Harro Schulze-Boysen

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Portrait photo of Harro Schulze-Boysen

Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze-Boysen (born September 2, 1909 in Kiel , † December 22, 1942 in Berlin-Plötzensee ) was a German publicist , an officer in the Air Force , Nazi opponent and leading resistance fighter during the Nazi regime National Socialism .

First years of life and professional development

20 + 5 Pfennig - special stamp of the GDR Post 1964 with Harro Schulze-Boysen
Harro Schulze-Boysen (right) with Marta Husemann and Günther Weisenborn
Quote from Harro Schulze-Boysen at the Federal Ministry of Finance

Harro Schulze was born in Kiel on September 2, 1909, the then Sedan Day , as the son of the naval officer Erich Edgar Schulze and his wife Marie Luise Boysen and on the paternal side as the great-nephew of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and on the maternal side of the sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies . When their father was transferred, the families moved to Berlin in 1913. He was the oldest and had two siblings, Helga (* November 1910) married Mulachié and Hartmut (1922-2013).

In Berlin, Harro attended elementary school from 1913 and later the Heinrich-von-Kleist-Gymnasium in the Schmargendorf district . From 1920 he regularly spent the summer holidays with the Hasselrot family friends in Gripnas / Sweden. In 1922 his father was transferred to Duisburg and Harro followed him in the autumn. As a student at the Steinbart grammar school in Duisburg, he took part in the underground struggle against the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 and was temporarily imprisoned by the occupying forces. To get him out of this political line of fire, his parents organized a longer stay in Sweden. In particular, however, the trip to England in 1926 encouraged Harro to compare and reflect. He had found that the image of England drawn in Germany corresponded very little with his findings on site.

In 1927 he wrote his first major newspaper report about a scandal in Duisburg about the installation of the sculpture "Kniende" by Wilhelm Lehmbruck . On the occasion of the 80th birthday of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg , he gave a commemorative speech at the school. In general, his political commitment at the grammar school was perceived as unusually intense. He passed his Abitur with an overall rating of “good”. His skill in written and oral expression was particularly emphasized. In terms of his spiritual attitude, he was at that time in good agreement with the civil values ​​and the traditions of the family. From now on he appeared in public and in written statements, using the maiden name of his mother, with the double name Schulze-Boysen.

After graduating from high school in 1928, he began studying law and political science at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg in April . At the same time he became a member of the national liberal Young German Order , which had a strong ideological influence on him at this time. The aim of this association was to ethically revive the “comradeship from the trenches of the First World War” as a template for the “national community” to be developed. Every form of dictatorship, whether coming from the right or the left, was rejected. During this time he became a member of the Academic Association Albingia Freiburg im Miltenberger Ring , a striking association . In the summer of 1929 he took part in a course of the high seas military sports club "Hansa" in Neustadt and in November switched to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin to continue his law studies . Here he joined the international student association. For the first time during this time he dealt intensively with the ideology of National Socialism and looked for the causes of the sudden gain in votes by the NSDAP in the Reichstag elections . He studied the NSDAP's program and also read Mein Kampf in search of answers. It became clear to him that if the NSDAP won another vote, it would lead to even sharper aggravation and polarization in society. In 1930 he supported the intellectual-national group Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung , headed by Artur Mahraun .

