Franz Josef Kallmann

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Franz Josef Kallmann, circa 1950

Franz Josef Kallmann (born July 24, 1897 in Neumarkt / Silesia ; † May 12, 1965 in New York City ) was a German-American psychiatrist and geneticist .

Life

Franz Josef Kallmann came from an old Jewish family in Silesia. He was born the son of Marie (née Mordze / Modrey) and Bruno Kallmann, a surgeon. He became a soldier in the First World War . He then studied medicine in Breslau and also worked in the Obernigk-Friedrichshöhe nerve sanatorium . He received his doctorate on this activity in 1921 in Breslau.

From 1921 to 1925 he worked as a surgeon and neurologist in the hospital of the Gray Sisters in Neumarkt . During this time he converted to the Christian faith. From 1926 he trained as a specialist in psychiatry under Karl Bonhoeffer and in neuropathology under Hans-Gerhard Creutzfeldt in Berlin . In 1928 he became a department doctor and prosector at the Berlin sanatorium and nursing home Herzberge and at the same time at the Berlin-Wuhlgarten institute .

Genealogical-Demographic Department (GDA) of the German Research Institute for Psychiatry (DFA)

As part of his work as an expert in the Berlin clinics, Franz Josef Kallmann systematically collected over 1000 medical files from schizophrenia patients from the years 1893 to 1902 and examined their families from a hereditary point of view. In order to evaluate this material, he applied for a three-month research stay at the Genealogical-Demographic Department (GDA) of the German Research Institute for Psychiatry (DFA) in Munich in 1931 , which he was able to complete.

Gütt-Rüdin-Ruttke a.jpg

The GDA was headed by Ernst Rüdin , who had developed a system of "empirical genetic prognosis" since 1911. Statistical methods were used to calculate the probability of the occurrence of hereditary diseases in the offspring of patients in comparison to the general population. In 1933, Rüdin became Commissioner of the Reich Ministry of the Interior for Racial Hygiene and Racial Policy. He played a key role in the drafting of the “ Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring ” of July 14, 1933, with which “biologically inferior genetic material” should be eliminated through forced sterilization. For schizophrenics, manic-depressive people and epileptics he calculated unfavorable “hereditary prognoses”. He saw psychopaths and eccentrics as carriers of schizophrenic genetic makeup. Rüdin's “hereditary prognoses” served as a scientific justification for the psychiatric part of the German Forced Sterilization Act . This law provided for the compulsory sterilization of persons who had personally suffered or had suffered from one of the diseases listed in this law, which also included schizophrenia. Merely the existence of a hidden (hidden, latent) predisposition to suffering was not sufficient according to the wording of the law to justify the compulsory performance of sterility.

The scientific underpinning of the eugenic demands, especially in the area of ​​schizophrenia, appeared to Rüdin inadequate. He therefore sponsored Kallmann since his stay at the DFA in 1931. Although he did not succeed in bringing Kallmann permanently to the DFA, he made it possible for him to present his research on schizophrenia at the international congress for population science in Berlin in August 1935:

After then current opinion divided Kallmann all people with schizophrenia into four groups: Disorganized , Catatonic , paranoid and a "boost group." He examined u. a. how large the proportion of the population of “ heterozygous carriers ” was for each of these subgroups . This meant individuals who, although not sick, were carriers of the genetic makeup. Kallmann recommended also to sterilize the carriers of the genetic make-up, especially those of the push type, who were not sick themselves. With this he called for an expansion of the German compulsory sterilization law.

Exclusion because of Jewish origin

After a three-month study visit to the Munich DFA, Kallmann returned to his Berlin job in 1931, but remained in contact with Rüdin, who tried in vain to bring him to the DFA permanently. As a participant in the First World War, Kallmann initially did not affect the law for the restoration of the civil service of 7 April 1933.

Anti-Semitic thinking also spread at the DFA, for example through the co-founder of the National Socialist Medical Association and DFA employee Theobald Lang . After Kallmann had presented his research results at the Berlin Congress for Population Sciences on Rüdin's recommendation in August 1935, the Nazi Medical Association protested in a letter to Rüdin in the Greater Berlin district. The protest was not directed against the content of the lecture, but against Kallmann's "racial origin". Rüdin replied,

he found himself in a “conflict of interests and principles” in that Kallmann's research was “a great support for science and especially for the sterilization law”, but that on the other hand “a Jew made these findings himself through his own work and added the results Days “.

Despite his loyalty to the racial hygiene of the "Third Reich", Kallmann was suspended from duty in early October 1935. Rüdin could not get Kallmann to speak at the 1st annual meeting of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists in Dresden in early November 1935. Instead, the results of Kallmann's genetic prognosis research on schizophrenia were presented by DFA employee Bruno Schulz .

