Środa Śląska
| Środa Śląska | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Lower Silesia | ||
| Powiat : | Środa Śląska | ||
| Area : | 14.92 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 9 ' N , 16 ° 35' E | ||
| Height : | 121 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 9516 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Postal code : | 55-300 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 71 | ||
| License plate : | DSR | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Wroclaw - Zielona Góra | ||
| Rail route : | Breslau – Görlitz | ||
| Środa Śląska – Środa Śląska Rynek (closed) | |||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Urban and rural municipality | ||
| Surface: | 214.93 km² | ||
| Residents: | 19,862 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Population density : | 92 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Community number ( GUS ): | 0218043 | ||
| Administration (as of 2014) | |||
| Mayor : | Adam Ruciński | ||
| Address: | pl. Wolności 5 55-300 Środa Śląska |
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| Website : | de.srodaslaska.pl | ||
Środa Śląska [ ˈɕrɔda ˈɕlɔŋska ] ( German : Neumarkt in Schlesien) is a district town in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. It is the seat of the Powiat Średzki ( Neumarkt district ).
Geographical location
The city is located in a fertile arable area on the Średzka Woda ( Neumarkter Wasser ) river, eleven kilometers south of the Oder and 31 kilometers northwest of Wroclaw . The city forms the center of the Neumarkter Platte, which stretches between Oder, Kaczawa ( Katzbach ), Nysa Szalona ( Angry Neisse ) and Strzegomka ( Striegauer Wasser ).
history
Among the Silesian Piasts
A market settlement already existed in the 12th century, which was conveniently located on Hohen Straße . It got its name after the markets that regularly take place here on Wednesdays (Polish Środa = Wednesday). Probably during the first years of his reign, Duke Heinrich I endowed the then Szroda market with German law. Here, the took Magdeburg Law application, adapted in some points the Silesian conditions and later as Neumarkt law was called. Neumarkt was first mentioned in 1223, when the Wroclaw Bishop Lorenz suspended the city of Ujest to the right "which the New Market Duke Heinrichs, who is called Szroda", applied. In 1228 it was referred to as a villa ( village ) and a mayor and a bailiff are documented for 1229 . In 1238 it was called civitas .
The city itself was laid out according to a regular plan with an approximately grid-shaped network of streets and a straight main street, which in the city center is widened to a spindle-shaped market square. The parish church of St. Andrew is documented for the year 1233, and around 1253 a ducal town castle was built in the north-west of the city, the first burgrave of which is documented for the year 1269. Also around this time the Franciscan monastery was probably built in the south-east of the city , but it was not documented until 1318 and belonged to the Saxon Franciscan Province ( Saxonia ).
Neumarkt under the Bohemian crown
With the division of the Duchy of Silesia in 1248/1251 Neumarkt came to the Duchy of Breslau and together with it in 1327 as a fiefdom to the Crown of Bohemia . After the death of the last Duke of Breslau, Heinrich VI. In 1335 and the associated reversion of the Duchy of Wroclaw to Bohemia, the Neumarkt Castle was subordinate to the sovereign, who appointed the burgraves and temporarily lent the castle. In 1327 it was owned by Ticzco von Reideburg , in 1444 by Leonhard Asenheimer from Bavaria, in 1514 by Peter von Sack and in 1573 by Anton von Mühlheim. At times it belonged to the council of the city of Wroclaw, which exercised the governance of the Duchy of Wroclaw. At the beginning of the 17th century the castle was acquired by the city of Wroclaw. It began to deteriorate in the 18th century and was demolished in the early 19th century.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, Neumarkt, surrounded by a city wall, was a center for craftsmen and traders. It had the duty-free trade with Bohemia, three annual fairs, miles and a free salt market. A vintner's guild has been established for the year 1323. In 1349, the Wroclaw Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell transferred the patronage of the Marienspital in front of the city to the Benedictine monks of the Opatowitz monastery in Eastern Bohemia. After this monastery was destroyed by the Hussites in 1421 , the monks fled to Neumarkt, where they founded a provost office, in which the Opatowitz abbots resided until 1535. After no successor could be found for the last abbot Gregor II. Rüdiger, the Neumarkt and Wahlstatt provosts were withdrawn and sold by the Liegnitz Duke Friedrich II .
