Anıtkabir
| Anıtkabir | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Ataturk's mausoleum |
|
| Data | |
| place | Çankaya - Ankara - Turkey |
| architect | Emin Halid Onat , Ahmet Orhan Arda ; Site manager: Sabiha Gürayman |
| Architectural style | Neoclassicism - İkinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı Second national architectural movement |
| Construction year | 1944-1953 |
| Floor space | 750,000 m² |
| Coordinates | 39 ° 55 '30.3 " N , 32 ° 50' 13.2" E |
Anıtkabir ( Turkish for "grave monument") is the name of the mausoleum of the Turkish state founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Ankara . It is both a national monument and a museum . The grave of Turkey's first prime minister, İsmet İnönü , is also in the complex.
draft
According to the memories of his adopted daughter Afet İnan , Mustafa Kemal said where and how he would like to be buried at a table conversation as follows:
“Beni, milletim nereye isterse oraya gömsün. Fakat benim hatıralarımın yaşayacağı yer Çankaya olacaktır ”
“My people should bury me where they please. But my memories will live on in Çankaya. "
Shortly after his death, in December 1938, a parliamentary commission was set up to plan Ataturk's eternal resting place. It announced an international architectural competition and set up a six-person jury consisting of the German Paul Bonatz , the Swede Ivar Tengbom , the Hungarian Karoly Weichinger , Arif Hikmet Holtay, Muhlis Sertel (building director Ankaras) and Muammer Çavuşoğlu (Minister for Public Buildings) . By the end of the competition in March 1942, a total of 49 designs had been submitted, 22 of them from Turkey. The designs with a religious reference, including a Turan domed building by Sedat Hakkı Eldem and an Old Turkish tomb by Clemens Holzmeister , were perceived as unsuitable due to Ataturk's secularization reforms. In general, neoclassical design dominated . Three designs were shortlisted, with Parliament having the last word, which opted for the neoclassical project by Turkish architects Emin Onat and Orhan Arda .
On April 5, 1943, the Turkish National Assembly decided to carry out the Onat and Arda design.
Before the implementation of the project, the design submitted by Onat and Arda was changed in some points upon intervention by the jury. The most visible change for static reasons (earthquake area) was the omission of a huge stone "attic storey" and the three-part structure instead of an axial arrangement.
History of origin
construction
The building site is the Rasattepe hill. The hill was built in the 12th century BC. . Chr of Phrygern as grave hill artificially constructed. Before the construction of the monument began, it was examined archaeologically . The finds from the excavation are now exhibited in the Ethnographic Museum. The name Anıttepe (monument hill) was not given to the hill until the tomb for Ataturk was built.
After the plans for the building had been established, the foundation stone was laid in a solemn ceremony on October 9, 1944 . The construction work was completed in four stages over a period of nine years. Sabiha Gürayman, known as the first graduate of İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi , acted as construction manager.
- First construction phase by the beginning of 1950: The construction of the foundation and retaining walls for the Lion's Way (Arslanlı Yol)
- Second construction phase 1945–1950: On September 29, 1945, construction of the buildings surrounding the fairground began, which lasted until August 8, 1950. At the same time, the statics for the monument was calculated, which was made of concrete and stone and was not allowed to put too much strain on the foundation. At the end of 1947, the excavation and insulation work was completed and an eleven-meter-high reinforced concrete structure was created for the foundation of the monument. Entrance towers, paths and streets as well as a tree nursery, the garden and park design and the irrigation system were completed in this section.
- Third construction phase 1950: The driveways, the Löwenweg, the paving of the fairground and the mausoleum floor, the production of the steps for the stairs and the sarcophagus were carried out during this period.
- Fourth construction phase 1950–1953: In this construction phase (November 20, 1950 to September 1, 1953) the hall of honor was equipped and the walls were decorated with stone moldings. The vault that supports the great hall of honor and which now houses a museum about Ataturk's life's work was built. Originally a vault on pillars was planned for the hall of honor. In order to shorten the project, the vault was dispensed with and the structure was reduced by 28 meters. The ceiling was made flat in reinforced concrete and covered with mosaic on the inside , which also reduced the load on the foundation.