Escape

Ernst Rüdin and Hans Luxenburger tried in vain from October to December 1935 to get Kallmann a job in the clinics of European colleagues. Your inquiries to Bernhard Brouwer (1881–1949) (Neurological Clinic Amsterdam), Edward Mapother (1881–1940) (Maudsley Hospital London), August Wimmer (1872–1937) (Psychiatric Clinic Copenhagen), Jakob Klaesi (Psychiatric University Clinic Bern), Kerim (Psychiatric Clinic Istanbul), Ley (Psychiatric Clinic Brussels) and Boum (Psychiatric-Neurological Clinic Utrecht) received negative answers. The DFA employees Bruno Schulz , Adele Juda and Theobald Lang were also involved in the effort.

In 1936, Kallmann fled to the USA. Rüdin, Luxenburger, Schulz and the Rockefeller Foundation helped him leave Germany and find work in the USA. Kallmann initially worked in the psychological department of the New York State Psychiatric Institute . He later founded the first Research Department in Psychiatric Genetics in the USA. Schulz continued to correct Kallmann's research data in the GDA, which Lang brought in a large box to New York in 1938 on the occasion of a research trip funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.

In the USA, Kallmann published his monograph on the genetics of schizophrenia in 1938, in which he expressly thanked Rüdin and the GDA for their help. To Rüdin's suggestion to publish this work in Germany, the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and Public Education (REM) reacted with “astonishment” that the GDA “supported such a matter from a Jew”. A review of the book by Bruno Schulz for the Archive for Racial and Social Biology was also prohibited because of Kallmann's Jewish origins. In the years that followed, Kallmann continued his schizophrenia studies and in 1939 he increasingly turned to twin research.

In 1944 he described hypogonadism with anosmia , which is named after him as Kallmann syndrome . In 1948 he was one of the founders of the American Society of Human Genetics . In 1952 he was president of this society.

Publications (selection)

  • FJ Kallmann: Accidental stab wounds as the cause of death . dissertation, University of Breslau 1921.
  • FJ Kallmann: The fertility of the schizophrenics . In: Hans Harmsen, Franz Lohse (Ed.): Population issues. Report of the International Congress on Population Sciences. Berlin, August 26th - September 1st, 1935 . Kraus Reprint, Nendeln / Liechtenstein 1969, p. 725–729 (first edition: JF Lehmann, Munich 1936).
  • Presentation by Bruno Schulz with the material developed by FJ Kallmann: Hereditary prognosis and fertility in the various clinical forms of schizophrenia. Lecture at the 1st annual meeting of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists , Dresden (November 1st - 4th, 1935). In: General magazine for psychiatry and psychological forensic medicine 104 (1936), pp. 119–124.
  • FJ Kallmann: The Genetics of Schizophrenia: A Study of Heredity and Reproduction of the Families of 1,087 Schizophrenics . JJ Augustin, New York City 1938 (291 pp.).
  • FJ Kallmann, D. Reisner: Twin studies on the significance of genetic factors in tuberculosis . In: American Review of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases . tape 47 , no. 6 , 1943, pp. 549-571 .
  • FJ Kallmann, WA Schoenfeld, SE Barrera: The genetic aspects of primary eunuchoidism . In: American Journal of Mental Deficiency . tape 48 , 1944, pp. 203-236 .
  • FJ Kallmann: Modern concepts of genetics in relation to mental health and abnormal personality development . In: Psychiatric Quarterly . tape 21 , no. 4 , 1947, pp. 535-553 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01654317 .
  • FJ Kallmann: The Genetics of Psychoses. An Analysis of 1,232 Twin Index Families . In: The American Journal of Human Genetics . tape 2 , no. 4 , December 1950, p. 385-390 , PMC 1716375 (free full text).
  • FJ Kallmann: Human Genetics as a Science, as a Profession, and as a Social-Minded Trend in Orientation . (= Address by the President on the occasion of the fifth annual meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics ). In: The American Journal of Human Genetics . tape 4 , no. 4 , December 1952, p. 237-245 , PMC 1716487 (free full text).
  • FJ Kallmann: Heredity in Health and Mental Disorder. Principles of Psychiatric Genetics in the Light of Comparative Twin Studies . WW Norton & Co., New York City 1953 (315 pp. Internet Archive [accessed July 6, 2018]).
  • FJ Kallmann, B. Roth: Genetic aspects of preadolescent schizophrenia . In: The American Journal of Psychiatry . tape 112 , no. February 8 , 1956, p. 599-606 , doi : 10.1176 / ajp.112.8.599 .
  • FJ Kallmann, A. Falek et al. a .: The development aspects of children with two schizophrenic parents. In: Psychiatric research reports, Volume 19, December 1964, pp. 136-148, ISSN  0555-5434 . PMID 14232650 .
  • FJ Kallmann, JD Rainer: The genetic approach to schizophrenia: Clinical, demographic and family guidance problems. In: International psychiatry clinics, Volume 1, October 1964, pp. 799-820, ISSN  0020-8426 . PMID 14276077 .
  • FJ Kallmann: The Genetic Theory of Schizophrenia. An Analysis of 691 Schizophrenic Twin Index Families . In: The American Journal of Psychiatry . tape 103 , no. 3 , November 1946, p. 309-322 , doi : 10.1176 / ajp.103.3.309 , PMID 20277893 .

