Fiat (brand)
| Fiat
|
|
|---|---|
.svg){kind=logo} |
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| legal form | Società per azioni |
| founding | July 11, 1899 |
| Seat |
Turin , Italy
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| Branch | Automotive industry |
| Website | www.fiat.com |
Fiat ( acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino , German: "Italienische Automobilfabrik Turin" ) is an Italian automobile brand of FCA Italy SpA, a subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , the successor to Fiat SpA. Under this name, passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (Fiat Professional) manufactured and sold, while Fiat Industrial , for example, uses other brands.
history
1899–1929: The early years
Fiat was founded on July 11th, 1899 by nine people: Roberto Biscaretti di Ruffia , Carlo Racca, Emanuele Cacherano di Bricherasio, Michele Ceriana Mayneri, Cesare Goria Gatti , Lodovico Scarfiotti , Alfonso Ferrero di Ventimiglia , Luigi Damevino and Giovanni Agnelli , the Grandfather of Gianni Agnelli , under whom Fiat became a major European brand from 1966. The first model was the Fiat 3.5 HP , of which around 20 were made from 1899 to 1900. In 1900 the 6/8 HP was derived from this, from which the 8 HP and 10 HP emerged in 1901 . In 1903 the 12 HP came on the market. In the same year, after export to France and England, export to the USA began and the annual production was 134 copies.
In 1905 Fiat took over the Ansaldi-Werke, founded Fiat-Ansaldi , from which the Brevetti-Fiat company emerged. From 1905 to 1912 the Brevetti model, a landaulet with a 3 liter displacement and 20 HP (15 kW), was built 1,600 times. While automobile sport had to step back from aviation in Europe at the time, this new sport remained very popular in the USA. 1911 launched Fiat therefore with three newly developed S 74 at the Grand Prix of America . The four-cylinder twin-block engine with a displacement of over 14 liters developed 190 hp (140 kW). The red cars dominated the race and David Bruce-Brown won for Fiat.
In 1912, large-scale production began with the production of the Fiat Zero . The Zero was a Voiturette , i.e. a small car with a displacement of less than 2 liters, of which more than 2000 specimens were made in the Torpedo and Spider body styles . For the French Grand Prix in 1914 was S 57/14 developed, who scored with 4.5 liter capacity 135 hp (99 kW) and developed until 1921 success in auto racing.
In 1916, Fiat built the Lingotto car plant in the Turin district of the same name . The production facility was the largest and most advanced of its time and had a one-kilometer circuit test track on the roof of the building.
After the First World War, from 1919 onwards, the 501 model was used to rationalize production through standardization : the number of steel tubes was reduced by 70%, over 1,000 different types of metal tubes were made 36 and several hundred ball bearings were reduced to 52. Production as well as transport and storage have been simplified. The 501 was manufactured as a sedan, spider and torpedo and developed 1500 cc and 23 hp (17 kW). It had been built 45,000 times by the end of 1926. It was an export success and achieved success in racing in its sports version from 1920 onwards.
At that time, Fiat also achieved success in Grand Prix races with the 801 model . In 1922 the Superfiat was presented, which was manufactured with 12 cylinders , 6800 cm³ displacement and six seats in the body shape of torpedo or Dorsay torpedo. In the same year, the Monza Autodrom , for which Fiat developed the 804 racing car, was inaugurated . He met the new two-liter formula racing and won with its six-cylinder engine piloted by Pietro Bordino bz. Felice Nazzaro the French Grand Prix and the Italian Grand Prix . In 1923 it became the Fiat 805 with a turbocharged eight-cylinder engine . In 1924, Ernest Eldridge achieved the absolute speed record for land vehicles of 234.980 km / h with the Fiat Mefistofele , a converted Fiat SB4 from 1908 .
From 1925, Fiat introduced another innovation in its new model 509 , which was intended to further increase sales and thus mass mobilization: loan sales. At the same time, the 509, with a displacement of just 1 liter, was the smallest car that Fiat had built until then. It was available as a torpedo, spider, convertible and limousine .
At the Italian Grand Prix in 1927 in Monza was 806 presented. It was considered an avant-garde vehicle, which with 12 cylinders and a compressor at 1500 cm³ developed 187 hp (138 kW) at 8500 rpm and immediately won the Grand Prix. After that, Fiat withdrew from motor racing because it wanted to concentrate on the production of mass vehicles.
1930-1969
Fiat reached a record production of 22,122 units in 1932, of which 6,578 were exported. In 1932 the Fiat 508 Balilla, the best-selling Fiat until then, was presented. From 1938 it was also called Fiat 1100 L and was produced in different versions until 1953. It was the car for the people, "a present from Fiat to the Italians", built as a limousine, torpedo and spider, initially with 995 cc and a top speed of 85 km / h. Fiat issued licenses and the vehicles were reproduced in France ( Simca ), Germany (NSU-Fiat) and Poland , among others .
