Strzegom

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Strzegom
Strzegom coat of arms
Strzegom (Poland)
Strzegom
Strzegom
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Świdnica
Area : 20.50  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 57 ′  N , 16 ° 20 ′  E Coordinates: 50 ° 57 ′ 0 ″  N , 16 ° 20 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 230 m npm
Residents : 16,106
(June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 58-150
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DSW
Economy and Transport
Street : Wroclaw - Jelenia Góra
Rail route : Jaworzyna Śląska – Legnica
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Gmina structure: 10 districts
Surface: 144.71 km²
Residents: 25,775
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 178 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 0219063
Administration (as of 2011)
Mayor : Zbigniew Suchyta
Address: Rynek 38
58,150 Strzegom
Website : www.strzegom.pl



Strzegom [ ˈsʧɛgɔm ] (German Striegau ) is a town in the powiat Świdnicki of the Polish Voivodeship of Lower Silesia .

Geographical location

The city is located in Lower Silesia on the Striegau Water ( Strzegomka ), about 15 kilometers northwest of Świdnica ( Schweidnitz ) and 52 kilometers west-southwest of Wroclaw .

history

Schnabelturm, relic of the medieval city fortifications ( Polish brama Ptasia )

Under the Silesian Piasts

town hall
Striegau old town with the market tower
Basilica of St. Peter and Paul , consecrated in 1239
St. Barbara Church, with parts from the 14th century

It is known that the little Barbara chapel already had a miraculous picture in the 12th century, which was later transferred to the Benedictine church. During the government of Bolesław III. Schiefmund , a ruler from the Piast dynasty , "Ztrigom" is a castellany and appears in a bull of Pope Hadrian IV on April 23, 1155, in which he confirms the possessions of the diocese of Wroclaw . The castellany must have been built earlier than 1093, so it played an important role in the country's defense during the Bohemian invasion of Silesia under Duke Břetislav II around 1093. The castle stood on the Streitberg near today's city. In the middle of the 12th century the first church in Striegau known by name, the Peterskirche, was inaugurated and around 1198 the first Johanniterhospital was built near the Peterskirche. In 1203 Imbram, the landlord of Striegau, donated St. Peter's Church to the Order of St. John . Since then and until 1810 the Johanniter had church patronage in Striegau.

In 1239 the later parish church ( Peter and Paul Church ) was consecrated. After the death of the landlord Peter, son of Imbram, in 1240 the Striegau estate was withdrawn from the Dukes of Silesia as a settled fiefdom . Around 1242, Duchess Anna of Bohemia , widow of Heinrich II the Pious , granted Striegau city ​​rights . On behalf of the Duchess, the city was administered by Vogt Peregrinus. When Silesia was divided up between the sons of Henry II and Anna in 1248, Striegau fell to the Duchy of Liegnitz under Duke Boleslaw II. Around 1266, Duke Heinrich III of Breslau took over . Striegau. Since he died in the same year, Striegau was now ruled by his brother, Archbishop Wladislaw von Schlesien , and after his death in 1270 by the son of Heinrich III, Heinrich IV. In 1272, Heinrich IV took the Striegauer Johanniter under his special protection, their district was now under ducal jurisdiction. The Duchy of Liegnitz was divided into the partial duchies of Liegnitz under Heinrich V and Jauer under Bolko I in 1274 - while the father Boleslaw II was still alive . In 1277 Duke Boleslaw II of Liegnitz received Striegau and Neumarkt from Heinrich IV. He died a year later, Striegau temporarily stayed with Liegnitz. When Duke Heinrich V died in 1296, his brother Bolko I became the guardian of the underage nephews. In order to protect the duchies of Schweidnitz and Breslau from Bohemian invasions, he built a system of fortifications in which the well-fortified Striegau next to the Bolkoburg and the Schweinhausburg had to guard the country road from Bohemia that leads over the Landeshuter Pass to Breslau. During his reign, Striegau was surrounded by a defensive wall that was built by the Johanniter. During this time, the first German knight families (mainly from the Meissen march ) came to the Striegau area and settled there.

