Carl Peters

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Carl Peters
Signature Carl Peters.PNG

Carl Peters (first name also: Karl; born September 27, 1856 in Neuhaus / Elbe , Kingdom of Hanover ; † September 10, 1918 in Bad Harzburg , Duchy of Braunschweig , German Empire ) was a publicist , colonialist and traveler to Africa with a strong racist attitude. He is considered to be the founder of the German East Africa colony .

Life

Carl Peters, about eight years old, with sisters

Carl Peters was born as the eighth of eleven children of the evangelical pastor Johann Peters and his wife Elisabeth, née Engel. He attended the Johanneum grammar school in Lüneburg and the Ilfeld monastery school and was considered an intelligent and sporty student. In 1876 he passed his school leaving examination and was exempted from military service because of myopia. He studied history, philosophy and geography at the Universities of Göttingen , Tübingen and Berlin University . His lecturers included the theologian Carl Heinrich Weizsäcker , the historians Bernhard von Kugler , Georg Waitz , Theodor Mommsen , Gustav Droysen , Heinrich von Treitschke and Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch, and the geographer Heinrich Kiepert . In addition to his studies, he wrote journalistic articles. During his studies he became a member of the Primislavia Berlin fraternity in 1879 . Carl Peters won the "Gold Medal of Honor for Art and Science" in 1878 and received his doctorate in philosophy in 1879 with the work Investigations on the Peace of Venice . With the passing of the senior teacher exam in 1880, he would have been able to take a subsequent traineeship as a high school teacher for geography and history.

Encounter with the British Empire

Carl Peters, 1882

In December 1881 Peters moved to London to live with his wealthy and in the English capital respected uncle Karl Engel (1818-1882), a composer, pianist and music writer, and there led the life of an English gentleman. During those years, Carl Peters was intensively concerned with philosophy and his favorite philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer . For study purposes he stayed at this time in Eastbourne , Boulogne-sur-Mer , Paris and Tunbridge Wells, among others . According to his own statements, it was during these years that he first came into contact with British colonialism and British world power politics, which from then on influenced his view of the world. During his stay in London, he also drafted a concept for Germany's expansion on other continents outside Europe, based on the Anglo-Saxon colonial literature he studied. When he returned to Germany in 1883, he had planned the careers of a lecturer in philosophy and that of a parliamentarian. An early colonial movement by Wilhelm Hübbe-Schleiden , Robert Jannasch and Friedrich Fabri had emerged in Germany during these years , which Peters followed with great sympathy. And, having returned to Germany, he advertised his colonial-political plans through lectures and published publications. His unsuccessful book Willenswelt und Weltwille, inspired by Schopenhauer, was published in 1882 .

As a "friend of Prussia", he rejected the offer of his uncle to allow himself to be naturalized as an Englishman and thus to enjoy numerous privileges. After Karl Engel's suicide - Peters was already back in Germany at this point - he inherited his fortune and sold a large part of the property. As a correspondent, he published articles on public life and economic conditions in Great Britain in several German newspapers, with British colonial policy constantly catching his eye as one of the sources of prosperity and independence. The English, he criticized, had greater self-confidence and greater national pride than the Germans ( Das Deutschtum in London , 1883).

Foundation of German East Africa

Carl Peters

After returning from the British capital, Peters settled in Berlin, which he initially disliked, and became interested in the German colonial movement. What bothered him about this was that she did a lot of public relations work, but had no concrete plans to acquire the colony. Together with Felix von Behr-Bandelin , he founded the “ Society for German Colonization ” (GfdK) in March 1884 , moved to Hanover in between and completed his habilitation in philosophy at the University of Leipzig with Wilhelm Wundt in the summer with the subject of the extent to which metaphysics as a science was possible ?