Development as a publicist and search for like-minded people

In July 1931, during a stay in France, Harro Schulze-Boysen met French intellectuals who worked for the magazine Plans , under whose influence he now turned to the left. He distanced himself more and more from the views of the Young German Order . And he realized that the day-to-day struggle in Germany should primarily be directed against the emerging fascism and all reactionaries. In 1932/1933, based on the example of Plans, he published the left-liberal magazine The Opponent , which was re- founded in 1931 by Franz Jung , on which Ernst Fuhrmann , Raoul Hausmann , Ernst von Salomon , Adrien Turel and Karl Korsch collaborated. The aim pursued was to build a unified front of young people against the "liberal, capitalist and nationalist spirit" in Europe. For the French, Harro Schulze-Boysen was the actor for Germany in this area. He tried to develop an independent German youth movement with the “Opponent Circle”, which also included Robert Jungk , Erwin Gehrts , Kurt Schumacher and Gisella von Poellnitz , and began to organize “Opponent Evenings” in Berlin cafés. “There was hardly an opposition youth group with whom he was not in contact.” At the end of 1931 he took a leave of absence from his studies because he had come to the conclusion that the content discussed here had nothing to do with everyday political disputes . For February 1932, Harro Schulze-Boysen, in coordination with his French partners from Plans, organized a meeting of the “European Youth” in Frankfurt / Main. A total of around 1,000 young people took part in the meeting and he formulated the political goals for the German delegation. In view of the crisis in Germany, these consisted on the one hand in the abolition of the capitalist system and on the other hand in the assertion of Germany's own role without foreign dictation and interference. In search of alternatives to crisis-ridden Western Europe, he began to be more interested in the Soviet system . This turn was also influenced by his disappointment with the national and conservative parties in Germany, which in his opinion were not fighting the emerging Nazism enough.

When an investigation was initiated against Franz Jung in May 1932 and the business premises of the opponent were sealed, Harro Schulze-Boysen took over the business as the new publisher and with a new name as the opponent (now lowercase) but with the same network to the most diverse political camps . In the low point of the crisis, he also saw a clear opportunity to implement a new political approach. "Today's opponent - tomorrow's comrade-in-arms" is what he formulated in the pamphlet published in autumn. This made him the leading head and the center of the “circle of opponents”. The seizure of power by Hitler held Harro Schulze-Boysen at this time already likely, but believed in its imminent fall by a general strike. After the National Socialists seized power and the Reichstag fire in Berlin, Harro Schulze-Boysen helped several threatened people around him to flee abroad. In order to get his son out of the political front line in Berlin, his father had organized an apprenticeship as a "sea observer" for him in Warnemünde. But as early as February 1933 the political police rated the actions of the opposing group as “radical” in an official communication. And in April 1933 an SS occupied the editorial offices and arrested those present. The members of the editorial team were deported to a special camp of the 6th  SS Standard ; Schulze-Boysen was badly mistreated and detained for several days. The Nazi thugs murdered his Jewish friend and colleague Henry Erlanger before his eyes. With this experience it became clear to him that as an avowed Nazi opponent he had no chance, he had to find new ways for himself to implement his convictions.

With the military and opponents of the Nazi regime

In this situation, of course, the training place reserved by the father in Warnemünde at the German Aviation School came just as requested. The place was far away from Berlin, there was enough opportunity to reflect on what had been and to prepare steps in which his engagement could consist in the future. Before he left, he advised those close to him to look around Nazi Germany and to go to the institutions of the Nazi regime.

In May 1933 his pilot training began in Warnemünde , and Harro Schulze-Boysen tried to exist in the Nazi system without giving up his previous views. He read books referred to by the rulers and tried, with due caution, to return to his publication work. In the spring of 1934 an opportunity arose through a contact with Erich Röth (1895–1971) from the time of the enemy . He published the magazine Wille zum Reich and worked on cultural-political issues with the aim of undermining the Nazi movement with its own issues. And here, too, regular discussion evenings were held with interested parties. Harro Schulze-Boysen wrote individual leading articles and essays under a pseudonym (probably the abbreviation ER - for Erich Röth). In doing so, it was important for him to sound out the possibilities of influencing the new situation. At the same time, from April 10, 1934, he was employed as an assistant trainee in the 5th department "Foreign Air Powers" of the Reich Aviation Ministry (RLM) near Berlin. As an adjutant to the chief of sea flight intelligence, he was responsible for evaluating the foreign press for air armaments issues.

To protect himself from renewed persecution, Harro Schulze-Boysen surrounded himself with a circle of politically harmless friends. It was here in 1934 that he met 20-year-old Libertas Haas-Heye , known as "Libs". In 1935 he took her on a visit disguised as a private trip to a series of lectures on international legal issues in Geneva. When the wedding was planned for 1936, the name Schulze-Boysen was necessarily legalized beforehand. On July 26, 1936, the wedding took place at Liebenberg Castle in Liebenberg , her parents' estate. He had passed the honeymoon to Stockholm to his employer as a language study trip and wrote a confidential report on his return.

