Turkish armed forces

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Turkish flag Turkish Armed Forces
Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri
TSK Abmlem.JPG
guide
Commander in Chief : President (in peace) (currently Recep Tayyip Erdoğan );
Chief of Staff (in case of war) (currently Yaşar Güler )
Defense Minister: Hulusi Akar
Military Commander: Yasar Guler
Military leadership: General Staff of Turkey
Headquarters: Genelkurmay Başkanlığı ( Ankara )
Military strength
Active soldiers: 735,000 (including civilian employees) (as of April 2019)
Reservists: 380,000
Conscription: 6 months
Resilient population: 35,010,000
Eligibility for military service: 20 years of age
household
Military budget: 20.4 billion US dollars (2020 estimate)
Share of gross domestic product : approx. 1.89% (2019, estimated)
history
Founding: 1923
Factual foundation: 1919
Highest manpower: approx. 1.4 million active soldiers (1941)

The Turkish armed forces ( Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvetleri , TSK for short ) comprise the armed forces, the army , the navy and the air force, as well as the gendarmerie and the coast guard . The Republic of Turkey has been a member of NATO since 1952 and has the second largest number of active soldiers within NATO after the USA . The Turkish armed forces as part of the so-called nuclear sharing NATO tactical warheads of the US forces armed nuclear- be. In Turkey, operational nuclear warheads are kept ready at the Incirlik Air Base NATO base under the control of the United States Air Force .

assignment

According to the Turkish constitution, the TSK are mandated to react appropriately to security problems, to be prepared for crises and to guarantee the security of the country at all times in the event of internal and external threats and risks.

Command structure

Turkish guard on duty

The chief command of the Turkish armed forces lies with the chief of staff . This is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister. On August 4, 2011, the previous Gendarmerie Chief Necdet Özel was appointed Chief of Staff by President Abdullah Gül . Özel was replaced by Hulusi Akar on August 18, 2015 .

In times of peace, the gendarmerie and coast guard are subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior of Turkey, but in the event of war they are subordinate to the army command or the naval command.

Military service

According to Article 72 of the Turkish Constitution in conjunction with Article 1 of Law No. 1111 on Military Service, military service or so-called patriotic service is the right and duty of every male citizen.

According to Art. 2 of Act No. 1111 on Military Service, compulsory military service begins on January 1 of the year in which the person turns 20. Conscription ends at the beginning of the year in which the conscript turns 41. Siblings or children of soldiers killed while on duty are not required to serve.

Since 15 July 2003, the regular military service for soldiers take (s) , 15 months for reserve officer candidate (yedek subay adayı) for 12 months and for short-term soldiers (kısa dönem it) six months.

In 2007 the proportion of women volunteering was 3.1 percent.

For Turkish citizens who have been abroad for more than three years (1095 days) and who also work there, there is the option of shortening their military service to a total of 21 days of basic military training with a one-off payment. For people under 38 years of age the amount is 5112 euros , for people over 38 years of age it is 7668 euros.

As a result of the new legal regulation of January 1, 2012, they will be completely exempt from military service if they - regardless of their age - make a payment of 30,000 Turkish Lira (around 10,000 euros) in return . This amount was again reduced to 1,000 euros.

Military budget

For 2014, the armed forces had a budget of around 22.5 billion US dollars . Turkey is increasingly relying on domestic development and production for its weapon systems. Thus, among others, cruise missiles , drones , howitzers , frigates , corvettes , gunships and battle tanks in-house and partly produced under license. In addition, Turkey has spent large sums on military equipment in recent years. The main trading partner was the Federal Republic of Germany . Turkey bought 354 Leopard 2 main battle tanks and ordered six submarine class 214 units . Turkey also bought the Russian S-400 air defense system . The four batteries are expected to be delivered in 2019. The purchase price for the four batteries is $ 2.5 billion.

Reasons for the comparatively high military budget include: a. the decades-long conflict between the Republic of Turkey and the PKK (armed from 1984) and unresolved territorial conflicts with Greece and the resulting arms race .