Even before his first trial lecture, he was already on the way to Africa. The choice of his destination in East Africa had come about at short notice through a series of coincidences. In the GfdK there had been extensive debates about areas in which they wanted to seek colonies. For a time, the board majority was for land acquisition in South America. Peters managed to take over the chairmanship himself and to attract the majority to his side through new appointments. He had an area in mind in what is now Zimbabwe . During Peter's absence due to his habilitation, a proposal by Mission Inspector Alexander Merensky found the majority to turn to areas in the hinterland of Moçâmedes in what is now Angola. The GfdK wrote shares worth 5,000 marks to finance the project, 35 of which were subscribed. On August 20, 1884, the shareholders' meeting decided to "establish an independent German arable and trading colony in South Africa". While the members designated for the acquisition made farewell visits to their families, the Foreign Office of the Reich Government announced that the GfdK's plan referred to areas that were recognized as belonging to Portugal and not in the interests of the German Reich, therefore no protection would be expected. In a board meeting on September 16, 1884 it was decided to redirect the destination to the areas opposite Zanzibar in East Africa. The decisive factor was that Joachim von Pfeil , the only expedition participant with his own experience of Africa, knew Stanley's book "Through the Dark Continent" and brought his description of Usagara in today's Tanzania into the debate. The board of directors gave Peters together with Karl Ludwig Jühlke and von Pfeil the order to acquire areas in East Africa, preferably in Usagara.

The group was accompanied by the businessman August Otto and decided to hide their travel plans as much as possible. She made no notice to the government. After arriving in Zanzibar, Peters was informed on November 8th by the German consul that this enterprise was also not in the interests of the Reich and that they could not count on any protection.

The starting areas of the DOAG 1885 (underlined) in Usagara, Usegua and Nguru (Colonial Atlas 1920)

On November 11th, the group crossed to Sadani on the mainland opposite the island of Zanzibar. They followed the course of the Wami River inland. It was here that Peters began to sign “ protection treaties ” with local rulers. The destination of his trip was the Usagara region , with whose ruler he had signed a treaty on December 4, 1884. On the way there, contracts were also concluded in the coastal landscape of Useguha and on the way back in the regions of Nguru and Ukami . The activities consisted of Peters visiting local chiefs and - often after having consumed a lot of alcohol - presenting them with German-language documents, on which they then drew crosses as signatures. In it they were promised protection from enemies, and conversely the rights of the colonization society were described in such a way that they had the sole and unrestricted rights to collect duties and taxes, to set up a judiciary and administration, to bring armed troops into the country and to allow settlers the "mountains, Rivers, lakes and forests ”for any use. An examination of whether the African contracting parties understood what they were presented with or whether they even had a power of attorney to dispose of the abovementioned powers was not carried out.

The aim of Carl Peters was to receive letters of protection from the Reich for the "acquired" areas. However, Reich Chancellor Bismarck expressed himself disparagingly about what Peters presented to the Reich government after his return: “a piece of paper with Negro crosses underneath”. Peters threatened that King Leopold of Belgium , who was expanding his empire in Central Africa after the Congo Conference , would also be interested in East Africa. Bismarck gave in, also out of domestic political considerations towards his national liberal allies in the Reichstag, and, following the example of British charters, had the colonial association, renamed German-East African Society (DOAG), issue an imperial letter of protection over the landscapes of Usagara, Nguru, Useguha and Ukami. This gave Peter's colonial association the necessary support for further expansion.

On the initiative of Carl Peters, the "First General Congress for the Promotion of Overseas Interests" was convened in 1886 and the "General German Association for the Promotion of Overseas German National Interests" was founded. This was a private form of organization that was supposed to set up a German administration in the areas already visited, levy taxes and implement the exploitation of mineral resources.

In the following year he reached an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar , which placed the Zanzibari coastal strip from Umba to Rovuma under the administration of the company. He did not experience the resistance of the coastal population that broke out in the following year and that led to the collapse of the rule of society. In 1889/90 Peters was on an expedition with Adolf von Tiedemann , which he called the German Emin Pascha Expedition and which led him through Kenya to Uganda . The aim was to integrate Uganda and the former Egyptian Equatoria Province into the German colonial empire. King Mwanga II of Buganda was persuaded by Peters to sign a friendship and economic agreement , the so-called Uganda Treaty . The conclusion of the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty of July 1, 1890, however, ruined his efforts in this regard.

In protest against this agreement , which he perceived as a waiver , Peters became involved in the Pan-German Association , which was founded on his initiative.

Reich Commissioner on Kilimanjaro

The attempt to rule East Africa through the private " German East African Society " collapsed in the uprising of the East African coastal population in 1888/89. The German Empire took over direct control and Peters was appointed Reich Commissioner for the Kilimanjaro area in 1891 . Here he took care of the definition of the border with British East Africa ( Kenya ). His conduct of office on the ground was characterized by cruelty towards the people of the country and the arbitrary use of the death penalty. This brutal crackdown on the African population, often for purely personal reasons, cost Peters the office. So he had kept African girls as lovers. When he discovered that his concubine Jagodia was having an affair with his servant, he had them both hanged in public and their home villages burned down. This led to armed resistance by the Tschagga , which was brutally suppressed for months.