Bolko I died in 1301 and was buried in the Cistercian Abbey of Grüssau, which he founded . Until 1307 the government was exercised in the name of the three underage sons by his widow Beatrix von Brandenburg . On November 29, 1307, Duchess Beatrix founded the Jungfrauenkloster zu Striegau and left it to the Benedictine nuns . In 1315 Heinrich I , Bernhard II and Bolko II , sons of Bolko I, divided his land into three partial duchies of Schweidnitz, Jauer and Münsterberg . Striegau and Schweidnitz came to Bernhard II. After he died in 1326, the Duchy of Schweidnitz with Striegau was ruled by his two sons Heinrich and Bolko II . From 1327-1329, the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg forced most of the Silesian dukes to become vassals of the Crown of Bohemia . Only Schweidnitz-Jauer- and Münsterberg as well as Glogau remained independent. After the death of the last Duke of Breslau, Heinrich VI. the Duchy of Breslau was transferred to the Crown of Bohemia through the Treaty of Trenčín , which had previously been concluded , with which the Polish king solemnly renounced any claim by Poland to Silesia. In 1336 Bolko II paid homage to John of Bohemia. In order to be secured against a Bohemian overwhelming power, Bolko II sought to borrow from the House of Habsburg and married Agnes von Habsburg on June 1, 1338 in Striegau . Agnes received Striegau and the income from the Striegau region for life and from now on carried the title Agneta Ducissa de Stregonia .

In 1346 Duke Heinrich von Jauer died, both principalities were united to form the Duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer under Bolko II. In the hereditary brotherhood agreement between Emperor Karl IV. And Bolko II. 1353 it was regulated that Bolko's niece Anna von Schweidnitz should marry the emperor and that the Duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer would be inherited by Anna's descendants in the case of childlessness of the ducal couple Bolko and Agnes, but for life Right of use of the Duchess Agnes. In 1368 Bolko II died without leaving any descendants. The Duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer now fell under inheritance law to the Crown of Bohemia and in the same year the estates of the Duchy paid homage to the eight-year-old son of Charles IV and Anna, Wenceslaus IV. However, Bolko's widow Agnes was entitled to a lifelong usufruct of the Duchy. In 1375 Günzel von Seidlitz enfeoffed them with the Striegau Castle. From 1382 to 1388 she founded the Carmelite monastery in Striegau. Because of the high tax burden, the Striegau, Schweidnitz and Löwenberg citizens rebelled against Duchess Agnes in 1387, who had to flee to Kynast Castle in the Giant Mountains . In 1391, however, the Duchess put down the uprising. On February 2, 1392 she died after 24 years of reign, so that King Wenzel could now take over his inheritance, the Hereditary Principality of Schweidnitz-Jauer, without restrictions.

Under the crown of Bohemia, which the Habsburgs had held since 1526

St. Hedwig's Church, built in the second half of the 15th century

In 1398 a protection association of the Silesian cities was formed, Striegau was to set up a company of 25 riflemen. In a Jewish pogrom on March 8, 1410, 73 people died. In 1428 the Carmelite monastery was demolished because it was feared that it could offer this protection if the Hussites invaded. In 1430, Emperor Sigismund finally approved the construction of a new Carmelite monastery within the city walls. The Jewish community , numbering around 100 , was expelled from Striegau in 1454, and their synagogue was converted into a church (St. Barbara's Church). A major flood on August 8, 1464 destroyed half the city, including the leprosy hospital in the Schweidnitz suburb. In 1475 the city wall was reinforced and raised.

The first Protestant service took place in 1525 in the parish church. The first Protestant preachers in Striegau seem to have been followers of Caspar von Schwenckfeld , not Martin Luther . In 1526 the crown of Bohemia came to the Habsburgs , who were now sovereigns of Silesia in their capacity as kings of Bohemia. In 1527 the tax income from Striegau amounted to 41,256 guilders . During the Reformation in 1540, the Protestants took over the parish church. In 1543 Striegau had about 400 citizens who were homeowners. The total number of inhabitants was about 3000 people.

In 1550, the Striegau doctor Johannes Scultetus Trimontanus ( Johann Schulz , died 1604) discovered the "healing earth " ( sealing earth ) in a disused gold mine near Striegau , which soon became famous and sought after as a panacea throughout Europe ( Terra sigillata Strigonensis ). The sealing earth was regarded as a miracle cure against almost all ailments, but especially as an antidote for poisoning . This was even verified by several German provincial princes in controlled studies on animals and humans, which is considered to be one of the first clinical studies . The distribution was initially carried out by the miner Andreas Berthold (d. 1610), but later under the direction of the city council, since the area on which the healing earth was found was the property of the city. The royal privilege in this regard was renewed every tenth year, for the last time in 1685. The healing earth brought the city considerable income. From 1550 to around 1629, the main occupation of the inhabitants was linen weaving ( Strieg's linen was exported to Venice and the Black Sea ).