In order to be able to develop further in his new military area of ​​responsibility, Harro Schulze-Boysen completed basic military training in January 1936 in the 3rd Air News Training Company in Halle. He was then promoted to private. His superiors valued his work. In order to be promoted, however, he would either have had to prove an academic degree or take part in a reserve exercise. The personnel department blocked this possibility because he was registered in the files as "politically unreliable". In September 1936, Hermann Göring had the head of the personnel department inquire about what was up against Schulze-Boysen. When he received the answer that political activities from the Weimar “system era” were noted here, he replied that one should “leave the old camels” and send him on a pilot course. He completed this course in List on Sylt in November and was then promoted to sergeant in the reserve. Further courses followed in May and July 1936. In the meantime, on behalf of the Reich Aviation Ministry, he was also called in to collaborate as a journalist on the Handbook of Defense Sciences and the Luftwehr magazine .

During his basic military training in Halle, he learned of the ban on the magazine Wille zum Reich . For Harro Schulze-Boysen, this was an occasion to water down the existing contacts to the outside world even more, so the Schulze-Boysen family's apartment in Berlin Waitzstrasse, which they moved into shortly after the wedding, became more and more a popular meeting place for numerous people who sought and wanted to maintain social interaction with one another. A second meeting place of this kind had developed in Liebenberg on her parents' estate. Understandably, these people also included many alumni from the opponents' contact environment. In the internal circle of these contacts and encounters, those who exchange internal information with one another, form an opinion about certain developments in the Nazi regime or who wanted to collect money for families whose relatives had been imprisoned for political reasons moved somewhat more confidently. To safeguard these covered activities, some basic conspiratorial rules were agreed. Harro Schulze-Boysen's name was “Hans” in this circle.

When Germany took part in the fight against the Spanish Popular Front in mid-1936 and new military equipment was being tested here on site, Harro Schulze-Boysen specifically collected internal information and passed it on through good friends with the aim of publishing it in the British media and thereby the German public could get knowledge of these machinations.

In autumn 1937 he was summoned to the Gestapo for a confrontation. A former friend from the circle of opponents , Werner Dissel (1912–2003), was arrested for anti-fascist contacts. In an unobserved moment, Harro Schulze-Boysen was able to slip him a piece of paper and signal that the Gestapo had no knowledge of the information exchange between the two of them about German tank regiments that had been transferred to Spain before the arrest. At the end of the year, some active members of the internal circle around Harro Schulze-Boysen began to arrange conspiratorial meetings for their own protection. In February 1938 he had put together a short information sheet about a sabotage operation planned by the German Abwehr in Barcelona (meaning an action by the special staff W. under Helmut Wilberg ). A copy was to be sent to the Soviet embassy in Paris. Gisella von Poellnitz , who also belonged to the internal circle, agreed to drop a package with the relevant writing in the mailbox of the Soviet trade agency in Berlin. She was observed and arrested by the Gestapo. The result was an interrogation and a search of Harro Schulze-Boysen's house. Since no incriminating facts were found with him, the Gestapo contented themselves with a hint to the Reich Aviation Ministry not to employ him any further. The General Staff forbade such interference and left it with a warning. Around Easter 1938, close friends suggested that they publish a leaflet on the Spanish Civil War . The dispatch took place to approx. 100 addresses.

In preparation for the imminent military occupation of Czechoslovakia , a simulation game took place after Whitsun 1938 in the Foreign Air Forces department, and shortly afterwards a combat exercise in the Wildpark-Werder area near Potsdam took place in August. The Gestapo also prepared for the impending war and, following instructions from Heinrich Himmler, updated their files of potential enemies of the state. Harro Schulze-Boysen was classified here in Category C as the former editor of the Opponent . So he remained in the sights of the security service. On April 20, 1939 he was promoted to lieutenant and promptly called in to a study on the comparison of air armaments between France, England and Germany. In 1940, parallel to his work in the RLM, he began studying at the Faculty of Foreign Studies at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin . Towards the end of his studies, he led a foreign academic seminar as an employee of Franz Six .