literature

  • Florian Mildenberger . On the trail of the "scientific pursuit". Franz Josef Kallmann (1897–1965) and race hygiene research. In: Medizinhistorisches Journal , 37 (2002), Issue 2, pp. 183-200.
  • Benno Müller-Hill . Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others in Germany, 1933-1945. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Woodbury, NY :; 1988: 11, 31, 42-43, 70.
  • Christian Pross .
    • The Attitude of German Émigré Doctors Toward Medicine under National Socialism. In: Social History of Medicine , 22 (2009) 531-552.
    • The view of German émigré doctors on Nazi “racial hygiene.” In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , 107 (2010) Issue 50 (December 17th) pp. A 2494 - A 2496 digitized
  • Werner Röder; Herbert A. Strauss (Ed.): International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933-1945 , Vol II, 1 Munich: Saur 1983 ISBN 3-598-10089-2 , pp. 587 f.
  • Matthias M. Weber. Ernst Rudin. A critical biography. Springer, Berlin, 1993 ISBN 3-540-57371-2 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ernst Rüdin. Some ways and goals of family research with special reference to psychiatry. In: Journal for the entire neurology and psychiatry 7 (1911), pp. 487-585.
  2. ↑ Ernst Rüdin. On the inheritance and emergence of dementia praecox. Studies on the inheritance and development of mental disorders. I. Springer, Berlin 1916 Internet Archive
  3. ↑ Volker Roelke. Program and practice of psychiatric genetics at the German Research Institute for Psychiatry under Ernst Rüdin: On the relationship between science, politics and the concept of race before and after 1933. In: Medizinhistorisches Journal 37 (2002) pp. 21–55.
  4. ^ Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945 . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, second updated edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 , p. 513.
  5. ↑ Arthur Gütt , Ernst Rüdin and Falk Ruttke . Law for the prevention of genetically ill offspring of July 14, 1933. Lehmann, Munich 1934, p. 82 (explanations of the law by Ernst Rüdin)
  6. ^ Matthias M. Weber. Ernst Rudin. A critical biography . Springer, Berlin 1993, p. 195.
  7. ↑ Franz Kallmann. The fertility of the schizophrenic . In: Hans Harmsen / Franz Lohse (Hrsg.): Population issues. Report of the International Congress on Population Sciences. Berlin, August 26 - September 1, 1935. Munich 1936, pp. 725–729.
  8. ^ "Front fighter privilege" § 3, paragraph 2 in the law for the restoration of the professional civil service
  9. ^ Theobald Lang. The burden of Judaism with mentally suspicious people. In: National Socialist monthly books (2) 1932, pp. 119–126.
  10. ↑ Presentation by Bruno Schulz with the material developed by FJ Kallmann: Hereditary prognosis and fertility in the various clinical forms of schizophrenia. Lecture at the 1st annual meeting of the Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists, Dresden (November 1st - 4th, 1935). In: General magazine for psychiatry and psychological forensic medicine 104 (1936), pp. 119–124.
  11. ↑ Florian Mildenberger 2002, pp. 190–192.
  12. ↑ G. Bettendorf, On the history of endocrinology and reproductive medicine (1995), pp. 287/288 ISBN 978-3-642-79153-6 .
  13. ↑ Mildenberger 2002, p. 193.
  14. ↑ FJ Kallmann: The genetics of schizophrenia; a study of heredity and reproduction of the families of 1,087 schizophrenics. New York: JJ Augustin, 1938, pp. XV – XVI.
  15. ↑ GDA: 862, Rüdin to REM, November 5, 1936, REM to Rüdin, November 30, 1936. Quoted from: Matthias M. Weber. Ernst Rudin. A critical biography. Springer, Berlin, 1993, p. 196.
  16. ↑ Bruno Schulz. Kallmann, Franz. J. The Genetics of Schizophrenia. with handwritten note by Rüdins on the make-up correction “Didn't appear because K. Jude.” Quoted from MM Weber 1993, p. 196.
  17. ^ FJ Kallmann. The genetic theory of schizophrenia. An analysis of 691 schizophrenic twin index families. In: The American Journal of Psychiatry . Volume 103, No. 3, 1946/47, pp. 309-322. Quoted in Mildenberger 2002, p. 194. Further literature there.
  18. ↑ History of the ASHG with a pdf of Kallmann's speech at the annual meeting in 1952 Human Genetics as a Science, as a Profession, and as a Social-minded Trend in Orientation . In: The American Journal of Human Genetics , Vol. 4, No. 4, 1952, pp. 237-245.
  19. ↑ Florian Mildenberger. On the trail of the "scientific pursuit". Franz Josef Kallmann (1897–1965) and race hygiene research. In: Medizinhistorisches Journal , 37 (2002), issue 2, p. 191.
personal data
SURNAME Kallmann, Franz Josef
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-American psychiatrist
DATE OF BIRTH July 24, 1897
PLACE OF BIRTH Neumarkt
DATE OF DEATH May 12, 1965
Place of death New York City