In 1626 part of Wallenstein's army stood with and in Striegau until the next year in the winter quarters. The Counter-Reformation was enforced in Striegau in 1629 by force (by the Liechtenstein dragoons ), the Protestants had to return all churches to the Catholic clergy and after the construction of the Friedenskirche in Jauer and Schweidnitz (around 1655) they had to stick to these churches. In 1632 the Protestants temporarily took possession of the parish church. A cholera epidemic in August 1633 killed 675 people. Some of the Swedish troops of General Torsten Stålhandske were garrisoned in Striegau in 1640. From April 6th to May 3rd of this year, the city was besieged by the imperial forces and, after being captured, sacked for three days. In 1686 the first (wooden) water pipe was constructed. The poet Johann Christian Günther was born on April 8, 1695 in Striegau. The first book printer in Striegau was opened in 1711 by the printer Johann Gottfried Weber from Oels .

After joining Prussia

Peter and Paul Church in Striegau , painting by Adolph Menzel , 1847
Striegau around 1930
View over the city, 2011

After the First Silesian War , Striegau and most of Silesia fell to Prussia . On December 10, 1741, the first public Protestant service was held in the Striegau town hall. In 1742 the first Protestant prayer house was built in Striegau . In 1743, Striegau became the district capital of one of the 48 newly created districts in Silesia and was given a district tax office, a district administrator, an excise office , a customs office and a post office. In the Seven Years' War and during the occupation by Austrian and Russian troops 1760-1762 Striegau suffered heavily. On June 4, 1745, the Battle of Hohenfriedberg took place. In 1788 Striegau had 1871 inhabitants.

Napoleon's troops occupied the city on December 23, 1806. From 1806 to 1809 the city paid 100,000 thalers contribution . After the Prussian administrative reform, the first mayoral election took place in Striegau on February 1, 1809. During the war of liberation in 1813, the Striegau people suffered financial damage amounting to 12,895 thalers and had to feed 5,400 officers and 92,400 soldiers from both armies. In the same year the Protestant congregation took over the former Carmelite Church. In 1840 452 craftsmen were active in the city, mainly shoemakers and tanners . In 1856, Striegau received a railway connection on the Liegnitz – Königszelt line . From 1860 onwards, the industry began to develop slowly. The city had 61 small factories employing 438 people. Steam boilers and machines, fittings and agricultural machines were produced. In 1861 Striegau got a gas works . In that year the city had 7592 inhabitants. For 1898 33 factories with mechanical drive and 24 with manual production are recorded, in addition there were five quarries in the city and its surroundings. Striegau already had 12,626 inhabitants, the city's income amounted to 305,978 marks and expenses to 304,841 marks. The main occupation of the inhabitants (until today) is the extraction of granite.

As a result of the Prussian administrative reform, the Striegau district was dissolved in 1932 , the city became part of the Schweidnitz district and lost all district authorities. In the years of National Socialism, the Groß Rosen concentration camp had been in the immediate vicinity of the city since 1940 .

In 1945 Striegau belonged to the district of Schweidnitz in the administrative district of Breslau in the Prussian province of Lower Silesia of the German Empire .

Towards the end of the Second World War , the Red Army captured Striegau on February 13, 1945 . Numerous looting and violence took place. On March 11th the Wehrmacht recaptured the city. 60% of the houses were destroyed. On May 7th, the Soviet army invaded again. Only about 7,000 Germans were still in the city, which became the assembly camp for about 80,000 forced laborers abducted by the National Socialists.

At the end of June 1945 the city was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying forces . The place name was Polonized as Strzegom . By 1946 the German population was expelled from Striegau by the local Polish administrative authority . Some of the newly settled residents came from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the “ West displacement of Poland ” .

From 1975 to 1998 Strzegom belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship ( Waldenburg ).