The overall situation in Germany, which was moving more and more towards a state of war, did not leave the actors around Harro Schulze-Boysen inactive. In October 1938, together with Walter Küchenmeister (1897–1943) , he prepared a leaflet entitled The Shock Troop on the upcoming annexation of the Sudentenland. Around 50 copies were distributed in photocopied form. On the occasion of a trip by Elfriede Paul to Switzerland in the spring of 1939, he tried to get in touch with the foreign leadership of the KPD in order to be able to exchange information with one another. In August he helped Rudolf Bergtel (1897–1981), who had fled the concentration camp, to get to Switzerland and gave him information on current German aircraft and tank production as well as plans for a German submarine base in the Canary Islands. During this time he also gained access to other resistance groups through contacts and discussions with Adam Kuckhoff , Arvid Harnack , Hans Coppi and Heinrich Scheel .

On his 30th birthday on September 2, 1939, Harro Schulze-Boysen had an intensive conversation with Hugo Buschmann (1899–1983), with whom he had agreed to receive literature on the Russian Revolution, Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky. He was primarily concerned with the alternatives to the capitalist system of the Western European countries, and he contemplated writing a thesis on the Soviet Union during his studies. Schulze-Boysen refuted Hugo Buschmann's misgivings about the delivery of the literature with the remark, "I regularly receive Pravda and Izvestia and have to read them" because I am the reporter on Russian questions. “My department requires a thorough study of this literature. Besides, we are allies of Soviet Russia. "

Fight against the Hitler regime and the war

With the attack on Poland by the German Wehrmacht on September 1, 1939, Harro Schulze-Boysen had no doubt that this war would encompass and fundamentally change all of Europe. In his deliberations, this meant a catastrophe and destruction, but at the same time also an opportunity to soon overcome Nazi rule. Working towards this goal was a tangible motivation for him. After getting to know each other at the end of 1939 / beginning of 1940, the first intensive conversations between Arvid Harnack , Adam Kuckhoff and Harro Schulze-Boysen took place in October 1940 . He informed them about his field of activity in the Reich Aviation Ministry , the connection to communist activists, flyer campaigns and the weekly internal situation reports that he prepared for the close circle of sympathizers. They found that all three had different temperaments, but were similar in their attitude towards the Hitler regime. Nothing stood in the way of a more stable cooperation, only both interlocutors warned Harro in future to exercise more caution and insisted that contacts with Walter Küchenmeister and in Switzerland (foreign leadership of the KPD) be broken off for security reasons.

In January 1941, Harro Schulze-Boysen, meanwhile first lieutenant, was assigned to the attaché group of the 5th department of the Reich Aviation Ministry. His new place of employment was the Luftwaffe command staff in Potsdam-Wildpark , where the headquarters of the Luftwaffe was also located. His job here was to process the incoming reports from the air force attachés working in the individual embassies. At the same time, Arvid Harnack learned from him that the Reich Aviation Ministry was now also involved in the preparation of the Russian campaign and that reconnaissance flights had started over Soviet territory.

On March 27, Harro Schulze-Boysen met Alexander Korotkow (1909–1961), a member of the Soviet embassy, ​​in Arvid Harnack's apartment . It was an employee of the foreign intelligence service of the Soviet People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB). Without being aware of the exact activities of his counterpart at this point, Harro Schulze-Boysen informed him during the conversation that the attack on the Soviet Union had now been finally decided and would take place in the shortest possible time.

From May 1941 Schulze-Boysen passed on secret military information to the foreign intelligence service of the Soviet People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB). At the same time he and Arvid Harnack built up a resistance group that was called the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack group after the war , and which eventually included over a hundred and fifty opponents of Hitler. They distributed leaflets, posted slogans on buildings and supported the persecuted. A closer circle also collected and transmitted information to the Soviet intelligence service.