The Fiat 1500 of 1935 was the first Fiat with a "waterfall" grille. It was 446 cm long, made 45 hp at 1493 cm³, drove 115 km / h and consumed twelve liters per 100 km. In 1936 it was followed by the 500, called Topolino, a minimalist small car with two seats. Fiat had tried a small model since 1916 without ever turning it into series production. In 1937 the redesigned balilla followed, and in 1949 the modernized 500C was launched. The first newly designed model after the war and the first Fiat with a self-supporting body was the Fiat 1400 released in 1950, which was followed in 1952 by the Fiat 1900 with better equipment and an enlarged engine. The 1400 was available as a sedan and convertible, the 1900 as a sedan and coupé. The 1100 nuova (type 103) with a self-supporting body appeared in 1953 and was produced until 1970, under license in India until 2001. The use of gas turbines in vehicle construction was tested in 1954 with the Fiat Turbina .
The Fiat 600 was a sales success from 1955 as a sedan and later as a minivan. In 1957 the successor to the Topolino, the four-seater Fiat Nuova 500, came onto the market. Fiat launched an extended version of the 600 with a more powerful engine in 1964 as the Fiat 850 . It was also available as a coupé or as an open Spider. Larger and more expensive models were the Fiat 1800/2100 from 1959 and the 1300/1500 from 1961. The 124 has also proven to be a great sales success since 1966. In addition to Italy, it was then manufactured under license as Murat at the Tofaş works in Turkey , as Lada 1200 in the Soviet Union and as Seat 124 and 1430 in Spain . In 1966, Fiat acquired a stake in Ferrari , which was also reflected in the Fiat brand's anniversary sports model, the Fiat Dino Coupé and Spider. The successor to the 1800/2300 models, the 130 appeared in 1969 as a sedan and coupé . After almost 20,000 vehicles had been sold, the 1976 model was discontinued.
Fiat 500 Topolino (1936–1955)
Fiat 1500 (1961-1968)
Fiat 124 (1966-1975)
1970–1999: successes and increased competition
With the new 128 and 127 models, Europe's Car of the Year was developed for 1970 and 1972 and, despite looming quality problems, great sales successes. At this time plants were built in Argentina and Brazil, the Fiat 126 and the Polski Fiat 1500 were built under license in Poland . In addition, it decided to cooperate with Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Peugeot and Saab.
In addition to the high-volume models, special models such as the Fiat Dino Coupé and Spider, 124 Sport Coupé and Sport Spider were developed for the 100th birthday of the company founder Giovanni Agnelli .
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At the beginning of the 1970s, Fiat produced and sold more automobiles than VW both worldwide and in Europe , making it the largest automobile company in Europe according to these criteria. This was also clearly emphasized in the USA in advertising with the slogan “the biggest selling car in Europe” . Because of the extensive range of products that no other manufacturer could offer, the company advertised with the slogan: “Fiat - any size, any power, from 18 to 180 hp” .
From the mid-1970s onwards, competition became tougher, especially in the European markets, and the manufacturer's wide range of models at the time came under pressure. In the large markets such as France and Germany, national alternatives were available where Fiat had previously been used. Even the 132 could not replace the 125 , even less the 131 Mirafiori the 124. The Ritmo did not match the success of the 128 in the compact class.
On September 23, 1986, Libya sold its 15 percent stake in Fiat to the Agnelli family and Deutsche Bank.
In the 1980s, Fiat modernized its body design, for example with the Uno and the minimalist panda , which was marketed with the slogan “The great box”. Both were designed by Giugiaro . A variant of the Panda with all-wheel drive was built at Steyr-Puch in Austria . The Tipo followed . The rust prevention was better than in the sixties, but the bad reputation as a rust arbor only changed slowly.
In 1987 Fiat was the first manufacturer to introduce a diesel direct injection engine in passenger cars with the 1.9 TD id in the Croma . Fiat itself never marketed this as an innovation, even when other manufacturers followed suit in the mid-1990s.
In the 1990s, the Fiat Marea was presented as the first vehicle with a common rail diesel engine, and this innovation, too, became standard for many manufacturers within a few years. The Punto replaced the Uno and the Seicento the Cinquecento . At that time it was common practice at Fiat that no model was named after its predecessor, no matter how successful it was.
In 1993, several Fiat board members were involved in a corruption scandal.
The Tempra and the successors Bravo / Brava and Marea were only moderately successful. The Multipla and the Barchetta held their own in niches .
Fiat Ritmo (1978–1988)
Fiat Panda (Type 141) (1980-2003)
Fiat Uno (Type 146) (1983-2014)
Fiat Punto (Type 176) (1993-2000)
Fiat Marea (1996-2002)
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Since 2000