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1875 10,502
1880 11,470
1890 12,380 7,692 Protestants, 4,575 Catholics and 94 Jews
1905 13,427 4,783 Catholics and 100 Jews
1925 14,143 thereof 8,948 Evangelicals, 4,202 Catholics, seven other Christians, 94 Jews
1933 14,565 8,721 Protestants, 3,841 Catholics, no other Christians, 67 Jews
1939 15,155 of which 9,278 Protestants, 4,034 Catholics, 25 other Christians, six Jews

City arms

The city coat of arms of Striegau shows a red wall with battlements and a gate in blue , on both sides of which the figures of St. Apostles Peter (right) and Paul (left), with their attributes, in white with golden glorioles , grow.

traffic

Railway viaduct in the old town

Strzegom station is on the Katowice – Legnica railway line , and from the crossing Malczyce – Marciszów railway line there is only a short connection to a mine in the west.

Attractions

  • Basilica of St. Peter and Paul : The church building is one of the largest and most imposing church buildings in the city and region. It is one of the largest city churches in Silesia. The three-nave church with transept was built between 1280 and 1410, but was never fully completed. The nave has a length of 80 meters, a width of 40 meters and a height of 26 meters.
  • St. Barbara Church: The building has its origins in the 14th century and was initially used as a synagogue. In 1456 it came into the hands of Christians and was converted. The single-nave church has a Gothic portal from the 14th century, a baptismal font from 1500, a late Gothic vault and a Baroque high altar.
  • Antoniuskirche: The Gothic church dates from the 15th century. Its current late Gothic facade and the two portals were added in the 16th century. The baroque main altar dates from the 18th century.
  • Former Protestant church: Efforts to build a Protestant church in Striegau go back to the middle of the 17th century. The first building dates from 1742. This was demolished in 1817 due to dilapidation and replaced in 1819 by today's church. This was consecrated to the Holy Trinity.
  • Town hall: The remains of the former medieval town hall are the preserved market tower with a Gothic ground floor. The current face of the town hall dates from 1859/60.
  • The rectory (former Johanniter - Kommende ), last rebuilt in 1704
  • Former Carmelite Church, new building around 1704
  • St. Hedwig's Church, Gothic, around 1460

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

  • David Titius (1619–1679), Lutheran preacher and theologian

Sons and daughters of the church

Persons connected with Striegau

  • Ernst von Salomon (1902–1972) served in Striegau for his involvement in the Rathenau murder.
  • Werner Krusche (1917–2009), Protestant theologian and Bishop of Magdeburg, completed his high school days in Striegau.

Twin cities

The town twinning to Torgau (Saxony) was terminated by Torgau in November 2019. The reason for the termination was the behavior of the Polish delegation during the city festival in October. The partnership had existed since 1997. GermanyGermany

local community

The following places belong to the urban and rural municipality Strzegom:

  • Bartoszówek ( Barzdorf )
  • Goczałków ( Gutschdorf )
  • Goczałków Górny ( carbon height )
  • Godzieszówek ( Günthersdorf )
  • Granica ( Halbendorf )
  • Graniczna ( quarrel )
  • Grochotów ( Hoymsberg )
  • Jaroszów ( Järischau )
  • Kostrza ( Häslicht )
  • Międzyrzecze ( Haidau )
  • Modlęcin ( Ullersdorf )
  • Morawa ( Muhrau )
  • Olszany ( Ölse )
  • Rogoźnica ( large roses )
  • Rusko ( Rauske )
  • Skarżyce ( Grunau )
  • Stanowice ( Stanowitz , 1937–45: Standorf )
  • Stawiska ( Teichau )
  • Strzegom ( Striegau ) - city
  • Tomkowice ( Thomaswaldau )
  • Wieśnica ( Feebag )
  • Żelazów ( Eisdorf )
  • Źółkiewka ( Pilgramshain )

literature

Web links

Commons : Strzegom  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Strigau in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Alisha Rankin, Justin Rivest: Medicine, monopoly, and the premodern state - early clinical trials . New England Journal of Medicine 2016, Volume 375, Issue 2, July 14, 2016, Pages 106-109, doi: 10.1056 / NEJMp1605900
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. schweidnitz.html # ew39schwstrieg. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  4. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, p. 120.
  5. ↑ Old views of the parish church (Polish)
  6. ↑ Views of the St. Barbara Church (Polish)
  7. ^ Antonius Church (Polish)
  8. ↑ Town hall views (Polish)
  9. ↑ Elisa Perz: Partnership between Torgau and Striegau has ended in Torgauer Zeitung (accessed on December 1, 2019)
  10. ↑ Sołestwa