Dishonorable discharge

Peters was therefore ordered back to Germany in 1892, where he was employed in the Colonial Ministry from 1893 to 1895, while investigations were being carried out against him. At that time he was also the center of a dispute in the Reichstag . The Social Democratic MP August Bebel attacked the colonial policy of the empire on principle because of its illegality and cornered Peters among other things with eyewitness reports by a British missionary. Overall, his administration as Reich Commissioner was sharply criticized and intensified the already smoldering colonial criticism in the Reich.

The investigations of the imperial disciplinary court ended in 1897 with the dishonorable discharge from service in the Reich, losing his title and pension entitlement. To avoid the trial, Carl Peters left Germany. However, in 1905 he had already been awarded the title of "retired Reichskommissar" by Kaiser Wilhelm II and from 1914 he also received an annual pension.

Activities in England and southern Africa

Peters evaded the procedure by moving again to London and lived in England from 1896 to 1914 . He founded in London the Dr. Carl Peters Estates and Exploration Co. , later South East Africa Ltd. who operated gold mining in South Africa . On several trips he explored other gold deposits in southern Rhodesia and Angola .

In 1899 he went on a research trip to the Zambezi . He wanted to prove that the biblical gold country Ophir had been in Southeast Africa. Due to his racist attitudes, Peters could not imagine that the ruins of Greater Zimbabwe, as well as other ancient sites in Rhodesia that he himself tracked down, were of African origin, so he looked for builders from the Middle East, with the Phoenicians playing a central role . First and foremost, Peters was concerned with using his theory to win shareholders for his corporation, which was to acquire land in Portuguese Moçambique and dig for gold there. Peters enriched his Ophir theory with violent defamations against black Africans and called for the introduction of general forced labor in the colonies.

Thea and Carl Peters

On February 26, 1909, Peters married Thea Herbers, daughter of Kommerzienrat Friedrich Hermann Herbers from Iserlohn , Westphalia , after a 14-year engagement in Berlin , whom he characterized in his memoirs as an "understanding and loyal companion". He decided against Frieda von Bülow , who felt drawn to Peters for many years and was connected to him through a love affair on Zanzibar.

Peters returned to Germany at the beginning of the First World War . From this point on he was almost exclusively active as a journalist. In 1915 he published the book “African Heads” and in 1918 his “Memoirs”.

On September 10, 1918, Carl Peters died in Bad Harzburg. His grave is in the Engesohde city cemetery in Hanover.

Carl Peters tomb at the Engesohde city cemetery , department 16F, grave number 75

reception

Representatives of the colonial system celebrated Peters as a far-sighted genius, as an energetic hero, as a well-deserved colonial politician for his fatherland. "The equally ingenious and energetic Carl Peters fought in the sharpest way against those unworldly circles who always wanted to talk about the colonial question in theory but never act in practice." During the "Third Reich", Peters was "rediscovered" as the spiritual father of National Socialism and honored in numerous books, on a postage stamp and in the film of the same name with Hans Albers in the title role. Streets have been named after him in numerous cities. The speedboat accompanying ship of the Kriegsmarine Carl Peters bore his name. A ship named Dr. Carl Peters was built during his lifetime, but not used. Hitler overturned the conviction of 1897 posthumously. In 1938, the “ Reich Office for the Promotion of German Literature ” praised the fact that Peters was “close to the ideas of the Third Reich fifty years ago”.

His temporary colleague Oskar Baumann wrote in 1892: “By the way, Peters is half crazy. Everything around him is crooked with blows. 100 to 150 are the order of the day. It is hard to believe what fear people have of Peters and his people ”. That is why he was nicknamed mkono wa damu ("bloody hand") among Africans . The colonial-critical press in Germany gave him the nickname Hänge-Peters . The social democratic central organ Vorwärts called Peters a "grim Aryan who wants to exterminate all Jews and, in the absence of Jews over in Africa, shoots negroes like sparrows and hangs up negro girls for fun after they have served his lusts." In 1899 it wrote:

“Peters is the type of a renowned monster. His shamefulness is bad enough, but not as bad as he himself exaggerates in advertising. Above all, he wants to be the interesting big guy who just lives out his great personality, free from any moral scruples. "

- Forward , February 2, 1899

aftermath

In the Weimar Republic, Peters was frowned upon because of his open violence against indigenous peoples, but after 1933 he was hailed as a National Socialist colonial hero. His conviction of 1897 was overturned posthumously in 1937 by an arbitrary decree by Adolf Hitler personally.