Military spending between 2003 and 2012:

Military budget
  TurkeyTurkey Turkey
year in billions of US dollars
2018 2.5%
2017 2.1%
2016 2.1%
2015 1.8%
2014 1.9%
2013 2.0%
2012 000000000000018.184000000018,184  2.3%
2011 000000000000017.906000000017,906  2.3%
2010 000000000000017.690000000017.690  2.4%
2009 000000000000017.275000000017.275  2.6%
2008 000000000000016.119000000016.119  2.3%
2007 000000000000015.924000000015,924  2.3%
2006 000000000000016.511000000016,511  2.5%
2005 000000000000015.799000000015.799  2.5%
2004 000000000000016.689000000016.689  2.8%
2003 000000000000018.287000000018.287  3.4%

Armed forces

Land Forces

Soldiers of the Piyade Komando Tugayi of the Turkish Army
Turkish Army logo

The Turkish Army ( TKK , Turkish: Türk Kara Kuvetleri) is structured as follows:

After purchasing 354 Leopard 2A4s from the Bundeswehr in 2007, Turkey decided to produce its own battle tank based on the South Korean K2 Black Panther under the name Altay MBT . 250 pieces are planned in a first production batch.

The Turkish TAI (Turkish Aerospace Industries) developed the attack helicopter TAI T-129 Atak (Advanced Attack and Tactical Reconnaissance Helicopter) for the Turkish army in cooperation with Aselsan and the Italian AgustaWestland . The first three machines were ceremoniously handed over in spring 2014.

The Turkish armed forces carry out major maneuvers twice a year , the Efes maneuver in summer and the Sarıkamış maneuver in winter. The 3rd Army is responsible for the Sarıkamış maneuver .

Air Force

Logo of the Air Force of Turkey

The Turkish Air Force ( Turkish: Hava Kuvetleri ) was founded in 1911 as a support force within the land forces and became independent on January 31, 1944. With 60,100 men, they are the second largest armed forces. They have two tactical air commandos in Eskişehir and Diyarbakır , a training command and a support command . The headquarters are in Ankara .

marine

Seal of the Turkish Navy, svg
Preveze- class Turkish submarine

The navy is divided into four commandos, which have had their headquarters in Izmir since the great earthquake near Gölcük / İzmit in August 1999 . The Navy has a strength of 52,700 men. It has modern or modernized frigates , corvettes , submarines ( type 209/1200, 1400 , U-214 built both in Germany and with a German license in Turkey ), mostly modern speedboats (Rüzgar-, Kılıç-I- , Kılıç-II- Yıldız-, Doğan-, Kartal-class ), minesweepers or hunting boats, amphibious landing craft and patrol boats . The Turkish naval aviators have planes of various types ( CASA CN 235 D / K, ATR72 ASW and TB-20 training aircraft) and helicopters (Agusta Bell AB-212 and Sikorsky S-70 Sea Hawk ).

In September 2011, the Navy took the first independently developed corvette TCG Heybeliada (F-511) of the Milgem class into service. In 2012, the second ship TCG Büyükada (F-512) was put into service.

The Sedef shipyard is building the first amphibious assault ship for the Turkish Navy based on the Spanish Juan Carlos I (L-61) . The intake is planned for 2019.

Gendarmerie

The 203,100-strong gendarmerie ( Jandarma ) is responsible for internal security, maintaining public order, law enforcement and border protection, especially in rural areas, in addition to its duties as military police . However, in peacetime it reports to the Ministry of the Interior and not directly to the military.

Coast guard

The Turkish Coast Guard ( Türk Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı ) consists of 5563 men. It is divided into four commands ( Black Sea , Marmara Sea , Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea ). From 1982 to 1995 she was subordinate to the gendarmerie, since 1995 to the Turkish Ministry of the Interior. Their equipment includes speedboats and coastal defense boats, as well as helicopters.

