Manifesto of the 121st
In France , the manifesto des 121 (Manifesto 121) is a manifesto that was released on September 6, 1960 with the title “Déclaration sur le droit à l'insoumission dans la guerre d'Algérie” (Declaration on the right to refuse service in the Algerian war ) appeared in the magazine Vérité-Liberté . 121 intellectuals, university members and artists had signed it. Some of them were dismissed from public and state employment, and 29 of them (including Michel Leiris ) were charged.
The magazine Les Temps Modernes , founded by Jean-Paul Sartre , printed two blank pages instead of the manifest that was forbidden by the censors , plus one to ask for more names of supporters, among others. a. René Leibowitz , François Truffaut , Tristan Tzara and Françoise Sagan , expanded the list. A group of American intellectuals (including Stanley Kuntz , Norman Mailer and Lewis Mumford ) published a letter of solidarity to the signatories.
Content of the manifest
In his own words, the manifesto tried to inform the French about the resistance movement against the Algerian war . The 121 criticized France's attitude towards the Algerian independence movement and insisted that the oppressed Algerian population only strive for their recognition “as an independent community”. Based on the finding of the collapse of the colonial empires, it highlighted the political role of the military and denounced militarism and torture that were "contrary to democratic institutions".
The manifesto ends with the words:
«Les soussignés, (…), déclarent:
- Nous respectons et jugeons justifié le refus de prendre les armes contre le peuple algérien.
- Nous respectons et jugeons justifiée la conduite des Français qui estiment de leur devoir d'apporter aide et protection aux Algériens opprimés au nom du peuple français.
- La cause du peuple algérien, qui contribue de façon décisive à ruiner le système colonial, est la cause de tous les hommes libres. »
"The undersigned declare:
- We respect the refusal to take up arms against the Algerian people and consider them justified.
- We respect the behavior of the French, who consider it their duty to provide aid and protection to the Algerians oppressed on behalf of the French people, and we judge it to be justified.
- The cause of the Algerian people, who contribute decisively to the destruction of the colonial system, is the cause of all free people. "
List of signatories
- Arthur Adamov (1908-1970)
- Robert Antelme (1917–1990)
- Georges Auclair (1920-2004)
- Jean Baby (1897-1969)
- Hélène Balfet (1922-2001)
- Marc Barbut (1928-2011)
- Robert Barrat (1919-1976)
- Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)
- Jean-Louis Bédouin (1929–1996)
- Marc Beigbeder (1916–1997)
- Robert Benayoun (1926–1996)
- Maurice Blanchot (1907-2003)
- Roger Blin (1907-1984)
- Geneviève Bonnefoi
- Arsène Bonnefous-Murat
- Raymond Borde (1920-2004)
- Jean-Louis Bory (1919-1979)
- Jacques-Laurent Bost (1916–1990)
- Pierre Boulez (1925-2016)
- Vincent Bounoure (1928–1996)
- André Breton (1896–1966)
- Michel Butor (1926-2016)
- Guy Cabanel (born 1926)
- Georges Condominas (1921-2011)
- Alain Cuny (1908-1994)
- Jean Czarnecki
- Jean Dalsace (1873-1970)
- Hubert Damisch (1928-2017)
- Adrien Dax (1913–1979)
- Guy Debord (1931-1994)
- Jean Delmas (1912–1979)
- Danièle Delorme (1926-2015)
- As long as Deyon
- Jacques Doniol-Valcroze (1920–1989)