The historian Gordon A. Craig characterized him in 1978 as "a peculiar mixture of barker, patriot and Jew-eater, who was inspired by the desire to imitate the English successes in the overseas world". Sebastian Conrad attests to him a " quasi late feudal habitus" and a " masterly humanity ", which he "lived brutally without regard to the local population".

Peters in literature and film

Between 1935 and 1943 in particular, a number of books (including a play) were published in Germany in which Carl Peter's role as the ideological forerunner of the Third Reich was celebrated. A publication that would meet scientific standards is not available from this period. The eight-volume edition of Peter's collected writings by the Nazi party historian Walter Frank has not been completed.

The apologetically- glossing books about Peters include u. a .:

  • Balder Olden: I am me. The novel Carl Peters novel about the Emin Pascha expedition to Lake Victoria in Africa. 291 pages, Wegweiser-Verlag, Berlin 1927.
  • Edith Salburg: Karl (sic) Peters and his people. The novel of the German colonial founder. Duncker, Weimar 1929.
  • Hermann Böhme: Carl Peters. The founder of German East Africa. Reclams Universal-Bibliothek 7433. Philipp Reclam, Leipzig 1939. 73 pages (National Socialist propaganda which was used in secondary schools).
  • Frieda von Bülow: In the land of promise. A colonial novel about Carl Peters. 241 pages, Reissner, Dresden 1934. (First edition appeared in 1899, then with the subtitle A German Colonial Novel )
  • Erich to Klampen: Carl Peters. A German fate in the fight for East Africa. 230 pages, Verlag Hans Siep, Berlin 1938.
  • Josef S. Viera : Karl Peters' struggle for an East African colonial empire. 32 pages, Enßlin & Laiblin, Reutlingen 1939.

In 1941 the propaganda film Carl Peters was shot, which after 1945 had long been declared a film with reservations . Herbert Selpin directed the film , while Ernst von Salomon wrote the script. Hans Albers , who also appeared as a producer, played a direct, thirsty patriot with a North German tongue. Based on Peter's memories, the film moves away from historical events. The plot is very similar to the novel by zu Klampen. After falling on deaf ears with his thirst for action in the established colonial movement and gaining experience in England, Peters set off for Africa on his own account. There he saves an African tribe from Arab slave traders with his two childhood friends and concludes “protection treaties” with them and with other tribes. The British and the German-Jewish, imperial, high-ranking official Leo Kayser, whose brother Vorwärts is a journalist and member of the Reichstag for the SPD, appear as Peter's opponents . Wilhelm I and Bismarck, on the other hand, are impressed by Peter's achievements in the film, although Bismarck criticizes his rude manner.

The execution of two black people by hanging is portrayed in the film as a reaction to an uprising directed by England, to which one of his childhood friends falls victim; The film does not speak of the actual context, the relationship between his lover and his servant. At the end of the film, Peters justifies the illegal execution in the Reichstag as a necessary measure to discourage further insurgents. The members of the Reichstag , especially Kayser's brother, are demanding his resignation across all parliamentary groups and reject colonialism altogether, which leads to tumult among those present. In accordance with the National Socialist hostility towards democratic institutions and procedures, a completely distorted picture of the Reichstag and parliamentarism is drawn. In fact, Peters, who was neither a member of parliament nor the government, never spoke before the Reichstag, but was tried by the disciplinary court for the protected areas .

Discussion about naming streets

Street sign of the former Carl-Peters-Strasse in Bad Hersfeld
Memorial stone for Carl Peters in the front garden of his birthplace in Neuhaus (Elbe)
Karl-Peters-Gedenkstein at the former Karl-Peters-Platz, now Bertha-von-Suttner-Platz in the Hanoverian Südstadt (2010).

Squares and streets were named after Peters in various German cities, mostly at the time of National Socialism. Since the 1980s, however, they have been renamed partly because of Peter's racist attitude, so in Karlsruhe , Hanover , Hildesheim , Albstadt - Ebingen , Köln-Nippes , Munich , Bietigheim-Bissingen , Mannheim , Korntal-Münchingen , Lüneburg , Soltau , Bonn , Bad Hersfeld , Kiel - Neumühlen-Dietrichsdorf and Mülheim an der Ruhr .

