Ernst von Salomon

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Ernst von Salomon (born September 25, 1902 in Kiel , † August 9, 1972 in Stöckte , Winsen (Luhe) ; also: Ernst Friedrich Karl von Salomon ) was a German writer and screenwriter . As an author, he is attributed to the Conservative Revolution . The free corps fighter and right- wing terrorist von Salomon belonged to the Consul organization ; in the Weimar Republic he participated repeatedly in political crimes, including in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Walther Rathenau . His best-known work is the autobiographical novel The Questionnaire (1951).

Life

Youth before and during the First World War

Ernst von Salomon came from the noble family von Salomon . His father Felix von Salomon, a former officer, was a police officer. Ernst had an older brother Bruno and two younger brothers Horst and Günther. He first spent his childhood in Kiel . In 1909 his father was transferred to Frankfurt , where he first worked as a detective inspector and later as a department head of the criminal police . Ernst grew up in Rothschildallee in the Nordend district and attended the model school from 1909 to 1912 . In 1912 and 1913 he attended the Lessing-Gymnasium in Frankfurt , but had to leave it due to lack of success and therefore switched from 1913 to the Prussian cadet institute in Karlsruhe and in 1917 to the main cadet institute in Groß-Lichterfelde near Berlin , where he graduated from high school in 1918. The time in the cadet institute was processed by him in the autobiographical novel Die Kadetten . In 1918 Ernst von Salomon joined right-wing extremist groups.

Weimar Republic

In December 1918, von Salomon volunteered to join the government-loyal troops of the Maercker Freikorps . With this he fought at the beginning of January 1919 during the Spartacus uprising in Berlin and in February 1919 took part in securing the Weimar National Assembly. He joined the Hamburg Freikorps Bahrenfeld founded in March 1919 , which was transferred to the Reichswehr in June 1919. With the Hamburgers, Salomon came to the Iron Division in the Baltic States , where he fought in Latvia under the Freikorps Captain Liebermann as a machine gunner, initially under the command of the Supreme Army Command , and later in the service of the provisional Latvian government Ulmani against the troops of revolutionary Russia.

After his return from the Baltic states joined Salomon of Ehrhardt Brigade of Hermann Ehrhardt on. With her he took part in the Kapp Putsch in March 1920 , during which the brigade occupied the government district in Berlin. From May to June 1921 von Salomon fought with the Wolf Freikorps against insurgents in Upper Silesia . After the Ehrhardt Brigade was dissolved in 1920, Salomon became a member of the Frankfurt group of the right-wing terrorist and anti-Semitic organization Consul (O. C.), a clandestine successor organization to the Ehrhardt Freikorps, under Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz . The aim of the Consul organization was to eliminate the republic. That should be done by the murder of exposed persons of this democracy. These included above all politicians of Jewish descent, politicians from the democratic parties of the center, politicians from the left, pacifists and those who were regarded as " fulfillment politicians ".

Salomon also took part in the "allegedly non-anti-Semitic attack" on Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau . Rathenau was murdered on June 24, 1922 while driving from his home to the Foreign Ministry in his open car from an overtaking car owned by Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer, with shots from a machine gun and a hand grenade. Salomon was instrumental in preparing the attack. The perpetrators and their helpers were tracked down in a short time. Kern and Fischer were caught on the run in Saaleck Castle on July 17, 1922 . Kern was shot and Fischer took his own life. In October 1922, a trial against 13 people involved in the crime was conducted before the newly established State Court for the Protection of the Republic in Leipzig with the Republic Protection Act . Salomon was sentenced to five years in prison for accessory to murder . Since the court qualified the act of Solomon “as a 'common crime' that was 'directed solely to the Jew Rathenau'”, it imposed the revocation of civil rights for five years after serving the sentence . Salomon criticized this part of the sentence as unjust and dishonorable, as he did in 1928 in a series of articles under the title Minister Rathenaus Ende. Recollections of a person involved in the world-historical assassination for the Berlin NSDAP organ The attack carried out.