Special forces

In addition to the five regular armed forces, the Turkish military has several special forces, all of which are subordinate to the ÖKK ( Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı ; German: High Command of Special Forces) , formerly ÖHD (Özel Harp Dairesi; Department for Special Warfare) . The special forces consist exclusively of officers and NCOs who have undergone separate training. These include the following special forces:

  • Bordo Bereliler : The Bordo bereliler (bordeaux red bereliler) have corps status (previously brigade and division ) and are considered the elite unit on land.
  • Deniz Command : The SAT ( S u A ltı T aarruz; German underwater offensive) and SAS ( S u A ltı S avunma; German underwater defense) are combined as combat diving units in the Deniz Command. They are considered the elite units of the Turkish Navy. The members consist exclusively of naval non-commissioned officers (Astsubay) . Your areas of responsibility are amphibious espionage, sabotage and liberation. A well-known deployment was in 1996 during the so-called Kardak crisis .

military police

For the maintenance of security within the military, guarding officers in wartime and the pursuit of deserters Turkish is military police Askeri İnzibat responsible. It does not form a partial structure of the military and therefore only has a uniform uniform. The most important distinguishing feature of the Turkish military police is the inscription "AS.İZ" (for Askeri İnzibat ) on a red armband and on the helmet. Only selected soldiers are appointed to the Turkish military police. It is not possible to use the lottery procedure (as is the case with the armed forces) to be ordered to serve in the military police.

Medical staff

Medical staff and doctors for the Turkish armed forces are trained and made available by the Gülhane Askerî Tıp Akademisi (Gülhane Military Medical Academy) . The Academy is also the main advisor to the Turkish Armed Forces on medical issues.

International alliances

Turkey has been a member of the UN since 1945 .
Turkey has been a member of NATO since 1952 .
Turkish ISAF troops in Afghanistan, 2006

Turkey has been a member of NATO since February 18, 1952 . The Turkish armed forces took part in the following foreign missions:

Ongoing missions:

  • KFOR , since 1999
  • ISAF Afghanistan (under NATO mandate), since 2001: From June 2002 to February 2003 the operation was under Turkish direction. 1795 Turkish soldiers are currently deployed. From February to August 2005 the command was again under Turkish control for six months.
  • Althea , since 2004
  • UNMIS , since 2005
  • UNAMID , since 2006
  • UNIFIL , since 2006
  • CTF-151 , since 2009. TCG GEDIZ is currently deployed as part of a NATO campaign in the Gulf of Aden to protect transports from the World Food Program to Somalia and to ward off pirate attacks.
  • Operation Ocean Shield , since 2009
  • NTM-I , since 2004

Standalone missions:

Permanent presence outside of Turkey

Turkey and Qatar signed a contract in 2014 to station Turkish troops in Qatar. It was planned that 3,000 soldiers would be stationed at the Gulf emirate and form their own brigade. This was realized in 2019.

history

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
Only history of the armed forces is available, but not of the armed forces as such
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

Propaganda representation of the invasion of Turkish troops in Smyrna ( Museum of the Liberation War )

The beginning of the history of the modern Turkish military can be fixed at the end of the First World War and the resulting collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the already weakened sultanate went to war on the side of the Central Powers . After the defeat in World War I, the Turkish heartland was occupied by the British, French, Italians and Greeks and the Ottoman army was disbanded. Mustafa Kemal Pascha (later called Ataturk), the victorious commander in chief in the Turkish Liberation War in 1922, reformed the armed forces after the establishment of the new republic in 1923.

During the Second World War , Turkey maintained contractual relationships with the Axis Powers and the Allies and remained neutral almost until the end of the war. Under pressure from the Allies, Turkey symbolically declared war on the German Reich in March 1945 in order to obtain a seat in the United Nations and to avoid any acts of war against the country.

On October 17, 1950, Turkey entered the Korean War with a 5090-strong brigade on the side of the UN . 731 Turkish soldiers died in the course of the war and around 2000 were wounded. A total of around 50,000 Turkish soldiers were sent to South Korea.