In January 1952, on the initiative of the sculptor Rudolf Belling , who had headed the class for sculpture at the Art Academy in Istanbul since 1936 and taught basic artistic theory and modeling at the architecture faculty of the Istanbul Teknik University from 1952 to 1965 , a competition among Turkish sculptors for the sculptures was held written out at the Ataturk mausoleum. Rudolf Belling was entrusted with the supervision of the artistic work on the mausoleum.
Materials and details
The white travertine for the sculptures, lion figures and pillars comes from Pınarbaşı , the inside of the towers comes from Polatlı and Malıköy. The victory reliefs, the exterior cladding of the hall of honor and the pillars of the halls surrounding the central square were made of yellow travertine from Eskipazar ( Çankırı ).
The cream-colored, red and black marble with which the floor in the hall of honor is laid comes from Çanakkale , Hatay and Adana , the green marble from Bilecik , the tiger skin-colored marble on the walls of the hall of honor from Afyonkarahisar . The large stone block for the sarcophagus comes from Osmaniye , its white marble cladding also from Afyonkarahisar. The black and red stone for the floor of the fairground and the towers comes from Boğazköprü (Kayseri).
burial
After his death in 1938, the "father of the Turks" was embalmed and temporarily buried in the Ethnographic Museum in Ankara. There his grave was in the presence of important political dignitaries, including the then Prime Minister on 4 November 1953 Adnan Menderes and the then President of Parliament Refik Koraltan opened and the catafalque lifted. The coffin was then guarded by generals for several days.
On November 10th (Ataturk's 15th anniversary of his death) the procession to Anıtkabir took place in a large ceremonial devotion. For this, the catafalk wagon (a converted mount ) was pulled by 136 young officers. The move took place with cannon shots, air shows, many hundreds of thousands of mourners from all over Turkey, several state guests and the entire government and opposition. At 1.30 p.m. the coffin was lowered into the ground and, among others, symbolically covered with earth by President Celâl Bayar , which was then completely buried by soldiers. Finally, the homage took place in the hall of honor.
Structure and organization
Anıtkabir is located in the government district of Çankaya . The total area is around 750,000 m² and is surrounded by a 1.5 m thick wall. 120,000 m² of this is the built-up grave complex, the remaining area is the green area. Two entrances (Tandoğan and Anıttepe) lead to the tomb complex, which is divided into three main sections: the lion's path, the central square and the actual mausoleum.
The facility has been managed since 1980 by the General Staff of Turkey , Genelkurmay Başkanlığı . It is guarded militarily.
Peace park
The Barış Parkı is planted with various trees from 24 nations and ornamental plants. Bonatz explained the garden architecture as follows:
“At the foot of the Anittepes, tall and mighty trees should form a green mass. The closer you get to the Anitkabir, the lower and less colorful the greening. She turns into the low, gray flora of the steppe and then literally disappears in the face of the imposing structure of the Anitkabir. "
In the western part it houses the barracks of the guards.
Löwenweg
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The Löwenweg is a 262 meter long path paved with travertine. It leads from the Tandoğan entrance to the central square of the tomb. Right at the entrance are two groups of statues, three men and three women. They were created by Hüseyin Anka Özkan and represent the people. For men, there are three professional groups: the farmer, the teacher and the soldier. The women are a group of mourners.
The path is lined by twelve eponymous lions placed on each side. They are designed by Hüseyin Özkan because of Ataturk's interest in Anatolian civilizations in the Hittite style. The number 24 symbolizes the 24 Oghuz tribes who immigrated to Anatolia , they are supposed to express calm and strength.
Central square, archway and towers
The central square of the complex is called Tören Meydanı and has an area of 129 × 84.25 m. It can accommodate up to 15,000 visitors. The red, black, white and yellow travertine stones used in the floor each represent 373 carpet patterns. The square illustrates the expanded functionality of the grave complex. It is not just a mere memorial, but is intended to attract large crowds and direct your gaze to the large main building, the actual mausoleum. On special days (e.g. the day of death) the square is full of crowds.