Even before the Rathenau assassination attempt, the Frankfurt O. C. men around Karl Tillessen , Erwin Kern and Ernst von Salomon tried to kill a member of their O. C. group, Erwin Wagner, as an alleged traitor. Wagner had helped them as a driver in January 1922 in the liberation of Ludwig Dithmar , one of the war criminals convicted in the Leipzig trials . On the night of March 4th to 5th, 1922, Salomon and his accomplices had seriously injured Wagner on the head with manslaughter in Bad Nauheim and threw his body weighted down with a stone into the lake in the spa park. When Wagner, who was still alive, tried to avoid drowning and waded ashore, the perpetrators shot him. Salomon prevented the fatal hit with one arm movement, so that Wagner escaped swimming to the other side of the lake. It was originally planned that Salomon would shoot himself, but according to the historian Martin Sabrow, the then 19-year-old Salomon was “still lacking in unscrupulousness”. After the attempted murder, Wagner hadn't dared to report it to the police. So this attempted fememicide went unpunished for five years.

The attempted murder of Wagner was uncovered in 1926 by a testimony in the parliamentary committee of the Reichstag established in 1926. With regard to this act, the "Giessen Fememord Trial" took place in 1927 against Heinz, Salomon and another O. C. man, Ernst Casimir Schwing. Solomon's defense attorney was the "star lawyer for right-wing extremists Walter Luetgebrune " , who specializes in females and right-wing extremist assassins . At the trial, all witnesses withdrew statements against the defendants. They in turn put all the blame on Erwin Kern, who was killed in connection with the Rathenau murder in 1922. The activities of the O. C. remained in the dark and the leader of the terrorist group, Karl Tillesen, was able to claim as a witness that the distant did not consist in murder, but in social ostracism of the victims. At most they wanted to give the victim one rub . In addition, the members of the court were very prejudiced against the republic and partly sympathized with the perpetrators. So it came to mild judgments and the activities of the Consul organization were not cleared up. Salomon was sentenced to three and a half years in prison for assault and Ernst Schwing to one and a half years in prison for assisting in attempted manslaughter. Heinz was acquitted for lack of evidence. Solomon's sentence was set with his first conviction for a total of seven years. Salomon later admitted that the verdict in Giessen was a misjudgment because they really tried to murder Wagner. The fact that they did not succeed was a "failure". As a result of an act of grace by President Hindenburg , Salomon was released on parole from the Marienschloss-Rockenberg prison in December 1927 . He married afterwards in Berlin his childhood sweetheart Lieselotte Wölbert with which he is an inmate in prison Striegau 1923 betrothed had. They broke up after a few years, but stayed married until after 1945.

After his release from prison, Salomon dealt with, among other things, collecting money to support imprisoned murderers. Walter Luetgebrune put him in contact with Paul Fechter , who on April 29, 1928 published Salomon's first major work, the essay The First Day , in the features section of the DAZ . Fechter boasted in his 1952 newly published "German Literature History" to have discovered Salomon literary. The public attention that has now awakened led to the author being accepted into the circles of the Conservative Revolution and national Bolshevism around Friedrich Hielscher , Hartmut Plaas and Arnolt Bronnen . From then on, Salomon published works in their press.

Crowds in front of the Reichstag on September 1, 1929

In 1929, Salomon initially supported the rural people's movement in Schleswig-Holstein as a journalist at the side of his brother Bruno . The peasants' forms of struggle increased to bomb attacks, in which Salomon took part with a provocative mock attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin. In the basement of the building on the night of September 1, 1929, a “ hell machine ”, a package filled with a “ non - explosive , black powder-like explosive” that Salomon had left there with Walter Muthmann , exploded . The property damage was minimal. The result was a major arrest operation that did not only affect the national conservative camp. Solomon could not be proven to be involved in the crime and was released in December. During the three months of pre- trial detention in the Moabit prison , Salomon completed his first autobiographical novel, Die Geächteten, at the suggestion of Ernst Rowohlt , which was published by Rowohlt Verlag in January 1930 . In 1933 Die Kadetten followed in the same publishing house with a commitment to Prussia . Both books were successes - in contrast to the novel Die Stadt, published in 1932 , which Salomon rated as his best work. The novel contains an autobiographical description of the rebellion. That for the rural people movement three well-known German writers, Hans Fallada with farmers, bigwigs and bombs (Berlin, Rowohlt 1931), Salomon with Die Stadt (Rowohlt, Berlin 1932) and Bodo Uhse with mercenaries and soldiers (Carrefour, Paris 1935), novels as eyewitnesses had written, has so far been "largely ignored" by German literary research.