On May 27, 1960, the Turkish armed forces, led by General Cemal Gürsel , seized power for the first time. The military deposed Adnan Menderes , tried him and had him executed . On March 12, 1971 , the army again intervened in politics by means of a memorandum and thus enforced its political demands.

Due to the strategically important location between Europe , Asia and Africa , surrounded by the Black , Aegean and Mediterranean , Turkey is in a special geopolitical situation. Due to its proximity to the permanent trouble spots of the Balkans , the Middle East and the Caucasus, this harbors particular risks. For this reason Turkey became a member of NATO on February 18, 1952 . At the initiative of the USA, a NATO Southeast Command was set up, which was led by a US general and a Turkish and a Greek deputy. In the course of integration into the NATO structure, Turkey began to modernize its armed forces.

On July 20, 1974, Turkish troops occupied the northern part of the Republic of Cyprus as part of Operation Attila . The reason was the political and ethnic turmoil there. Turkey relied on its status as a guaranteeing power, which was internationally recognized in the London Guarantee Treaty.

On September 12, 1980, General Kenan Evren led the third military coup in Turkish history . Kenan Evren justified the coup with "wanting to return to the sources of Kemalism ". The background was fights between left and right groups, which had degenerated into a civil war with 50 to 70 deaths a day. The military later returned power to a democratically elected government.

On November 9, 2005, NCOs of the gendarmerie bombed a bookstore in the city of Şemdinli . A person died in the process. After the large criminal chamber in Van had sentenced the NCOs to long prison terms, the appeals process was reopened by the military court in Van . The soldiers were released from prison on the first day of the trial.

On April 6, 2012, Gül was the first leading politician to call for a restructuring and modernization of the Turkish armed forces (on the occasion of a speech in front of the War Academy in Istanbul). The dangers have changed and many other armies in NATO have already adapted. Turkey is on the edge of one of the most conflicting regions in the world; Finding an answer to that was overdue. He called for the creation of a professional army and the improvement of combat skills. Gül set up a working group. He received their report in August 2014 (shortly before the end of his term of office). Of the 220 pages, only 42 were published. The working group suggests reducing the size of the armed forces, making them more mobile and increasing the proportion of combat units; conscription should be abolished; the three branches of the armed forces should work better together.

Criticism of the armed forces can be prosecuted.

On the evening of July 15, 2016, an attempted coup began against the Islamic conservative government of the AKP under Binali Yıldırım and against President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , who was suppressed that night.

History of the Air Force

With the military collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the demobilization of the Ottoman air force took place . As a makeshift, however, aviation units were formed again from March 1920; In total, they used 17 aircraft of the types Albatros , Breguet , Fiat , De Havilland and Société de Production des Aéroplanes Deperdussin, mainly from old war stocks.

From July 1, 1932, the air forces became an independent armed forces and from 1933 used the Turkish symbolic color blue as the weapon color. In 1940 she already owned over 500 aircraft, all of which were placed under one command on January 31, 1944 ("Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı").

One of the most important changes in the history of the Turkish Air Force was the switch from propeller aircraft to jet aircraft after joining NATO in 1952.

In 1950 Turkey put its first jet aircraft into service, with the 191st, 192nd and 193rd Fleets (Turkish: filo ) being Turkey's first air fleets. This year the first public aerobatics began in Turkey.

History of the Navy

Battle cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim , Istanbul April 1946
German postcard in the First World War