In some cases, the previous street name was simply rededicated by attributing it to another person with the name Peters, for example in Siegburg , Berlin-Wedding , Bremen , Neustadt an der Weinstrasse and Ludwigshafen am Rhein . The same procedure was controversially discussed in Ludwigsburg . The application of the CDU parliamentary group for such a rededication of the person Karl Peters was rejected by the Ludwigsburg municipal council on July 29, 2015 and a real change of the street name was decided.

There are ongoing debates in Ravensburg . The street name was retained in Kaiserslautern . The street was dedicated to the astronomer of the same name ( Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Peters ), which is indicated by additional signs under the street name. In Neuhaus (today the municipality of Neuhaus ) a memorial stone was inaugurated in 1931 on the house where he was born, the evangelical rectory: “Our Dr. Carl Peters - Founder of German East Africa ”. The street in front of the rectory has been called Carl-Peters-Strasse (today Parkstrasse) since the 1920s. In 1951 - during the GDR era - the memorial stone was removed and re-erected in 1994 with the consent of the local council. An additional plaque ("The personality of Dr. Carl Peters, her work and the memorial stone are controversial.") Only had a short lifespan. The long missing additional board was put up again in 2017.

For several years now, efforts have been made in Düsseldorf to rename Petersstrasse, which has been named after Carl Peters in the so-called colonial district of Urdenbach since 1937 .

Fonts (selection)

  • “Studies on the Peace of Venice” - Dissertation, Berlin 1879.
  • "The Germanness in London" 1883.
  • "To what extent is metaphysics as a science possible" - Habilitation thesis, Leipzig, 1884.
  • "Arthur Schopenhauer as a philosopher and writer: a sketch" Berlin 1880 ( digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de digitized).
  • “World of will and world will. Studies and ideas for a world view “Leipzig 1883.
  • "Consolidation of the German Colonial Movement" 1885.
  • "England and the British", 1904
  • "The German Emin Pasha Expedition (1889-1890)" 1905.
  • "The founding of German East Africa", 1906.
  • "On World Politics", 1912.
  • “African Heads”, 1915.
  • “Memories of Life”, Rüsch'sche Verlagbuchhandlung Hamburg, 1918.
  • "Collected writings" (Wv Franke Hrsg.), 1943/1944

swell

  • Carl Peters: Memoirs. Hamburg 1918, pp. 8-25 ( online ).
  • Carl Peters: How German East Africa came into being! Personal report from the founder. Koehler & Voigtländer Verlag, Leipzig, publisher number 3703, 3rd edition, 1940

literature

  • Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Sub-Volume 4: M-Q. Winter, Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 3-8253-1118-X , pp. 293-295.
  • Norbert Aas, Werena Rosenke (Hrsg.): Colonial history in the family album . Early photos from the German East Africa colony. Unrast-Verlag, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-928300-13-X .
  • Karin Bruns:  Peters, Carl. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 239 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Hermann Krätschell: Carl Peters 1856–1918. A contribution to the journalism of imperialist nationalism in Germany. Berlin-Dahlem 1959. Dissertation; Elaboration of Peters' journalistic impact with a focus on the later National Socialism.
  • Arne Perras: Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856-1918. A political biography. Clarendon Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-926510-0 . Political biography of Peters with treatment of his importance also with regard to the colonial policy of Bismarck and the party policy in imperial Germany; researched in, among other things, newly accessible sources.
  • Winfried Speitkamp: Remembrance of the dead as criticism of Berlin. The cult of the colonial pioneers. In: Ulrich van der Heyden, Joachim Zeller (ed.) “… Power and share in world domination.” Berlin and German colonialism. Unrast-Verlag. Münster 2005, ISBN 3-89771-024-2 .
  • Uwe Wieben: Carl Peters. The life of a German colonialist. Neuer Hochschulschriftenverlag, Rostock 2000, ISBN 3-935319-05-3 .
  • Klaus Mlynek : Kindred spirits: Carl Peters and Heinrich Tramm. In: Thomas Schwark , Kathleen Biercamp (Red.): Interpretations, meanings. Contributions to Hanover's urban and regional history. Festschrift for Waldemar R. Röhrbein on the occasion of his 75th birthday (= writings of the Historisches Museum Hannover. Volume 38). Historisches Museum, Hannover 2010, ISBN 978-3-910073-39-5 , pp. 12–57