During the National Socialism

After the " seizure of power " by the National Socialists in 1933, Salomon published the novel Die Kadetten and then the non-fiction book Nahe Geschichte. The latter was a pre-publication on the history of the free corps fighters, which appeared in 1938 as The Book of the German Free Corps Fighters. Solomon's publications from the years before 1933 appeared in new editions or as excerpts in the series "Documents from the struggle for the rebirth of the nation". With all these books, Salomon had very high editions under National Socialism. In April 1933, Salomon was briefly imprisoned with Hans Fallada. Fallada's landlord had denounced both to the SA and the police. He had misunderstood a statement he had made and reported Fallada and Salomon for a planned assassination attempt. Fallada had only told his maid that his friend Solomon was an assassin. Through the intercession of old friends, they were released a few days later.

Solomon did not sign the pledge of the most loyal allegiance of German writers to Hitler made in 1933 . After Röhm's assassination in 1934, Salomon had the reputation of a “ Strasser man ” at NS party offices , especially since his brother Bruno , who had emigrated, was a well-known KPD member.

Salomon was part of a group of friends whose members expressed themselves critical of the regime in joint discussions. This group also included Arvid Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen , who later formed part of the resistance groups referred to by the Gestapo as the “ Red Chapel ”. Since his partner Ille Gotthelft, who had had a love affair with him as a twenty-year-old literature student, was Jewish, the Salomons withdrew from this circle of friends. According to the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, Ille Gotthelft was even considered a “full Jew”. Solomon protected her from persecution by moving in with her and posing as his wife. This supported the deception by renouncing a divorce. When Ernst Rowohlt did not dismiss his Jewish employees in spite of legal obligations, Salomon entered into a bogus job in the publishing house in 1934. Instead of a Jewish lecturer, he registered with the Reich Chamber of Culture . When it was later revealed that Rowohlt had employed Jewish editors, this was one of the reasons for the closure of the publishing house and Rowohlt's emigration in 1938.

Salomon had switched to the film business since 1936 and from then on lived as a screenwriter for entertainment films, but also for propaganda films. He wrote the script for the anti-democratic, “anti-English and anti-Semitic” Nazi propaganda film Carl Peters , which was released in September 1941. He wrote to a confidante: "... I have become a very corrupt pig who sells the shabby remnants of soul for the crumbs that fall from the richly occupied table of the UFA ...". In the memoirs of his “opposing” friends in Berlin artist and intellectual circles , Salomon appears as one of the “main spokesmen” and with the urge to be “out of date”. In his secret report Salomon, which he wrote in exile for the OSS in 1943/44, the writer Carl Zuckmayer was one of the "special cases that cannot be easily classified" and here one of the "positive":

“He was completely honest with his turning away from nationalist conspiracy, demagogic anti-Semitism and völkisch resentment. [...] It is quite an achievement of character that he did not allow himself to be made a 'hero' and martyr by the Nazis, he could easily have acquired a beatitude , but he was spoiled for the Nazis and through friendships and relationships with intellectuals quietly suspicious. His human level was too good to allow himself to be turned into Nazism. "

Salomon was a member of the Reich Chamber of Culture from 1935 to 1945. When the war began, Solomon was released from military service. In 1940 he bought a property in Siegsdorf in Upper Bavaria, where he and Ille Gotthelft saw the end of the war. From October 1944 to May 1945 Salomon was deployed in the local Volkssturm .

Post-war period and old age

On June 11, 1945, Ernst von Salomon and Ille Gotthelft were interned by the CIC because of Salomon's "active hostility to the Weimar Republic and its proximity to National Socialist ideology". During this time, Salomon claims to have experienced abuse by US soldiers, which he addresses in his novel The Questionnaire , mentioned below . While Gotthelft was released in March 1946, Salomon remained in custody until September 5, 1946. The film Carl Peters , for which von Salomon wrote the script, was banned by the British occupation authorities because it continued Nazi film propaganda . In the Federal Republic of Germany the film is categorized by the Murnau Foundation as a reserved film because of its racist and inciting content and can only be shown under special conditions (status 2014).