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the period after the First World War in 1918, the Ottoman fleet was as good as broken up. The remaining warships had to be decommissioned according to the Moudros armistice . The battleship Turgut Reis and the cruisers Hamidiye and Mecidiye as well as the battle cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim were disarmed and decommissioned. Only a small number of Ottoman naval ships were approved by the occupying powers. The torpedo boats Akhisar and Draç were assigned to patrol by the occupying powers in the Sea of ​​Marmara, while the gunboat Hızır Reis had the same task in the Gulf of Izmir. The mine boat Nusret was assigned to clear mines in the Bay of Saros. With the beginning of the Turkish Liberation War in 1919, the gunboats Preveze and Aydin Reis formed the core of the logistical supply fleet. It consisted of 26 mostly small boats with which the Turkish soldiers around Mustafa Kemal Paşa were supplied with weapons and ammunition. After the Turkish War of Liberation, the Türk Deniz Kuvetleri were founded. Since the Ottoman fleet was de facto wiped out at that time, the gunboats Burakreis , Sakız , İsareis and Kemalreis formed the basis for the Türk Deniz Kuvetleri . The first warship put into service for the Turkish Navy was the Hamidiye . It was solemnly commissioned by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1924. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk realized that a strong and powerful navy would be essential for the future. He immediately began arming the Navy. A naval shipyard was built in Gölcük in 1924. In the following years the cruisers Yavuz , Turgutreis , Mecidiye and the torpedo cruisers Peyk-i Şevket , Berk-i Satvet were upgraded and put into service again. In 1928 the Turkish Navy took the submarines I.İnönü and II.İnönü into service. In 1931 the Italian-built submarines Adatepe , Kocatepe , Tınaztepe as well as the Dumlupınar and Sakarya and the speedboats of the Martı , Denizkuşu and Doğan classes were put into service. The cruiser Yavuz, which was put back into service in 1931, was the flagship of the Turkish Navy until the 1950s . In 1939 the Turkish Navy ordered four destroyers , four submarines and two mine boats from the British . In the same year the German-built submarine Saldıray and the two Turkish-built submarines Atılay and Yıldıray were put into service. The namesake for the latter two was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Up until the 1980s, it was continuously upgraded. After the arms embargo against Turkey in 1974, Turkey decided to build its own ships. In 2011 the stealth corvette TCG Heybeliada (F-511) was put into service, in 2012 the frigate Büyükada . A total of twelve such warships are planned.

The role of the military in Turkish society

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Since the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed in 1923, the Turkish armed forces have also acted as guardians of the secular state system introduced by the former officer Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) . In 1960 , 1971 and 1980 , the Turkish generals intervened in political events through coups . In 1981, the military initiated the drafting of a constitution that is still valid today and then had a government re-elected through new elections without losing any final right to decide on central issues. In 1997 the Turkish military intervened again in political events, albeit differently than in the past by forcing the government under Necmettin Erbakan to withdraw through increasing pressure ( see : Intervention of the military in Turkey 1997 ). On the night of July 15-16, 2016, a group within the military attempted a coup, but it failed ( coup attempt in Turkey 2016 ).

The Turkish armed forces enjoy great approval and acceptance within the population. The reputation exceeds that of the other state institutions, the politicians and elected government. The result is “that the Turkish armed forces see themselves as the actual“ state ”in Turkey. In their understanding, politics have to be in the service of “their” state and not the other way around. ”Furthermore, the politicians appointed for a limited period would be corruptible and would not act in the interests of the state, while the armed forces with their“ glorious past ”would be essential Constant in the Turkish state.

In July 2011, the army leadership resigned in protest against the long-term imprisonment of 250 officers for alleged conspiracies against the ruling party AKP and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's government.

On this occasion, the head of the military was newly appointed by the government under Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and President Abdullah Gül . This ended a long power struggle between the Islamic governments of the AKP and the traditionally secular military in favor of the incumbent government.

All army leaders were exchanged again on August 3, 2013, two days before the verdict in the Ergenekon trial .

literature

  • The World Defense Almanac 2006. Mönch Publishing Group, Bonn 2006.

