Johannes von Neumarkt

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Johannes von Neumarkt

Johannes von Neumarkt , also Johann von Neumarkt ; Latin Ioannes de Novoforo , Johannes Noviforensis , Czech Jan ze Středy (* around 1310 in Neumarkt , Duchy of Breslau ; † December 24, 1380 in Mödritz , Moravia ) was Chancellor of Emperor Charles IV , elected Bishop of Naumburg , Bishop of Leitomischl , Bishop of Olomouc and Elect of Wroclaw . He was also known for his early humanist works.

Origin and career

His middle-class parents were called Nikolaus and Margarethe. His brother Mathias was a Cistercian and auxiliary bishop in Leitomischl and later auxiliary bishop in Breslau. An older sister was married to Rudolf, a judge in Hohenmauth . Their son was dean of Charles University in 1394 .

Johannes probably studied in Italy. His sponsors were u. a. Nikolaus von Pannwitz, curator of the Breslau cathedral chapter , and Wolfram von Pannwitz , burgrave of Glatz . For 1340 Johannes is proven as a notary of the Münsterberg Duke Bolko II . Presumably as a benefice he received the parish Neumarkt, which he was allowed to keep with the permission of the Wroclaw Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell after he entered the service of the Bohemian royal chancellery in 1347. In 1350 he received a canonical in Olomouc and in 1351 in Breslau and Großglogau .

Appointed Bishop of Naumburg

In 1352 the Naumburg cathedral chapter elected without the consent of Pope Clement VI. Rudolf von Nebra as the new bishop. The Pope reacted with the appointment of John and when he was made bishop of Leitomischl, he introduced the Franciscan Burchard Graf von Mansfeld as a candidate against Rudolf von Nebra. The conflict in Naumburg lasted until 1358 and was investigated by Cardinal Guy de Boulogne .

Bishop of Leitomischl

On October 9, 1353, John was appointed bishop of Leitomischl. He was ordained bishop at the beginning of 1354. Since he was the court chancellor of Emperor Charles IV mainly in Prague , he was represented in Leitomischl by the official Nikolaus von Pilgrams ( Pelhřimov ) and by his brother Mathias, who was auxiliary bishop there. Johannes had an Augustinian canon monastery built in Leitomischl at his own expense .

Bishop of Olomouc

With the support of Charles IV, Johannes von Neumarkt was appointed Bishop of Olomouc by Pope Urban V on August 28, 1364 , as the previous incumbent Johann Očko von Wlašim had become Archbishop of Prague . A year later he received the title “regalis capellae Bohemiae comes”, with which the honor and the right were associated to crown the King of Bohemia in the presence of other bishops - with the exception of the Archbishop of Prague - and to crown him on other occasions To put on the crown.

In Olomouc, too, Johannes rarely stayed and was represented by vicars general . They were the Brno provost Nikolaus, Friedrich von Wolframskirchen and the Olomouc provost Jakob von Kaplitz. In 1367 Johannes confirmed the statutes of the chapter of Kremsier and in 1371 the foundation of the Augustinian monastery in Mährisch Sternberg by his friend Albrecht von Sternberg . Only after Johannes fell out of favor with the emperor in 1373 did he reside in his diocese, where he in turn ensured compliance with the residence obligation of the clergy. In 1380 he held a synod in Kremsier , at which he a. a. ordered the celebration of the feast of Saints Cyril and Methodius and Saints Christina and Cordula . Due to property disputes, after the death of Emperor Charles, there were disputes between Johannes and the Moravian margraves Jobst and Prokop , as a result of which Johannes and his chapter had to leave Olomouc in 1378. The conflict could not be settled until 1380 by the Prague Archbishop Johann von Jenstein .

Elekt from Wroclaw

Probably because of the Olomouc disputes, Johannes sought a move from Olomouc to his home diocese of Wroclaw in 1380. Even after the death of Wroclaw Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell in 1376, Johannes von Neumarkt was the preferred candidate for Emperor Charles IV and Pope Gregory XI. At that time, however, the cathedral chapter chose the Breslau cathedral dean Dietrich von Klattau , who was confirmed in this office in 1378 by Pope Clement VII from Avignon . In another election in 1380, Johannes von Neumarkt was elected Bishop of Wroclaw , but died without receiving papal confirmation.

In imperial service

Johannes von Neumarkt held the office of notary with the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg and has been provable as Chancellor of the Bohemian Queen Anna since 1351 . In 1352 he was appointed protonotary and, as the successor to Johann Očko von Wlašim, he was appointed chancellor of Emperor Charles IV . In this position he was in Metz in February 1354 and in France in autumn. In 1355 he accompanied Charles IV to Rome for the imperial coronation and traveled to Nuremberg at Christmas , where he took part in the Reichstag and was present on January 10, 1356 at the court day at the proclamation of the Golden Bull . At the end of 1356 he was again in Metz, in 1357 in Aachen and in Vienna, in 1359 in Breslau. In 1364 he took part in the negotiations between Emperor Charles IV and the Habsburgs .