After the Reformation spread from 1523 , the Franciscan Church became Protestant in 1527 and the parish church of St. Andrew in 1540. After the Thirty Years War the Counter Reformation was carried out and in 1675 the monastery was again occupied by Franciscans.
Prussian rule
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After the First Silesian War , Neumarkt fell to Prussia in 1742, like almost all of Silesia . During the Seven Years' War Neumarkt was captured by King Friedrich II on December 4, 1757 , resulting in the Battle of Leuthen . During the Napoleonic Wars from May 30th to June 5th, 1813 Napoleon stayed at the French headquarters in Neumarkt, where the Pläswitz armistice was negotiated. After the reorganization of Prussia, Neumarkt belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and from 1816 was the seat of the Neumarkt district , which belonged to the Breslau administrative district .
The cultivation of tobacco and the leather industry were of economic importance. The railway line Breslau – Liegnitz – Berlin , opened in 1843 , initially ran four kilometers past Neumarkt. It was not until 1926 that a connecting line was created from Ober Stephansdorf to Neumarkt . After Flämischdorf, Probstei and Pfaffendorf were incorporated in 1939, the population was 6,428.
1945 to the 2010s
Towards the end of the Second World War , Neumarkt was captured by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 and soon afterwards was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying forces, along with almost all of Silesia . Neumarkt received the Polish name Środa Śląska . The local German population was subsequently expelled by the local Polish administrative authority .
From 1946 to 1975 Środa Śląska was the seat of the Powiat Średzki. It achieved this status again with the administrative reform of 1999.
Population development
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1875 | 5,531 | |
| 1880 | 5,862 | |
| 1890 | 5,860 | including 3,516 Evangelicals, 2,239 Catholics and 86 Jews |
| 1933 | 6,411 | |
| 1939 | 6,429 |
coat of arms
The city coat of arms of Środa Śląska shows half a Silesian eagle in a yellow field on the right and three vines on the left on a white background on a vertically divided shield.
Attractions
Parish Church of St. Andrew
The parish church of St. Andrew was first mentioned in 1233 and rebuilt in 1248. Around 1380 the Gothic choir and sacristy were added. In the 15./16. In the 17th century it was owned by the Wroclaw Cross with the Red Star . From 1540–1654 it served as a Protestant church. After the re-Catholicization, it was rebuilt. The main altar with the figures of St. Andreas and Hedwig created the sculptor Tobias Stahlmeyster in 1716, the altar painting Last Supper and God the Father the painter Georg Wilhelm Neunhertz . The side altars probably also come from Tobias Stahlmeyster's workshop. On the outer wall there are several grave slabs from the 16th to 18th centuries. Century.
The free-standing brick bell tower was built around the middle of the 14th century and was not completed until the end of the 16th century. It is crowned with battlements. In a niche there is a Gothic figure of the so-called Neumarkt Madonna , on the tower base a Nepomuk figure from 1728.
Church of the Birth of Mary
The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin was believed to have been built in the 1220s. It belonged to the leper hospital, which was located outside the walls and which is said to have been donated by St. Hedwig . 1349-1535 the Marienkirche served as the provost church of the Opatowitz Benedictines. After that she belonged to the property of the Wroclaw Johanneshospital. Its procurator, the Wroclaw Auxiliary Bishop Johann Brunetti, initiated the restoration of the church in 1699, which was also redesigned in Baroque style and consecrated by him on October 21, 1700. From 1816 it was used as a magazine. Since 1871 it served as a church again. After the destruction in 1945, it was rebuilt until 1983. The stone sculpture Mother of God with Child comes from the middle of the 15th century, the figures of St. Hedwig and Andreas were created around 1480. Next to the church are two stone penitential crosses.
Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross
The former Franciscan monastery church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was built around the middle of the 15th century in place of the church that was destroyed in the Hussite Wars . From 1527 to 1675 it served as a Protestant church. It was then rebuilt until 1727, secularized in 1812 and used as a warehouse. In 1933 it was rebuilt by the Protestant community. There are grave slabs and epitaphs on the inner and outer walls.
town hall
The town hall was first mentioned in 1283 together with a department store. The current town hall was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 1552.