Web links

Commons : Carl Peters  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Federal Archives recently updated the image to the period “approx. 1893/1900 "dated. The decisive factor is the eye-catching semi-automatic Borchardt C93 pistol , as this type of weapon was only developed in 1893 and produced from 1894 to 1898.
  2. ↑ The Federal Archives use both spellings in its documents, cf. startext.net-build.de ( Memento of the original from January 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / startext.net-build.de
  3. ↑ Dates of life, place of birth and death here according to Karin Bruns:  Peters, Carl. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 239 f. ( Digitized version ). Kleefeld near Hanover names other literature as the place of birth and Woltorf near Peine as the place of death.
  4. ↑ Carl Peters: Memoirs. Rüsch'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hamburg 1918, p. 44 ( online at google books)
  5. ↑ Peters himself later mentioned Mashona and Matabeleland (Carl Peters, How German East Africa came up, Leipzig 1912, p. 15), Pfeil called it "Sofala" (Joachim Graf von Pfeil, On the acquisition of German East Africa, Berlin 1907, p 49)
  6. ↑ cf. Henry M. Stanley, How I found Livingstone, London 1872, pp. 142 ff.
  7. ↑ “When I went to Zanzibar with my companions in 1884, the German government wanted nothing to do with the establishment of a colony in East Africa, and they did everything they could to prevent such a thing, while they were by no means involved in the matter there no one, least of all me, had asked them to take care of our company. ”Source: Peters, Carl: The founding of» German East Africa « In: Memories. Hamburg 1918, pp. 69-93. accessed on August 31, 2019.
  8. ↑ Peters (founding p. 77) mistakenly recorded his name as "Muinin Sagara", Pfeil (p. 77) wrote more correctly "Muinye Sagara"; "Mwinyi" is a ruler title.
  9. ^ Treaty with the Sultan of Usagara of December 4, 1884
  10. ^ Rochus Schmidt: Germany's colonies . Volume 1, Berlin: Verlag des Verein der Buchfreunde Schall & Grund, 1898, p. 12ff. (Reprint by Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-8289-0301-0 )
  11. ↑ Carl Peters: Lebenserinnerungen, Hamburg (Rüsch'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung) 1918, p.78f, via archive.org via google books, view in May 2016
  12. ↑ An idea from Peter's circle of friends to call these areas “Petersland” did not meet with approval; the term found limited use later in colonial propaganda during the Nazi era. See H. Froembgen (1941): Wissmann, Peters, Krüger, p. 122
  13. ↑ Karin Bruns, Carl Peters, German Biography Volume 20, 2001, p. 239ff. in: http://deutsche-bieographie.de/pnd118790536.html
  14. ↑ Carl Peters: The German Emin Pascha Expedition . R. Oldenbourg, Munich / Leipzig 1891.
  15. ↑ Popular edition, Deutscher Kolonial-Verlag, W. Theodor Mumm, Hamburg / Braunschweig 1907
  16. ^ Winfried Speitkamp : German Colonial History . Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, p. 138.
  17. ↑ On the criticism of the colonial policy Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1918. Vol. II. Power State Before Democracy, Munich 1992, p. 729.
  18. ^ Winfried Speitkamp : German Colonial History . Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, p. 138 f.
  19. ↑ Marriage register StA Berlin 1/2, No. 109/1909
  20. ↑ Carl Peters: Memoirs. Rüsch'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hamburg 1918, pp. 113–131.
  21. ↑ Internet portal “Westphalian History” , media: family picture of the Herbers family, Iserlohn, September 1, 1911.
  22. ↑ Armin Strohmeyr: The world belongs to us - writing women conquer the foreign. Piper, Munich / Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-492-97180-5 .
  23. ↑ Thomas Morlang: Hang-Peters . March 3, 2005.
  24. ^ Historical press of the German social democracy online, forward . April 8, 1896. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  25. ↑ Sandra Maß: White Heroes, Black Warriors. On the history of colonial masculinity in Germany 1918–1964. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne 2006, p. 242ff.