In 1951 Salomon published his autobiographical novel The Questionnaire , in which he documented his answers to the questions of the " denazification authority " (see also Persilschein ). The novel, which expressed Salomon's rejection of the American project “ denazification ” in a strikingly ironic way, sparked heated discussions and became the first bestseller in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is the best known and most successful work of Solomon. Solomon's memories stood out from the memoirs of other non-emigrants through a "gesture of sincerity" that he could allow himself because he did not impose a resistance legend and did not need to defend himself against accusations of being a member of the NSDAP. The novel was filmed in 1985 by Norddeutscher Rundfunk under the direction of Rolf Busch, with Heinz Hoenig in the role of Ernst von Salomon. The scenic television play depicts the interrogation of Salomons in front of the verdict chamber, with cinematic flashbacks of the author's life.

Salomon showed "little distance to his own history" and with the book made himself "the spokesman for those" who, despite the destruction of Germany and the countless victims of the Nazi injustice policy, "continued to think German nationally", judge Hans Sarkowicz and Alf Mentzer. According to a bon mot by Alfred Polgar in his review of the novel in 1951, Solomon's novel "rebuked the unwary Third Reich, like an unwary son from his father, whose pride in the devil boy flashes in his eye".

Between 1954 and 1956 Salomon wrote the screenplays for the film trilogy 08/15 (1954/55) and for Liane, the girl from the jungle (1956). Another biographical reflection followed in 1960 with Das Schicksal des AD ( Arthur Dietzsch ). In 1961, Salomon took part in the World Conference against the Atomic Bomb in Tokyo. He was involved in the emerging peace movement - in the Democratic Cultural Association of Germany and the German Peace Union .

Ernst von Salomon's father is film producer and former Spiegel TV - chief editor Cassian von Salomon .

reviews

The list of literature to be segregated, published in the Soviet occupation zone in 1946, contained all of Salomon's book titles, and the list from 1953 also contained two other parts of the "outlaws" published during the Nazi era. On the other hand, Solomon's anti-Americanism provided the link to the ideology of the GDR. In 1965, literary studies in the GDR even counted Salomon's questionnaire among the “anti-fascist autobiographies”. Salomon appeared as a "former nationalist and free corps fighter who became an opponent of Hitler and later turned left".

In France, the questionnaire ( Le Questionnaire, 1954) was “the first German sensational success after the war” and made Salomon one of the “rare Germans” whose opinion on political debates was popular on television. Because of his past and his “ anti-American streak”, Salomon appeared to the public more fascinating than the “good Germans who were recognized with respect and boredom”.

The Polish-British-Israeli historian for European history and the history of anti-Semitism, Robert Wistrich, described Salomon “as a forerunner and pioneer of the Third Reich - not least because of his 'moral color blindness', his self-righteousness and his nihilism”. His autobiography The Questionnaire was bitter, cynical and of "absolute indifference" to the crimes of World War II. Other authors also consider him to be the intellectual trailblazer of National Socialism.