The square is surrounded by an archway , the ceiling of which is also decorated with carpet patterns. An imposing view of the city is possible through the arcades. Built into this arcade are some rooms, including the library and the military administration, and ten pavilion-like buildings called towers at each corner. Each one has its own theme and what they all have in common are the spearheads pointing towards the sky on the roof, which represent old Turkish nomadic tent tips.
.JPG)
| tower | position | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| İstiklâl Kulesi ( Tower of Independence ) | Start of Löwenweg | Miniature model of the plant |
| Hürriyet Kulesi ( Tower of Freedom ) | Start of Löwenweg | Documentation about the construction process, materials used |
| Mehmetçik Kulesi ( Tower of the Turkish Soldier ) | End of lion walk | movie theater |
| Müdafaa-i Hukuk Kulesi ( Tower of Justice ) | End of lion walk | Writings and keepsakes |
| Zafer Kulesi ( Tower of Victory ) | Southwest flank | Stretcher ( carriage ) |
| Barış Kulesi ( Tower of Peace ) | Southwest flank | Company car |
| 23 Nisan Kulesi ( Tower of April 23 ) | South-eastern flank | Mustafa Kemal's Cadillac Series 80 |
| Misak-ı Milli Kulesi ( Tower of the National Pact ) | South-eastern flank | Entrance to the museum, official condolence book |
| İnkılâp Kulesi ( Tower of the Revolution ) | South-eastern flank | Part of the museum |
| Cumhuriyet Kulesi ( Tower of the Republic ) | North side | Replica of Mustafa Kemal's study |
museum
The Atatürk ve Kurtuluş Savaşı Müzesi museum area was opened in 1960 and renewed in 2002. It extends above ground from the towers and rooms to the left and right of the mausoleum and a large underground section below.
The museum houses Mustafa Kemal's private items, from sabers, rifles and medals to his muska and fitness equipment. There are a variety of portraits and paintings of the War of Independence in the gallery. In the corridors that follow, the busts of leading Turkish figures of the war are exhibited. The conclusion marks a part of Mustafa Kemal's private library of 3123 books that can be searched in digitized form for research.
The museum is accessible free of charge.
Inonus grave
Ismet Inönü's sarcophagus is located directly opposite the large mausoleum in a south-westerly direction, he was buried there on December 28, 1973 and the grave was redesigned in 1993 and 1998. The sarcophagus on the central square, like Ataturk's sarcophagus, is symbolic in nature. The entrance to the actual grave is on the west side of the arcades. It contains a section with personal items, clothing and pictures of the first prime minister. The burial chamber can be visited on selected days of the year (the day of his death, national holidays) in contrast to Ataturk's.
Previously, Cemal Gürsels and some civilian and military victims of the forcible deposition of the Menderes government were also buried in Anıtkabir for a period. When the state cemetery was established in Ankara in 1985, Cemal Gürsel was moved there, and the other victims were reburied in civil cemeteries. It was stated that this facility is only intended for the memory of Mustafa Kemal. An exception was made for İsmet İnönü as a close follower and brother in arms.
mausoleum
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The mausoleum is the highest point and the eye-catcher of the whole complex. It is stylistically based on a temple of antiquity in an abstract form . The cuboid building has the dimensions 72 x 52 x 17 m. It has eight pillars at the front and back and 14 square pillars on the sides. The mausoleum is separated from the central square by a 42-step staircase in the middle of which there is a platform bearing the following inscription:
"HAKİMİYET KAYITSIZ ŞARTSIZ MİLLETİNDİR"
To the right and left of the stairs there are relief images and treat the battles of Dumlupınar and on the Sakarya and, like all relief images in the various towers of the tomb complex, are in the Hittite style.
The texts written in gold after climbing the stairs at the entrance to the side of the mausoleum are Ataturk's speech Onuncu Yıl Nutku (right) and the address to the youth Gençliğe Hitabe (left) on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the republic . They weren't added until 1981.