This resistance network was designated by the radio defense of the Wehrmacht with the wanted and collective term " Red Chapel ". Through Alexander Korotkow , the representative of the NKGB in the Soviet embassy in Berlin , Schulze-Boysen tried to warn of the impending German attack on the Soviet Union .

In July 1942, an encrypted radio message from the Soviet military secret service GRU on August 26, 1941 from Moscow to Brussels was deciphered by the Gestapo , which contained Schulze-Boysen's name and his address. This led to the discovery and arrest of the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack group and the execution of many of its members.

On August 31, Harro Schulze-Boysen was arrested in his office at the RLM, his wife Libertas a few days later after she panicked and fled to friends when he did not return that evening. On 19 December, he was charged with "preparation for high treason " and " treason " to death convicted and Dec 22 1942 at 19:05 in Berlin-Plötzensee hanged. The executions of other comrades-in-arms of the "Red Orchestra" took place there every four minutes. Libertas Schulze-Boysen was beheaded about an hour after her husband was murdered .

As early as December 15, 1942, on Hitler's instructions, an iron rail with meat hooks was installed in the execution room of the Berlin-Plötzensee prison . Until then, death sentences by military courts by shooting and from civil courts by beheading by guillotine enforced. Starting with the execution of the leading members of the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack group , the more agonizing and particularly dishonorable hanging was introduced.

Reversal of the judgment

His younger brother Hartmut Schulze-Boysen managed to get the Berlin public prosecutor's office to overturn the judgment of the Reich War Court against Schulze-Boysen on February 24, 2006, 63 years after the execution.

Honors

Berlin memorial plaque for the Schulze-Boysens at Haus Altenburger Allee 19 in Berlin-Westend
1 Mark block of the GDR Post 1983 for the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack resistance organization
Stumbling blocks for the Schulze-Boysens in the castle courtyard of Liebenberg Castle

literature

  • Alexander Bahar : Social Revolutionary Nationalism between Conservative Revolution and Socialism - Harro Schulze-Boysen and the GEGNER circle. Fölbach Verlag, Koblenz 1992, ISBN 978-3-923532-18-6 .
  • Elsa Boysen: Harro Schulze-Boysen - The image of a freedom fighter. (First edition 1947), Fölbach Verlag, Koblenz 1992, ISBN 3-923532-17-2 .
  • Shareen Blair Brysac: Mildred Harnack and the “Red Chapel”. The story of an unusual woman and a resistance movement. Scherz-Verlag, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-502-18090-3 .
  • Hans Coppi : Harro Schulze-Boysen - ways in the resistance. Fölbach Verlag, Koblenz 1995, 2nd edition, ISBN 3-923532-28-8 .
  • Hans Coppi: Harro Schulze-Boysen and Alexandre Marc . The Ordre Nouveau group and the circle of opponents. Or: The attempt to put Franco-German relations on a new basis. In: Ferdinand Kinsky / Franz Knipping (ed.): Le fédéralisme personnaliste aux sources de l'Europe de demain. Personalist federalism and the future of Europe. Series of publications by the European Center for Research on Federalism, Tübingen, Volume 7. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft: Baden-Baden 1996 pp. 153–167.
  • Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen (ed.): This death suits me. Harro Schulze-Boysen - Cross-border commuters in the resistance. Letters 1915–1942, Aufbau Verlag, Berlin 1999, 447 pages, ISBN 3-351-02493-2 , revised and updated edition: Aufbau Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-7466-8093-X .
  • Sabine Friedrich : Who we are. DTV, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-423-21403-2 (novel-like description of the lives of the members of the Rote Kapelle , Weißen Rose and the resistance group July 20, 1944).
  • Johannes Hürter :  Schulze-Boysen, Harro. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , p. 729 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Silke Kettelhake : Tell everyone, everyone about me! The short life of the Libertas Schulze-Boysen 1913–1942. Droemer, Munich 2008, ISBN 3-426-27437-X (biography of the wife).
  • Klaus Lehmann (editor): Schulze-Boysen / Harnack resistance group. Central research center of the Association of Persons Persecuted by the Nazi Regime VVN, Berlin 1948
  • Norman Ohler : Harro & Libertas. A story of love and resistance , Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne, 2019, ISBN 978-3-462-05267-1 .
  • Karl Otto Paetel : National Bolshevism and National Revolutionary Movements in Germany. Verlag Siegfried Bublies, Schnellbach 1999, ISBN 3-926584-49-1 , “The Opponent Circle” pp. 189–205.
  • Stefan Roloff : The Red Chapel. Ullstein 2002. ISBN 3-548-36669-4 .
  • Gert Rosiejka: The Red Chapel. "Treason" as an anti-fascist resistance. - With an introduction by Heinrich Scheel. results, Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-925622-16-0 .
  • Harro Schulze-Boysen: Today's opponents - tomorrow's comrades-in-arms. (First edition 1932); Fölbach Verlag, Koblenz 1994, 4th edition ISBN 3-923532-24-5 .
  • Siegfried Mielke , Stefan Heinz : Railway trade unionists in the Nazi state. Persecution - Resistance - Emigration (1933–1945) (= trade unionists under National Socialism. Persecution - Resistance - Emigration. Volume 7). Metropol, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-86331-353-1 .