Books

  • The outlaws. Ernst Rowohlt, Berlin 1930. Further editions 1933; 1938 25–54 Thousand, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh; 8th edition, 140-159. Tausend, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1943.
  • The town. Ernst Rowohlt, Berlin 1932.
  • Coup. Diesterweg, Frankfurt 1933. Taken from Salomon: The Outlaws. Rowohlt, Berlin. Rudolf Ibel made the selection. Overall title: Das Reich im Werden, Issue 6.
  • The conspirators. Diesterweg, Frankfurt 1933. Taken from von Salomon: Die Geächteten. Rowohlt Berlin. Rudolf Ibel made the selection. Overall title: The Empire in Progress, Book 7.
  • The cadets. Rowohlt, Berlin 1933. Additional editions: 1937 for the German book club; 1940 Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1940; third edition Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1942; fifth edition Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1943; eighth edition, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1943/1944.
    • Cadets - a selection. Schaffstein, Cologne 1940. Overall title: Schaffstein's blue ribbon; 244.
  • Close story. Rowohlt, Berlin 1936.
  • The empire in the making. Workbooks in the service of political education. German literature series . Book 6 - Ernst von Salomon: Putsch and Conspiracy. Fight for Germany in difficult times. Moritz Diesterweg, Frankfurt a. M. 1938. (Originally two booklets, Putsch and Conspiracy. Now in one volume as the overall title. Taken from Salomon: Die Geächteten. Rowohlt, Berlin.)
  • The book from the German free corps fighter. Edited by Ernst von Salomon on behalf of the Freikorps magazine Der Reiter towards the East. Limpert, Berlin 1938.
  • Boche in France. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1950.
  • The questionnaire . Rowohlt, Reinbek 1951.
  • The fate of AD - a man in the shadow of history. A report. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1960 (excerpts 1959 on zeit.de: Part I It didn't fit into any system: 27 years behind bars. Part II [1] + Part III [2] .)
  • The beautiful Wilhelmine. A novel from Prussia's gallant time. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1965. ( No. 1 on the Spiegel bestseller list from May 5 to October 19, 1965 )
  • Happiness in France. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1966.
  • Germany. Cities and landscapes seen from an airplane. Buch und Zeit Verlagsgesellschaft, Cologne 1967.
  • Germany your Schleswig-Holsteiner. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1971.
  • The chain of a thousand cranes. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1972.
  • The dead Prussian. Novel of a state idea. With a foreword by Hans Lipinsky-Gottersdorf . Langen-Müller, Munich 1973.

Film scripts

literature

  • Lemma: Ernst von Salomon. The questionnaire. In Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Ed.): Lexicon of "Coping with the Past" in Germany. Debate and discourse history of National Socialism after 1945. Transcript-Verlag, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8 , p. 133 ff.
  • Gregor Michael Fröhlich: Soldier without orders. Ernst von Salomon and soldierly nationalism , Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn a. a. 2017, ISBN 978-3-506-78738-5 .
  • Jost Hermand : The “Prussian” Ernst von Salomon - an anti-Semitic social revolutionary? In: Willi Jasper and Joachim H. Knoll (eds.): Prussia's sky spreads its stars. Contributions to the cultural, political and intellectual history of modern times. Festschrift for the 60th birthday of Julius H. Schoeps. Olms, Hildesheim 2002, ISBN 3-487-11642-1 , pp. 121-132.
  • Jost Hermand: Ernst von Salomon. Changes of a national revolutionary. Leipzig: Publishing house of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig / Stuttgart: S. Hirzel, 2002 (= session reports of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig. Philological-Historical Class, Vol. 137, Issue 5). ISSN  0138-3957 .
  • Jost Hermand: Defiant reactions from a bitter national Bolshevik. Ernst von Salomon's novels “The Questionnaire” (1951) and “The Fate of AD” (1960) . In: Adrian Hummel, Sigrid Nieberle (Ed.): Continue writing, write again. German-language literature of the fifties. Festschrift for Günter Hentzschel. Judicium, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-89129-762-9 , pp. 130-142.
  • Jost Hermand:  Salomon, Ernst von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , p. 392 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Jost Hermand: "Ultimately, what counts is only the state." The "unwavering" Prussian Ernst von Salomon. In: Martin Sabrow (Ed.): Autobiographical work-up. Dictatorship and Life History in the 20th Century. Akademische Verlags-Anstalt, Leipzig 2012, ISBN 978-3-931982-76-8 , pp. 24–43.
  • Markus Josef Klein: Ernst von Salomon. A political biography. With a complete bibliography. With a foreword by Armin Mohler. San Casciano Verlag, Limburg an der Lahn 1994, ISBN 3-928906-03-8 , also university dissertation Kiel 1992. (This work was written in 1991 by the “intellectual neo-nationalist” and emeritus political scientist from the University of Heidelberg Hans-Joachim Arndt of the University Heidelberg proposed. The professors responsible rejected the work. The historian Eike Wolgast wrote a devastating second opinion about what he believed to be inadequate work. Nevertheless, the work was accepted in a slightly different form at the University of Kiel. The sociologist Ulrich Bielefeld speaks in his article Die Nation as a secret. Ernst von Salomon and the “weird we” of the people from a problematic-sympathetic biography.) - In revised. New edition ud T. Ernst von Salomon. Revolutionary without utopia. Preface by Armin Mohler. San Casciano, Limburg ad Lahn 2002, ISBN 3-928906-16-X .
  • Martin Lindner: Life in Crisis. New Objectivity and the intellectual mentality of classical modernism. With an exemplary analysis of the novels by Arnolt Bronnen, Ernst Glaeser, Ernst von Salomon and Ernst Erich Noth. Metzler, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-476-00996-3 .
  • Hans Sarkowicz; Alf Mentzer: Writer under National Socialism. A lexicon. Insel, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-17504-9 , p. 512 f.
  • Maciej Walkowiak: Ernst von Salomon's autobiographical novels as literary self-creation strategies in the context of historical-political semantics. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-631-56863-7 .