For the final quarter of 2005, the Group's auto division posted an operating profit for the first time in four and a quarter years. Sales of the new models are also developing very promisingly. In the first quarter of 2006 , the Grande Punto was the best-selling car in Europe. In addition, Fiat received 7,000 pre-orders for the Sedici within the first ten days, so 2/3 of the planned 10,000 cars were sold by the end of 2006 in one fell swoop. 70,000 copies of the new Fiat Bravo (type 198) were planned for sale by the end of February 2008, but in August 2007 over 80,000 were already sold. The new Fiat 500 exceeded all expectations placed on the order volume. Experts interpret this as a “sign of a turnaround” and a “successful restructuring”.
In 2006 Fiat opened its new brand and experience world Mirafiori Motor Village in Turin.
A great success came in 2007 with the introduction of the new Fiat 500 and the new Fiat Panda. The Fiat Doblò is also used by Opel as Opel Combo D offered. The Fiat 500e (electric) was presented in April 2013; Fiat expects a loss of $ 10,000 per car.
The Serbian government and representatives of the Italian automobile company Fiat signed a joint venture agreement on September 29, 2008, through which Fiat will take over 67 percent of the Zastava plant in Kragujevac . Almost 1 billion euros are to be invested in the modernization of Zastava. According to Fiat's plans, the production of the Fiat Punto 188 / Zastava 10 under the new name is to be increased to 15,000 cars in 2009.
As part of the strategic participation of the Fiat Group in the Chrysler Group , common platforms are to be developed and used. Synergy effects are to be expected for Fiat above all through closer cooperation with Dodge . In the third quarter of 2011, the Fiat Freemont was presented from this , followed by the Dodge Dart in the USA in 2013 .
Fiat brand logos
Almost all Fiat logos contain the Art Nouveau lettering with the beveled "A".
When Adrian Frutiger was hired in the late 1960s to redesign the brand's corporate design, he designed a diamond pattern that could be declined from the brochures to the lettering on the models and the brand logo. In keeping with the times, it deliberately broke with tradition.
1899-1901
1901-1904
1904-1921
1921-1925
1925-1931
1938-1959
1959-1968
Logo for sports models, 1965–1985
1968-1991
Stylized logo, 1991–1999
1999-2007
2007
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Fiat in Germany
Fiat vehicles have been exported to Germany since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to its success, Fiat founded the subsidiary Deutsche Fiat Automobil -verkauf-Aktiengesellschaft on May 5, 1922 . For many years the company was based in Berlin . From 1929 on, vehicles were also built in Germany through the takeover of the Heilbronn NSU factory ; This is also where the headquarters of Fiat Germany were relocated. The old NSU continued to exist; the vehicle plant was henceforth called NSU-Fiat . In 1958, however, the old NSU produced vehicles again and had Fiat forbid the use of the NSU name in court. From then on, Fiat marketed the vehicles from the Heilbronn plant under the names Neckar and Jagst . However, these brand names were soon abandoned and the vehicles were sold as Fiat . In 1973 production in Germany was stopped. However, important Fiat departments in Heilbronn have remained present to this day. It was not until 2007 that the German branch was relocated to Frankfurt.
New car registrations in Germany
| year | units | Market share |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 72,755 | 2.40% |
| 2011 | 80.125 | 2.50% |
| 2010 | 78.190 | 2.68% |
| 2009 | 163,953 | 4.31% |
| 2008 | 88.111 | 2.85% |
| 2007 | 73,799 | 2.34% |
| 2006 | 78,072 | 2.25% |
| 2005 | 60.112 | 1.80% |
| 2004 | 63,819 | 1.95% |
Source: Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA)
Fiat brand models
Model overview
Model history
| Timeline of Fiat models from 1899 to 1949 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | 1890s | 1900s | 1910s | 1920s | 1930s | 1940s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8th | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | |
| Small car | 3.5 HP | 500 A / B (Topolino) ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lower middle class | 6 HP / 10 HP | 509/509 p | 508 (Balilla) | Balilla 1100 A / B ... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Middle class | 1 | 1A / Zero | 70 | 501/501 S / 502/503 | 514/515 | 1500 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| upper middle class | Brevetti 10-12 HP | 2 | 2 B | 505 | 507 | 518 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 HP / 16-20 HP / 16-24 HP | Brevetti tipo 2 (15-25 HP) | 520/521 | 522/524 | 527 | 2800 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Upper class | 20-30 HP | 3 | 3A / 3th | 510 | 512 | 525/525 p | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24-32 HP / 60 HP | 28-40 HP / 30-45 HP / 50 HP | 4/5/6 | 520 "Superfiat" | 519/519 p | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Internal model numbers
Fiat has been using three-digit internal model numbers since the 1950s, some of which coincided with the sales names (Fiat 124-133). Here is a (incomplete) list of these numbers. Also included are some vehicles from sister / subsidiary companies:
| Internal model number | Sales description | construction time | image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 100 | Fiat 600 , Fiat 770 | 1955-1969 |
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| Model 100 G | Fiat 850 N / Coupé / Spider / T, Fiat 900 T / E | 1964-1981 |
 
