Nishikawa: Civilizing the Colonies or Colonization by Civilization? The socialists and the colonial question in the age of imperialism. In: Joachim Radkau , Imanuel Geiss (Hrsg.): Imperialism in the 20th century. Commemorative publication for George WF Hallgarten . CH Beck, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-406-06464-7 , pp. 87-112.
  • Robert JC Young: Postcolonialism. An Historical Introduction. Blackwell, Oxford et al. 2001, ISBN 0-631-20071-1 (This extensive work is largely devoted to the representation of the various anti-colonial movements).

Germany

France

  • Yves Benot : Diderot, de l'athéisme à l'anticolonialisme. Maspero, Paris 1970.
  • Raoul Girardet: L'idée coloniale en France. De 1871 à 1962. La Table ronde, Paris 1972.
  • Charles-Robert Ageron (Ed.): L'anticolonialisme en France de 1871 à 1914 (= Dossiers Clio. 67). Texts choisis et présentés. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1973.
  • Phyllis Taoua: Forms of Protest. Anti-Colonialism and Avant-Gardes in Africa, the Caribbean, and France. Heinemann, Portsmouth 2002, ISBN 0-325-07090-3 .
  • Richard Laurent Omgba: La littérature anticolonialiste en France de 1914 à 1960. Formes d'expression et fondements théoriques. L'Harmattan, Paris et al. 2004, ISBN 2-7475-6681-1 .
  • Claude Liauzu : Histoire de l'anticolonialisme en France. You XVIe siècle à nos jours. Armand Colin, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-200-35093-2 ( Review by Alice Billard on nonfiction.fr, December 10, 2007).

Individual representatives:

1950s: Claude Bourdet, Pierre Stibbe, Sartre, Jeanson Albert-Paul Lentin (Politique-Hebdo); 1970s: Mongo Beti

Great Britain

Vietnam

  • David G. Marr: Vietnamese Anticolonialism. 1885-1925. University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 1971, ISBN 0-520-01813-3 .

United States

See also

Web links

Wikisource: Michel de Montaigne, Essais III, Chapitre 6, "Des coches"  - sources and full texts (French)

from "Nostre monde vient d'en trouver un autre ..."

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations of the German Reichstag . ( afrika-hamburg.de [accessed November 4, 2008]).
  2. ↑ Manfred O. Hinz, Helgard Patemann, Arnim Meier (eds.): White on black. Colonialism, apartheid and African resistance (= Elefanten-Press. 135). 2nd, updated and expanded edition. Elefanten-Press, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-88520-135-6 , p. 116, ( afrika-hamburg.de afrika-hamburg.de , accessed on October 26, 2015).
  3. ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations of the German Reichstag . December 1, 1906, p. 4057 .
  4. ↑ Claus Leggewie: porter. The left Algeria project in Adenauer Germany. (= Red Book. 286). Rotbuch-Verlag, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-88022-286-X .