Movies

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Armin Mohler , Karlheinz Weißmann : The Conservative Revolution in Germany 1918-1932. A manual . 6., completely redesigned. and exp. Edition Ares, Graz 2005, ISBN 3-902475-02-1 , p. 500 .
  2. ↑ Madlen Lorei, Richard Kirn : Frankfurt and the golden twenties. Verlag Frankfurter Bücher 1966, p. 185.
  3. ^ A b Jürgen Hillesheim , Elisabeth Michael: Lexicon of National Socialist Poets: Biographies, Analyzes, Bibliographies. Königshausen & Neumann publishing house 1993, p. 361.
  4. ↑ Hans Sarkowicz; Alf Mentzer: Writer under National Socialism. A lexicon. Insel, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-17504-9 . P. 512 ff.
  5. ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Ed.): Lexicon of "Coping with the Past" in Germany. The history of debates and discourse under National Socialism after 1945 . Transcript-Verlag, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8 , p. 114.
  6. ^ Markus Josef Klein: Ernst von Salomon. A political biography. With a complete bibliography. Revised edition. Limburg ad Lahn 2002, p. 119.
  7. ↑ Martin Sabrow: The suppressed conspiracy. The Rathenau murder and the German counter-revolution. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596-14302-0 , p. 180.
  8. ↑ Martin Sabrow: The suppressed conspiracy. The Rathenau murder and the German counter-revolution. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596-14302-0 , p. 177.
  9. ↑ "Giessen Trial for Attempted Fememord, March 22, 1927". Contemporary history in Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on November 24, 2014 .
  10. ↑ Rudolf Heydeloff: Star advocate of right-wing extremists Walter Luetgebrune in the Weimar Republic. In: Vierteljahrsheft für Zeitgeschichte 1983, volume 3. pp. 373–421. Online, accessed November 29, 2014.
  11. ↑ Martin Sabrow: The suppressed conspiracy. The Rathenau murder and the German counter-revolution. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596-14302-0 , p. 178.
  12. ↑ Ernst von Salomon: The questionnaire. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1951, p. 144.
  13. ↑ At the time after Solomon's release from prison, see Klein 2002 (literature list), p. 127.
  14. ^ Paul Fechter: History of German literature. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1952, p. 584.
  15. ↑ For the course of events and the infernal machine, see Ulrich Thürauf (ed.): Schulthess' European History Calendar. New episode. Forty-fifth year 1929. Of the whole series 70th volume. CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1931, p. 165; similar to Klein, p. 190. There also the reference to the report of the Chemisch-Technische Reichsanstalt on non-explosive explosives.
  16. ↑ So Alexander Otto-Morris: "Farmer, protect your rights!" Rural people movement and National Socialism 1928/30. In: Working group for research into National Socialism in Schleswig-Holstein e. V. (Ed.): "Triumphant advance in the Nordmark". Schleswig-Holstein and National Socialism 1925–1950. (= Information on Schleswig-Holstein Contemporary History, Issue 50) 2nd edition. Kiel 2009, p. 68.
  17. ↑ Hans Sarkowicz, Alf Mentzer: Writer in National Socialism. A lexicon. Insel, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-17504-9 . P. 513.
  18. ↑ Jenny Williams: More Life Than One - Hans Fallada - Biography. Translated from the English by Hans Christian Oeser, Berlin 2011, ISBN 3-351-02532-7 , pp. 185–188.
  19. ^ Armin Mohler : The Conservative Revolution in Germany 1918–1932. A manual. Third edition expanded to include a supplementary volume. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1989, p. 50.
  20. ↑ Hans Coppi [jun.]: Harro Schulze Boysen - ways into the resistance. A biographical study. Koblenz 1993, pp. 148, 154, 185.
  21. ↑ Hans Sarkowicz, Alf Mentzer: Writer in National Socialism. A lexicon. Insel, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-17504-9 . P. 513.