Neumarkt treasure
The so-called Neumarkt treasure is located in the city museum. It was discovered in 1985–1988 and consists mainly of coins and jewels , as well as a crown that probably belonged to the first wife of Emperor Charles IV , Queen Blanca Margaret of Valois . The treasure was probably pledged by Emperor Charles IV to the Neumarkt Jewish merchant Muscho.
More Attractions
- The baroque monastery buildings were erected in 1722 instead of a previous wooden building from the second half of the 13th century. After secularization , they were used for other purposes.
- The city wall from the end of the 13th century was reinforced by Johann von Böhmen in 1341 . It was interrupted by four gates (Liegnitzer, Breslau, Schweidnitzer and Fleischertor).
- The Roland was erected in 1913 on the 100th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig .
Twin cities
- Saterland , Germany
sons and daughters of the town
- Johannes von Neumarkt (1310–1380), Bishop of Leitomischl and Olmütz; Chancellor of the Emperor Charles IV.
- Mathias von Neumarkt († 1370), titular bishop of Trebinje, auxiliary bishop of Leitomischl and Breslau
- Laurentius Corvinus (1465–1527), scholar
- Kaspar Sagner (1721–1781), Jesuit scholar; his "Institutiones philosophicae" are published repeatedly
- Hugo Ewald von Kirchbach (1809–1887), Prussian general
- Hugo von Below (1824–1905), Prussian lieutenant general
- Hugo Magnus (1842–1907), ophthalmologist and university professor in Breslau
- Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus (1846–1921), botanist
- Emil May (1850–1933), was a hydraulic engineering inspector and government and building adviser
- Oswald Zimmermann (1859–1910), politician, chairman of the Reform Party (1903–1910), MdR
- Eberhard Gothein (1853–1923), German economist, historian and politician
- Hugo Schwaneberger (1853–1934), publisher
- Georg Gothein (1857–1940), German politician
- Otto Regenbogen (1891–1966), classical philologist
- Friedrich Bischoff (1896–1976), German writer and radio pioneer
- Franz Josef Kallmann (1897–1965), German psychiatrist and twin researcher
- Richard Scheuermann (1876–1913), pioneer of professional cycling
- Hans-Jürgen Puhle (* 1940), German historian and political scientist
- Karl Stahr (* 1945), German agricultural scientist and university professor for soil science
- Paulina Brzeźna (* 1981), Polish cyclist
local community
The urban and rural community of Środa Śląska has around 20,000 inhabitants on an area of 214.93 km² and, in addition to the main town of the same name, is divided into the following 27 districts ( German names until 1945 ) with a Schulzenamt:
- Brodno ( Breitenau )
- Bukówek ( Buchwald )
- Cesarzowice ( Zieserwitz )
- Chwalimierz ( Frankenthal )
- Ciechów ( Dietzdorf )
- Gozdawa ( Gossendorf )
- Jastrzębce
- Jugowiec ( Hausdorf )
- Juszczyn ( Lampersdorf )
- Kobylniki ( Kobelnick )
- Komorniki ( Kammendorf )
- Kryniczno ( Krintsch )
- Kulin ( Keulendorf )
- Lipnica ( Schadewinkel )
- Michałów
- Ogrodnica ( Schönau )
- Pęczków ( Panzkau )
- Proszków ( Beautiful Oak )
- Przedmoście ( break )
- Rakoszyce ( Rackschütz )
- Rzeczyca ( Regnitz )
- Słup ( slack )
- Szczepanów ( Stephansdorf )
- Święte ( Bischdorf )
- Wojczyce ( Polkendorf )
- Wrocisławice ( Obsendorf )
- Zakrzów ( Seedorf )
literature
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 342-347.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland, Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 919–924.
- Karl August Müller: Patriotic images, or history and description of all castles and knight palaces in Silesia and the county of Glatz. Second edition, Glogau 1844, pp. 206-208.
Web links
- Official website of Środa Śląska
- Środa Śląska The Virtual Shtetl (German)
- Joachim Lukas: Regional history notes from Silesia - Neumarkt (accessed on November 16, 2016)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. neumarkt.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Roland statue
- ↑ The Genealogical Place Directory