- Romuald Dor de la Souchère (1888–1977)
- Geneviève Dormann (1933–2015)
- Bernard Dort (1929–1994)
- Jean Douassot (1924-2015)
- Simone Dreyfus (* 1926)
- René Dumont (1904-2001)
- Marguerite Duras (1914-1996)
- Yves Ellérouët (1932-1975)
- Dominique Eluard
- Charles Estienne (1908–1966)
- Louis-René des Forêts (1918–2000)
- Théodore Fraenkel (1896–1964)
- André Frénaud (1907-1993)
- Jacques Gernet (1921-2018)
- Louis-Jules Gernet (1882–1962)
- Édouard Glissant (1928–2011)
- Anne Guérin (1936-2017)
- Daniel Guérin (1904–1988)
- Jacques Howlett
- Édouard Jaguer (1924-2006)
- Pierre Jaouën
- Gérard Jarlot (1923–1966)
- Robert Jaulin (1928–1996)
- Alain Joubert (* 1936)
- Maurice Joyeux (1910-1991)
- Henri Krea (1933-2000)
- Robert Lagarde (* 1928)
- Monique Lange (1926–1996)
- Claude Lanzmann (1925-2018)
- Robert Lapoujade (1921–1993)
- Henri Lefebvre (1901-1991)
- Gérard Legrand (1927–1999)
- René Leibowitz (1913–1972)
- Michel Leiris (1901–1990)
- Paul Lévy (1886–1971)
- Georges Limbour (1900-1970)
- Jérôme Lindon (1925-2001)
- Eric Losfeld (1922–1979)
- Robert Louzon (1882–1976)
- Florence Malraux (* 1923)
- André Mandouze (1916-2006)
- Maud Mannoni (1923-1998)
- Jean Martin (1922-2009)
- Renée Marcel-Martinet
- Jean-Daniel Martinet
- Andrée Marty-Capgras (1898–1963)
- Dionys Mascolo (1916-1997)
- François Maspero (1932-2015)
- André Masson (1896–1987)
- Pierre de Massot (1900–1969)
- Jehan Mayoux (1904–1975)
- Jean-Jacques Mayoux (1901–1987)
- Gustave Monod (1885–1968)
- Théodore Monod (1902-2000)
- Marie Moscovici (* 1932)
- Georges Mounin (1910-1993)
- Maurice Nadeau (1911-2013)
- Georges Navel (1904-1993)
- Claude Ollier (1922-2014)
- Jacques Panijel (1921-2010)
- Hélène Parmelin (1915–1998)
- José Pierre (1927-1999)
- Marcel Péju (1922-2005)
- Jean-Charles Pichon (1920-2006)
- André Pieyre de Mandiargues (1909–1991)
- Édouard Pignon (1905–1993)
- Bernard Pingaud (born 1923)
- Maurice Pons (* 1927)
- Jean-Bertrand Pontalis (1924-2013)
- Jean Pouillon (1916-2002)
- Madeleine Rebérioux (1920–2005)
- Denise René (1913–2012)
- Alain Resnais (1922-2014)
- Jean-François Revel (1924-2006)
- Paul Revel (1922-1983)
- Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922-2008)
- Christiane Rochefort (1917–1998)
- Jacques-Francis Rolland (1922-2008)
- Alfred Rosmer (1877–1964)
- Gilbert Rouget (1916-2017)
- Claude Roy (1915-1997)
- Françoise Sagan (1935-2004)
- Marc Saint-Saëns (1903–1979)
- Nathalie Sarraute (1900–1999)
- Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
- Renée Saurel (1910–1988)
- Claude Sautet (1924-2000)
- Catherine Sauvage (1929-1998)
- Jean Schuster (1929–1995)
- Laurent Schwartz (1915-2002)
- Robert Scipion (1921-2001)
- Louis Seguin (1929-2008)
- Geneviève Serreau (1915–1981)
- Simone Signoret (1921–1985)
- Jean-Claude Silbermann (* 1935)
- Claude Simon (1913-2005)
- René de Solier (1914–1974)
- Olivier Soufflot de Magny (1929-2004)
- Laurent Terzieff (1935-2010)
- Jean Thiercelin (1927–1999)
- François Truffaut (1932–1984)
- René-Marc Tzanck (* 1915)
- Tristan Tzara (1896–1963)
- Vercors (1902-1991)
- Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914-2007)
- Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930-2006)
- Jean-Pierre Vielfaure (1930-2015)
- Claude Viseux (1927-2008)
- Ylipe (1936-2003)
- René Zazzo (1910-1995)
See also
Web links
- Full text and list of first signers (French)