Web links

Commons : Harro Schulze-Boysen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Peter Steinbach , Johannes Tuchel : Lexicon of Resistance 1933-1945 . 2nd, revised and expanded edition. CH Beck, 1998, ISBN 3-406-43861-X , pp. 177f.
  2. ↑ Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen (ed.): This death suits me. Berlin 1999, p. 23.
  3. ↑ Harro Schulze-Boysen . In: Officials of National Socialist Reich Ministries . March 20, 2018 ( ns-reichsministerien.de [accessed March 30, 2018]).
  4. ↑ Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen: This death suits me. Harro Schulze-Boysen Cross-border commuters in the resistance. Construction Verlag, Berlin 1999, p. 132f.
  5. ↑ Rosiejka: Red Chapel. P. 34.
  6. ↑ Heinz Höhne: ptx calls moscow . In: Der Spiegel . No. 25 , 1968 ( online ).
  7. ↑ Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen: This death suits me. Harro Schulze-Boysen Cross-border commuters in the resistance. Structure Verlag, Berlin 1999, pp. 138f.
  8. ↑ Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen: This death suits me. Harro Schulze-Boysen Cross-border commuters in the resistance. Construction Verlag, Berlin 1999, p. 152f.
  9. ↑ Schulze-Boysen: Report on language study trip to Sweden from August 13, 1936. In: Institute for Contemporary History Munich, ED 335/2.
  10. ↑ Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen (ed.): This death suits me. Berlin 1999, p. 226.
  11. ↑ Hans Coppi, Geertje Andresen (ed.): This death suits me , Berlin 1999, p. 263f.
  12. ^ Hugo Buschmann: Da la réstitance au défaitisme. In: Les Temps Moderne. No. 5, year 1949, p. 46f.
  13. ↑ Greta Kuckhoff: From the Rosary to the “Red Chapel”. Berlin 1971.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Peter Koblank: Harro Schulze-Boysen. Rote Kapelle: Resistance against Hitler and espionage for Stalin . Online edition Myth Elser, 2014 (with numerous documents).
  15. ↑ Red Chapel . In: The time . No. 51, 2007, p. 5.
  16. ↑ Schulze-Boysen-Strasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near  Kaupert )
  17. ^ Westfälisches Landesmuseum: Artwork of the month. July 1991 . (PDF; 3.6 MB). Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  18. ↑ moz.de: Liebenberger Stolpersteine ​​in the castle courtyard . Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  19. ↑ Facsimile at mythoselser.de . (PDF; 1.9 MB). Retrieved January 17, 2014.
personal data
SURNAME Schulze-Boysen, Harro
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schulze-Boysen, Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German officer, publicist and resistance fighter
DATE OF BIRTH September 2, 1909
PLACE OF BIRTH Kiel
DATE OF DEATH December 22, 1942
Place of death Berlin-Plötzensee