  22. ^ Letter to Hans Grimm dated August 7, 1936, quoted in after Markus Josef Klein: Ernst von Salomon. A political biography. With a complete bibliography . Limburg ad Lahn 1994, p. 234.
  23. ↑ So Max Tau in: The land that I had to leave. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1961, p. 239.
  24. ↑ Axel Eggebrecht in: Half the way. Interim balance of an era. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1975, ISBN 3-498-01612-1 , p. 295.
  25. ^ Carl Zuckmayer: Secret report. German paperback publisher. Munich 2004, p. 108 f.
  26. ^ Jürgen Hillesheim, Elisabeth Michael: Lexicon of National Socialist Poets. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1993, ISBN 3-88479-511-2 , p. 361.
  27. ^ Richard Herzinger: An extremist viewer. Ernst von Salomon, conservative literature between crime rhetoric and resignation. In: Journal for German Studies, New Series 1998, Issue 1, p. 92.
  28. ↑ David Oels: Rowohlt's rotation routine. Market success and modernization of a book publisher from the end of the Weimar Republic to the 1950s. Klartext, Essen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8375-0281-7 ; on the “gesture of sincerity” p. 365; on Bernhard Sauer's claim that Salomon joined the party on November 1, 1938 and received NSDAP membership number 6,738,231 (in: Bernhard Sauer: Black Reichswehr und Fememorde. A milieu study on right-wing radicalism in the Weimar Republic. Metropol-Verlag , Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-936411-06-9 , p 99), notes David Oels that the indicated sour Membership number one in the Sudetenland belonged-based miner named "Ernst Solomon," whose birth coincided with the Ernst von Salomon, P. 365 f.
  29. ↑ Hans Sarkowicz, Alf Mentzer: Writer in National Socialism. A lexicon. Insel, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-17504-9 , p. 513.
  30. ↑ Quoted by Hans Sarkowicz, Alf Mentzer: Writer in National Socialism. A lexicon. Insel, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-458-17504-9 , p. 513 f.
  31. ^ Controversy over a bestseller from 1951. Abendblatt.de, accessed on January 5, 2014.
  32. ^ Hans-Georg Werner, Werner Feudel, Wolfgang Friedrich, Günter Hartung, Dietrich Sommer, Willi Steinburg: German literature at a glance. Reclam, Leipzig 1965, p. 295.
  33. ^ François Bondy : The reception of German literature after 1945 in France. In: Manfred Durzak (ed.): The German literature of the present. Aspects and Trends. Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart 1971, pp. 415-424, here p. 418, there also the following.
  34. ↑ Robert Wistrich: Who was who in the Third Reich. Harnack, Munich 1983, p. 235 f.
  35. ^ Jürgen Hillesheim, Elisabeth Michael: Lexicon of National Socialist Poets. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1993, p. 368.
  36. ↑ Bernd Lenz, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink (ed.): Experience of foreignness and representation of foreignness in occidental cultures. Theory approaches, media / text types, forms of discourse. Scientific publ. Rothe, Passau 1999, p. 334.
  37. ^ Herman Langeveld (ed.): Democratic engagement. Contributions by Jürgen C. Heß from three decades. Waxmann Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8309-1337-0 , p. 148.
  38. ↑ Armin Mohler in the foreword to Markus Josef Klein: Ernst von Salomon. A political biography. San Casciano, 1994. p. 9.
  39. ^ Markus Josef Klein: Ernst von Salomon. A political biography. P. 91.
  40. ↑ In: Günter Meuter, Henrique Ricardo Otten (ed.): The uprising against the citizen: Anti-bourgeois thinking in the 20th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1999, ISBN 3-8260-1533-9 , p. 291.
personal data
SURNAME Salomon, Ernst von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Salomon, Ernst Friedrich Karl von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German writer and screenwriter
DATE OF BIRTH September 25, 1902
PLACE OF BIRTH Kiel
DATE OF DEATH August 9, 1972
Place of death Stockte , Winsen (Luhe)