  26. ^ Gordon A. Craig: Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1945. From the North German Confederation to the end of the Third Reich . Beck, Munich 1985, p. 116, quoted from Michael Fröhlich: Imperialism. German colonial and world politics 1880–1914 . dtv, Munich 1994, p. 39.
  27. ^ Sebastian Conrad: German colonial history . Beck, Munich 2008, p. 91.
  28. ↑ Manuel Köppen: With the 'Third Reich' around the world - coding of the foreign in fictional film, in: Manuel Köppen and Erhard Schütz (ed.): Art of Propaganda - The film in the Third Reich. 2. revised Ed., Peter Lang, Bern 2008, p. 263, fn. 14.
  29. ^ Karlsruhe: Carl-Peters-Straße renamed Besselstraße in 1987
  30. ↑ Hanover: In 1994 Karl-Peters-Platz was renamed Bertha-von-Suttner- Platz, whereby the Peters memorial stone was retained for reasons of monument protection
  31. ↑ In Hildesheim, Peiner Strasse was renamed after Carl Peters in 1939 and in 1989 into Bischof-Janssen-Strasse . Bischof-Janssen-Strasse. In: Alphabetical list of street names. Hildesheim City Archives, accessed on February 27, 2011 .
  32. ↑ Albstadt-Ebingen: Renaming to “Karl-Peters-Straße”, installation of a bronze plaque in memory of the victims of colonization
  33. ↑ Köln-Nippes: Carl-Peters-Straße renamed Namibiastraße in 1991
  34. ↑ 2000 Karl Peters Street in Munich Ida Pfeiffer Road renamed nordostkultur-muenchen.de
  35. ↑ Bietigheim-Bissingen: Renaming of Karl-Peters-Straße to Eisvogelweg in 2009 hilftigheimerzeitung.de
  36. ↑ Definition of a guideline for future honors and receptions for successful athletes and club teams in Mannheim
  37. ↑ Korntal: Renaming of Carl-Peters-Straße to Lembergstraße 2011 stuttgarter-zeitung.de: Nazi signs have to give way ( Memento from January 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ^ Karl-Peters-Strasse in the Bonn street cadastre
  39. ^ Two new street names Karl Schönholtz, Hersfelder Zeitung , December 30, 2013.
  40. ↑ Hans-G. Hilscher, Dietrich Bleihöfer: Carl-Peters-Strasse. In: Kiel Street Lexicon. Continued since 2005 by the Office for Building Regulations, Surveying and Geoinformation of the State Capital Kiel, as of February 2017 ( kiel.de ).
  41. ↑ Thomas Emons: Journal TE: A foray through a dark chapter of the Mülheim street names. In: Redaktion-muelheim.blogspot.de. November 28, 2011, accessed May 1, 2016 .
  42. ^ Siegburg, Council decision of June 22, 1995.
  43. ↑ Berlin-Wedding: The Petersallee in the " African Quarter " is supposed to commemorate Hans Peters (lawyer, politician and resistance fighter) since 1986 .
  44. ^ Bremen: The street is now dedicated to the criminal law reformer Karl Peters . weser-kurier.de
  45. ^ Neustadt - City Council January 31, 2012 . mrn-news.de, February 1, 2012. The street is now dedicated to the criminal law reformer Karl Peters .
  46. ↑ Petersstrasse: new reference , Mannheimer Morgen , 23 August 2011.
  47. ↑ Melanie Braun: Dispute over street names. Stuttgarter Zeitung , July 4, 2015, accessed on July 11, 2015.
  48. ↑ Melanie Braun: Hindenburg remains Ludwigsburger Stuttgarter Zeitung , July 31, 2015, accessed on August 2, 2015.
  49. ↑ Schwäbische Zeitung : Petersweg: residents want to be renamed ( memento from September 9, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) from August 13, 2010, accessed on August 14, 2010
  50. ^ Resolution proposal of the City Council of Kaiserslautern from January 8, 2015
  51. ↑ Uwe Wieben: Carl Peters. Rostock 2000. p. 92 ff.
  52. ↑ Meeting of the cultural committee of the state capital Düsseldorf January 23, 2020. Presentation of the results of the review of the names of streets and squares in Düsseldorf. P. 11 ( duesseldorf.de )
personal data
SURNAME Peters, Carl
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German politician, publicist, colonialist and Africa researcher
DATE OF BIRTH September 27, 1856
PLACE OF BIRTH Neuhaus / Elbe
DATE OF DEATH September 10, 1918
Place of death Bad Harzburg