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| Model 101 | Fiat 1400 | 1950-1958 |
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| Model 103 | Fiat 1100-103, Fiat 1200 | 1953-1970 |
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| Model 104 | Fiat 8V | 1952-1955 |
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| Model 105 | Fiat 1900 , Fiat Campagnola | 1952-1958 |
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| Model 110 | Fiat Nuova 500 sedan | 1957-1977 |
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| Model 112 | Fiat 1800 , Fiat 2100 | 1959-1968 |
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| Model 114 | Fiat 2300 , Fiat 2300 S Coupé | 1961-1968 |
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| Model 115 | Fiat 1500 / C, Fiat 1500 Cabriolet | 1961-1968 |
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| Model 116 | Fiat 1300 / C | 1961-1966 |
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| Model 118 | Fiat 1500 / S / L, Fiat 1600 Cabriolet | 1961-1968 |
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| Model 120 | Fiat Nuova 500 Giardiniera (station wagon) | 1960-1972 |
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| Model 124 | Fiat 124, 124 Coupé, 124 Spider | 124 Sedan: 1966–1975 124 Coupé: 1967–1976 124 Spider: 1966–1985 |
 
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| Model 125 | Fiat 125 | 1967-1972 |
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| Model 126 | Fiat 126 , Fiat 126 BIS | 1972-2000 |
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| Model 127 | Fiat 127 | 1971-1987 |
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| Model 128 | Fiat 128 , Fiat X1 / 9 | 128: 1969-1983 X1 / 9: 1972-1988 |
 