Web links

Commons : Turkish Armed Forces  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsk.tr
  2. ↑ Bedelli askerlik görünürde yok , CNNTÜRK ( Memento of the original from November 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 23, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cnnturk.com
  3. ↑ https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=turkey
  4. ↑ a b "Defense Expenditure of NATO Countries (2012-2019)", Press Release Communique PR / CP (2019) 069, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, June 29, 2019 (PDF; 128 kB)
  5. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from December 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atomwaffena-z.info
  6. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from September 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsk.tr
  7. ↑ General Hulusi Akar, Chief of Defense of Turkey. NATO, accessed July 23, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Bedelli askerlik görünürde yok , CNNTÜRK ( Memento of the original from November 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 24, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cnnturk.com
  9. ↑ Dövİzle askerlİk HİZMETİ ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , MSB Askeralma ( Memento of the original dated February 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 24, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.asal.msb.gov.tr @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.asal.msb.gov.tr
  10. ↑ Dövizle askerlik esasları yeniden düzenlendi , CNNTÜRK ( Memento of the original from November 7, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 23, 2008 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cnnturk.com
  11. ↑ http://www.deutsch-tuerkische-nachrichten.de/2011/11/304711/tuerkische-maenner-koennen-sich-vom-wehrdienst-freikaufen/
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  14. ↑ Mega armaments deal: Russia delivers missile defense system to Turkey. In: Spiegel Online . December 27, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Die Zeit : NATO's military spending is not well thought out . Retrieved November 3, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Tibor Szvircsev Tresch: Europe's Armed Forces in Transition: From Conscription Army to Voluntary Force 2005, p. 117"
  17. ↑ http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database
  18. ↑ Answer of the federal government to the small question of the MPs Jan van Aken, Christine Buchholz, Wolfgang Gehrcke, other MPs and the parliamentary group Die Linke. Printed matter 17/14628. (PDF) German Bundestag, September 11, 2013, accessed on July 21, 2018 .
  19. ↑ Burak Ege Bekdil: Turkey awards multibillion-dollar contract for indigenous Altay tank. In: DefenseNews. April 25, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018 .
  20. ↑ The Turkish Air Force in World War II. In: Flieger Revue Extra No. 12, Berlin 2006, pp. 35 and 41
  21. ↑ Turkish Navy archive link ( Memento of the original from March 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr
  22. ↑ http://www.trtdeutsch.com/trtworld/de/newsDetail.aspx?HaberKodu=138ea7ef-1675-4ceb-a12a-a31ff7e2bef7
  23. ↑ Sedef Werft builds aircraft carrier TRT Deutsch from March 26, 2018
  24. ↑ a b Archive link ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsk.tr
  25. ↑ Web presence ( Memento of the original from February 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gata.edu.tr
  26. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsk.tr
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces: TÜRK SİLAHLI KUVVETLERİNİN BARIŞI DESTEKLEME HAREKATINA KATKILARI ( Memento of the original from 12. November 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 16, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tsk.tr
  28. ^ Qatar - Tariq Bin Ziyad military base. Retrieved on August 16, 2018 .
  29. ^ Turkey sends more troops to Qatar. New delegation joins Turkish forces at military base in Doha under a joint agreement between the two nations. December 27, 2017, accessed on August 16, 2018 .
  30. ↑ Christoph Sydow: New Turkish military base in Qatar: challenge to the Crown Prince . In: Spiegel Online . August 17, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed August 18, 2019]).
  31. ↑ Bomb attacks in Şemdinli: How high is it? proasyl.de & amnesty international ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 83 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.proasyl.de
  32. ↑ Wolfgang Mayr: The war goes on. gfbv.it
  33. ↑ FAZ.net October 13, 2014: From the Cold War era
  34. ↑ http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Sechs-Monate-Haft-fuer-Keskin-article257265.html
  35. ↑ FAZ.net: Turkish military: Have taken power , accessed on July 15, 2016.
  36. ↑ a b c d e f http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/turkce/tarihimiras/geneltarihce.php
  37. ^ The Turkish military and Turkey's accession to the EU , Federal Agency for Civic Education , accessed on October 29, 2014
  38. ^ Ergenekon trial: “The military was taken by surprise” Spiegel online, August 7, 2009, accessed on August 15, 2011
  39. ↑ Major sweep of Turkish top brass by the government (English). Hurriyet Daily News, Aug. 6, 2013.