To understand why an ancient temple was used as a motif, it is important to understand the zeitgeist of the young republic. On the one hand, it is a motif of the neoclassical trend that places value on the classic and timelessly valid. It corresponds to the common style of its time, so the stylistically similar Lincoln Memorial was also created at the beginning of the 20th century. On the one hand, Ataturk broke politically and culturally with the fall of the Ottoman Empire . In the early years of the republic there were efforts to incorporate the pre-Seljuk Anatolian civilizations such as the Hittites and Sumerians into the Turkish historical identity . The architect Onat explained in the spirit of his time:
“Akdeniz milletlerinden birçoğu gibi, tarihimiz binlerce yıl önceye gidiyor. Sümerlerden ve Hititlerden başlıyor ve Orta Asya'dan Avrupa içlerine kadar birçok kavimlerin hayatlarına karışıyor, Akdeniz medeniyetinin klasik geleneğinin en büyük köklerinden birini teşkil ediyordu. Ataturk, bize bu zengin ve verimli tarih zevkini aşılarken, ufuklarımızı genişletti. Bizi ortaçağdan kurtarmak için yapılmış hamlelerden en büyüğünü yaptı. Gerçek geçmişimizin ortaçağ değil, Dünya klasiklerin ortak kaynaklarında olduğunu gösterdi. ”
“As with other Mediterranean peoples, our history goes back thousands of years, it begins with the Sumerians and Hittites and mixes with the peoples of Central Asia and Europe. They formed one of the most important roots of the classical tradition of the civilization of the Mediterranean. When Ataturk injected us with the richness of this story, he broadened our horizons and took a giant step towards freeing us from the Middle Ages. Our true past does not lie in the Middle Ages, but in the roots that we have in common with the classical cultures of the world. "
Hall of Honor
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The hall of honor is located in the Mozole . In this room, visitors and state guests pay homage to Ataturk. To the northeast, a huge barred window is the source of light which illuminates the symbolic sarcophagus in the niche. If you look out, you can see the citadel of Ankara in the distance . An Ottoman carpet pattern from the 15th and 16th centuries was placed on the sky above the sarcophagus. Century applied in gold.
The sarcophagus weighs around 40 tons and is made of red marble. This is placed on a marble vault on which wreaths can be laid. In the first drafts, the sarcophagus was in the center of the room, which gave visitors the opportunity to walk around it and pray according to Ottoman tradition. Among other things, Bonatz 'view that the mausoleum "should not have the shape of a sultan's doorway" was abandoned and the sarcophagus was placed on the northeast side.
Burial chamber
Ataturk's burial chamber is located seven meters below the sarcophagus of the hall of honor. The chamber has an octagonal basic shape and a pyramid-shaped ceiling and the architecture is based on the Seljuk-Ottoman tradition of a Türbe .
Ataturk's body is not in a sarcophagus, but directly underground. The central sarcophagus-shaped marble block is only a closure of the grave. This is oriented towards Mecca . Around the sarcophagus there are 83 vessels in which there is earth from all provinces of the Republic of Turkey as well as earth from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , from Azerbaijan , from Ataturk's birthplace in Thessaloniki, from the Turkish military cemetery in Korea and from the grave of Suleyman Shah .
The burial chamber is closed to all visitors. They receive a live view of the chamber on a monitor.
meaning
The Anıtkabir is a central place for state acts of Turkey. The mausoleum is a popular destination, especially for domestic visitors. In 2012, a total of 3,351,604 people visited the Anıtkabir. There were 3,144,216 of the visitors from Germany and 207,388 from abroad. Wheelchair users can also visit the entire complex, which has been expanded to make it wheelchair accessible using modern technical means .
The visitors come from all walks of life in Turkey - not just the secular ones. The square is also a place to convey national values to school classes, many parents come with their children. In the hall of honor people pray and mourn, sometimes young bridal couples pay their respects there. Many civil society and government organizations lay a wreath and complain about current political developments. Although it is also a tourist destination, the guards pay attention to the special importance of the place and prohibit z. B. Bringing shopping bags and wearing hats in the hall of honor, for women the headscarf is allowed.
Due to the national symbolism and ritual and the importance for many Turks, it is called a secular "pilgrimage site" by some foreign authors.