In 1373, for reasons no longer known, Johannes fell out of favor with the emperor and lost the chancellery. After his release he went to his diocese of Olomouc . Relying on twenty-six years of loyal service, he tried in vain to regain his previous position.

Humanist and writer

Excerpt from the “Liber viaticus” - Adoration of the Three Kings

Johannes von Neumarkt had an excellent education. He was an early exponent of Bohemian humanism . The first humanist group north of the Alps came into being in his environment. He knew Cola di Rienzo since 1350 and Francesco Petrarca since 1354 , with whom he corresponded extensively.

Because of his writing activity, he employed several writers at his castles in Mürau , Kremsier and Mödritz. In the imperial chancellery, he introduced a new style of documents in which quotations from Latin classics and from church fathers were used. He wrote so-called formula books in an exemplary Latin language and collections of examples for letters, certificates and other documents, and himself translated the “Soliloquia” into German. At the end of the 1350s he created his travel area " Liber viaticus ", which is known as a masterpiece of Bohemian book illumination. The illustrations are among the best of the time. German and Latin poems and prayers have also survived from him. As early as 1356 he bequeathed his books to the Augustinian monastery of St. Thomas in Prague.

Johannes maintained a band that also organized secular celebrations and tried to provide good education in schools. He paid great attention to the liturgy, which he standardized in 1376 for the entire diocese.

For a long time Johannes von Neumarkt was regarded as identical to Johannes von Hohenmauth . However, recent research suggests two different people.

Works

literature

  • Ricarda Bauschke: Johann von Neumarkt: "Hieronymus letters". Problems of epoch boundaries and epoch thresholds using the example of early Prague humanism . In: Humanism in the German literature of the Middle Ages and the early modern times (2008), pp. 257–272.
  • Ugo Dotti: Petrarch in Bohemia. Culture and civil life in the correspondence between Petrarch and Johann von Neumarkt . In: Petrarch and his readers in the Renaissance (2006), pp. 73-87.
  • Tomas Tomasek: Johann von Neumarkt: Latin and German style . In: FS Franz Josef Worstbrock pp. 151–162.
  • Peter Ochsenbein: Johann von Neumarkt as a spiritual writer . In: Literature around the Prague court of the Luxembourgers, pp. 67–80.
  • Hans-Jürgen Rieckenberg: On the origin of Johann von Neumarkt, Chancellor Charles IV . In: German Archives for Research into the Middle Ages, Vol. 31 (1975) pp. 555–569. Online version
  • Joseph Klapper: Johann von Neumarkt, bishop and court chancellor. Early Renaissance in Bohemia at the time of Emperor Charles IV . Leipzig 1964.
  • Hans Jürgen Rieckenberg:  Johann von Neumarkt. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, ISBN 3-428-00191-5 , p. 563 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Alfons Huber:  Johann von Neumarkt . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, p. 468 f.
  • Jan Bistřický : Johann von Neumarkt (around 1310–1380) . In: Erwin Gatz : The Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire 1198 to 1448. , ISBN 3-428-10303-3 , pp. 512-513
  • Roland Boehm:  Johann von Neumarkt. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 3, Bautz, Herzberg 1992, ISBN 3-88309-035-2 , Sp. 165-168.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinz Wießner: The Diocese of Naumburg 1 - The Diocese 2 . In: Max Planck Institute for History (Hrsg.): Germania Sacra , NF 35,2, Die Bistumer der Kirchenprovinz Magdeburg . Berlin / New York 1998. pp. 846-848.

Web links

Commons : Johannes von Neumarkt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Johann I († 1351) Counterbishop of Naumburg
1352–1353 		Rudolf of Nebra
Johann I († 1353) Bishop of Leitomischl
1353-1364 		Albrecht von Sternberg
Johann Očko of Wlašim Bishop of Olomouc
1364-1380 		Peter III Jelito
Dietrich von Klattau Bishop of Breslau
1380-1380 		Wenceslas of Liegnitz
personal data
SURNAME Johannes von Neumarkt
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Johann von Neumarkt; Ioannes de Novoforo; Johannes Noviforensis; Johannes Noviforensis; Jan ze Středy (Czech)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Chancellor Emperor Charles IV, appointed bishop of Naumburg, bishop of Leitomischl, bishop of Olomouc
DATE OF BIRTH around 1310
PLACE OF BIRTH Neumarkt , Duchy of Wroclaw
DATE OF DEATH December 24, 1380
Place of death Litomysl , Bohemia