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| Model 130 | Fiat 130 , Fiat 130 Coupe | 130 sedan: 1969–1976 130 coupé: 1971–1977 |
 
|
| Model 131 | Fiat 131 | 1974-1984 |
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| Model 132 | Fiat 132 , Fiat Argenta | 132: 1972-1981. Argenta: 1981-1986 |
 
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| Model 133 | Fiat 133 | 1975-1976 |
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| Model 135 | Fiat Dino | 1966-1972 |
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| Model 138 | Fiat Ritmo , Fiat Regata | Ritmo: 1978–1988 Regata: 1983–1990 |
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| Model 141 | Fiat Panda (1st + 2nd series) | 1980–2003, facelift 1986 |
|
| Model 146 | Fiat Uno , Fiat Duna | Uno: 1983-1995 Duna: 1987-1992 |
 
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| Model 147 | Fiat 147 (Brazil) or Fiat Fiorino | 1977-2000 |
|
| Model 150 | Fiat 500 (2007) | since 2007 |
 
|
| Model 154 | Fiat Croma I. | 1985–1996, facelift 1991 |
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| Model 159 | Fiat Tempra | 1990–1996, facelift 1993 |
 
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| Model 160 | Fiat Tipo | 1988–1995, facelift 1993 |
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| Model 169 | Fiat Panda (3rd series) | 2003-2012 |
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| Model 170 | Fiat Cinquecento | 1991-1998 |
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| Model 175 | Fiat coupe | 1994-2000 |
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| Model 176 | Fiat Punto I. | 1993-2000, facelift 1997 |
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| Model 178 | Fiat Palio , Fiat Siena , Fiat Strada | since 1996 |
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| Model 179 | Fiat Ulysse II | 2002–2011, facelift 2008 |
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| Model 182 | Fiat Bravo , Fiat Brava | 1995-2001, facelift 1998 |
 
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| Model 183 | Fiat Barchetta | 1995-2005, facelift 2003 |
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| Model 185 | Fiat Marea | 1996–2002, facelift 1999 |
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| Model 186 | Fiat Multipla | 1999–2010, facelift 2004 |
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| Model 187 | Fiat Seicento | 1998–2009, facelift 2000 |
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| Model 188 | Fiat Punto II | 1999-2007, facelift 2003 |
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| Model 192 | Fiat Stilo | 2001–2008, facelift 2004 |
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| Model 194 | Fiat Croma II | 2005–2010, facelift 2008 |
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| Model 198 | Fiat Bravo | 2007-2014 |
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| Model 199 | Fiat Grande Punto , Fiat Punto Evo | 2005–2018, facelift 2009 |
 
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| Model 220 | Fiat Ulysse I, Fiat Scudo | Ulysse: 1994–2002, facelift 1998 Scudo: 1995–2006, facelift 2004 |
 