Others
The Anıtkabir was the target of the self-proclaimed Caliph of Cologne . His radical Islamic entourage wanted to hijack an airplane and use 200 kg of explosive charges on Republic Day to blow up the entire government, including the mausoleum.
literature
- Christopher Samuel Wilson: Beyond Anitkabir. The Funerary Architecture of Ataturk. The Construction and Maintenance of National Memory. Ashgate, Farnham (Surrey) 2003, ISBN 978-1-4094-2977-7 .
Web links
- official website
- Informative website of the Ministry of Culture
- Association of Monument Preservation for Anıtkabir
- The alternative designs in the architectural competition
Individual evidence
- ↑ Quoted from Afet Inan: Ataturk hakkında hatıralar ve belgeler , Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1959, p. 23
- ^ Afife Batur: Anıtkabir. In: Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye Ansiklopedisi. Istanbul 1983-1985, Vol. 5, p. 1392.
- ↑ Matthias Krüger, Isabella Woldt (ed.): In the service of the nation. Identity foundations and identity breaks in works of fine art. Akademie-Verlag, pp. 311-314.
- ↑ Taylan Yıldırım: Türkiye'nin ilk kadın inşaat mühendisi öldü . In: Hürriyet , January 8, 2003, accessed January 4, 2014.
- ↑ a b c Anıtkabir . Ministry of Culture and Tourism website, accessed January 2, 2014.
- ↑ Tüm Yönleriyle Anıtkabir. Ata'nın Anıtkabir'e Nakli . ataturk.net, accessed January 2, 2014.
- ↑ Matthias Krüger, Isabella Woldt (ed.): In the service of the nation. Identity foundations and identity breaks in works of fine art. Akademie-Verlag, p. 320.
- ↑ 50 yaşındaki Anıtkabir'in bilinmeyenleri . ntvmsnbc.com, December 13, 2003, accessed January 4, 2014.
- ↑ a b Matthias Krüger, Isabella Woldt (Ed.): In the service of the nation. Identity foundations and identity breaks in works of fine art. Akademie-Verlag, p. 314.
- ↑ Anıtkabir'in SIRLARI . hurriyet.com.tr July 23, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ↑ Christopher Samuel Wilson: Remembering and Forgetting in the Funerary Architecture of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The Construction and Maintenance of National Memory. Dissertation, Technical University of the Middle East 2007, p. 33 ( PDF; 7.53 MB ).
- ↑ Ankara Anıtkabir İsmet İnönü Gallery. Anıtkabir İnönü Tomb ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . İnönü Foundation website, accessed January 4, 2014.
- ↑ Christopher Samuel Wilson: Remembering and Forgetting in the Funerary Architecture of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The Construction and Maintenance of National Memory. Dissertation, Technical University of the Middle East 2007, p. 184 ( PDF; 7.53 MB ).
- ↑ Quoted from Genelkurmay Başkanlığı (ed.): Anıtkabir tarihçesi. Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara 1994, p. 21.
- ^ Translation of Burcu Dogramaci: Cultural Transfer and National Identity. German-speaking architects, town planners and sculptors in Turkey after 1927. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-7861-2587-7 , p. 316 f.
- ↑ Ataturk's Mausoleum (Anıtkabir) ( Memento of October 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). Website of the Turkish Embassy, Information Department for Culture and Tourism, Vienna; accessed on January 2, 2014.
- ^ The Tomb Room ( Memento from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Information portal of the Turkish Armed Forces, accessed on January 2, 2014.
- ↑ Number of Visitors in Anıtkabir ( Memento from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Information portal of the Turkish Armed Forces, accessed on January 2, 2014.
- ↑ Facilities Provided for Disabled Visitors at Anıtkabir ( Memento of January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Information portal of the Turkish Armed Forces, accessed on January 2, 2014.
- ↑ Christopher Samuel Wilson: Remembering and Forgetting in the Funerary Architecture of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The Construction and Maintenance of National Memory. Dissertation, Middle East Technical University 2007, pp. & ( PDF; 7.53 MB )
- ↑ Kaplancıların hedefi Anıtkabir . In: Milliyet , accessed January 4, 2014.