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| Model 223 | Fiat Doblò (Cargo). As a car: model 119 | since 2001 |
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| Model 230 | Fiat Ducato 2nd series (bus, panel van, flatbed truck) | 1994-2002 |
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| Model 238 | Fiat 238 bus, flatbed truck | 1966-1982 |
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| Model 242 | Fiat 242 panel van, flatbed truck | 1975-1987 |
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| Model 244 | Fiat Ducato 2nd series (Facelift) | 2002-2006 |
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| Model 250 | Fiat Ducato 3rd series | since 2006 |
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| Model 280 | Fiat Ducato 1st series (bus, panel van and flatbed) | 1981-1990 |
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| Model 290 | Fiat Ducato / Talento 1st series (Facelift) | 1990-1994 |
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| Model 326 | Fiat Palio II, Fiat Grand Siena | 2012-2017 |
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| Model 327 | Fiat "Novo" Uno | since 2010 |
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| Model 330 | Fiat 500L | since 2012 |
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| Model 334 | Fiat 500XL | since 2013 |
|
| Model 349 | Fiat Panda III | since 2011 |
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| Model 350 | Fiat Idea | 2003-2012 |
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| Model 379 | Fiat Tipo | since 2015 |
_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_24._Juni_2017,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg)
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| Fiat 124 Spider (2016) | since 2016 |
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License production
In a wide variety of countries, Fiat models have been and are built under license and sometimes under other brand names. The Russian Lada Nova is based on the Fiat 124 from 1967, the Yugoslav Zastavas had the Fiat 128 and Fiat 600 as their models. In India , the former Fiat 1100 was built as a premier . In Turkey, further developments of the Fiat 131 Mirafiori are still being built in various versions under the Tofaş brand . Some of these vehicles even have badges stating that they are licensed by Fiat. The former Polski-Fiat 125 from FSO used the Fiat 125 as a technical basis, the Polski-Fiat 126 was a replica of the Fiat 126 from FSM . Until the beginning of the 1980s, the Spanish Seats were also exclusively Fiat replicas. From 1966 to 1968 the Bulgarian manufacturer Balcancar produced small numbers of the Fiat models 850, 850 Coupé, 124 and 124 Kombi from original parts under the name Pirin-Fiat.
Projects
Phylla
The research project Phylla (Greek for leaf) was operated from 2007 together with the Politecnico di Torino , the Turin Chamber of Commerce, the European Design Institute and the bioplastics manufacturer Novamont and financed by the regional government of Piedmont with 1.2 million euros. It was supposed to go into series production in 2010, but still had study status in March 2011 .
The car has a length of 2.99 meters, a weight of 750 kg and 4 seats. The plastics that were used for the body should be fully biodegradable.
Three alternatives are to be available as emission-free drives:
- Lithium-ion battery (range 145 kilometers)
- Lithium polymer battery (range 220 kilometers)
- a hydrogen engine or a small fuel cell
The electricity should not only be generated from the socket, but also via photovoltaic cells, which alone should be enough for a distance of 12 to 18 kilometers.
Due to the architecture, which defines the passenger cell and chassis as separate units, it should be possible to produce the car as a four-seater car, as a pick-up , mini delivery vehicle or handicapped vehicle with little effort .
P-MOB
A project called P-MOB has existed since May 2010 , in which, in addition to Fiat, Siemens and the University of Sheffield are also involved. A vehicle with integrated photovoltaic cells should be developed by the end of the project on April 30, 2013 .
literature
- Jürgen Lewandowski, Fiat-Automobile: the dynamic development of a global corporation, Südwest-Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-517-01157-6
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ New York Times: Web of Scandal: A special report .; Broad Bribery Investigation Is Ensnaring the Elite of Italy
- ↑ First Fiat EV will lose $ 10,000 per car, Marchionne says ( Memento from April 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ autohaus.de
- ↑ Michael Dünnebier, Eberhard Kittler: Passenger cars of socialist countries . transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrwesen, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-344-00382-8 , p. 20
- ^ Fiat e regione Piemonte insieme per l'auto solare . repubblica.it; accessed December 7, 2007; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ↑ Phylla. ( Memento of December 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) fiatspa.com; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ↑ Italy relies on electromobility . gtai.de, September 22, 2010; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ↑ Upper School Lotis Berlin - With AIRE Plus in Turin . ( Memento from May 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) OSZ Lotis Berlin; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ↑ data sheet. (PDF; 1.04 MB) enecomitalia.com; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ^ Fiat research car Phylla. Mirror online
- ^ Research . integrare.it; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ↑ P-MOB Objectives . ( Memento of November 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) eeepro.shef.ac.uk; Retrieved December 20, 2011
- ^ P-MOB: Integrated Enabling Technologies for Efficient Electrical Personal Mobility . cordis.europa.eu; Retrieved December 20, 2011
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Former brands: ACAM | ACM | Aermacchi | Albanesi | ALCA | All Cars | ASA | ATL | Atomo | ATS | Auto Mirage | Autobianchi | Autozodiaco | Baldi | Bandini | Benelli | Bertone | Biagini | Bizzarrini | BMA | Bugatti | Burgert | Ciemme | CIMEM | Cisitalia | Cizeta | Cizeta-Moroder | De Tomaso | Delta | Dino | Ducati | Embo | Ennezeta | Ermini | FAAM | Ferves | FIAM | FIM | Fimer | Fioretti | Fissors | Fontauto | Ford | Fusi | Galassi | Ghia | Giannini | Giaur | Gilco | Grecav | Grignani | IMP | Innocenti | Intermeccanica | Iso | Isotta Fraschini | Iveco | Lambro | Lawil | Leone | Leontina | LMX | Lombardi | Martin Motors | Mi-Val | Micro-Vett | Modulo | Momo | Moretti | Nardi | Nardi & Danese | Nembo (1965-1967) | Nembo (1970-1971) | OPES | Orsa | OSCA | OSI | Otas | Panther | Pasquali | Pasquini | Patriarca | Pennacchio | PGE | Pininfarina | Puma | Qvale | Rayton Fissore | Romanazzi | SAMAS | Savio | Scoiattolo | Serenissima | Siata | Sibona-Basano | SILA | Sirex | Siva | Stanga | Stanguellini | Strale | Taraschi | Totem | Urbanina | Vignale | Volpe | Volugrafo | Willam | Zagato | Zanella