S-400 Triumf

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S-400 Triumf

S-400 during a Victory Parade exercise in Moscow in May 2010
S-400 during a Victory Parade exercise in Moscow in May 2010

General Information
Type Anti-aircraft guided missile
Local name S-400 Triumf, С-400 Triumf, 40R6, 98Sch6
NATO designation SA-21 growler
Country of origin Soviet UnionSoviet Union Soviet Union / RussiaRussiaRussia 
Manufacturer Almas share
development 1985
Commissioning 2007
Working time in service
Technical specifications
length 7.57 m
Combat weight 1,895 kg
drive Solid rocket engine
Range 380 km
Service ceiling 30,000 m
Furnishing
steering INS , 2-way data link
Target location active radar target search
Warhead 126 kg fragmentation warhead
Detonator Impact and proximity fuses
Weapon platforms Vehicles / trailers
Lists on the subject

The S-400 Triumf ( Russian С-400 Триумф , NATO code name : SA-21 Growler ) is a mobile, all-weather long -range surface-to-air missile system developed and produced in the Soviet Union and in Russia for combating fighter aircraft and Cruise missiles at all altitudes. It is also intended to intercept attacking short and medium-range ballistic missiles .

development

In 1985, the first studies on a successor system for the S-200 systems (NATO code name SA-5 Gammon) were carried out in the Soviet Union under the direction of Alexander Lemanski . The new system was to be introduced to the Air Defense Forces (PWO) in 2003. The system was developed by Almas , while the guided missiles were developed by MKB "Fakel".

In the mid-1980s, Almas also worked on the S-350 air defense system, which was to replace the S-300P system (NATO code name: SA-10 Grumble). During the conceptual phase, the developers recognized the similarities between the systems. As a result of this analysis and initial tests, the guided missiles originally intended for the S-350 were integrated into the S-400 system. Due to these circumstances, the current S-400 Triumf system is a combination of the original S-350 and S-400 concepts.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union , all work on the S-400 system was stopped and the 40N6 and 9M96 guided missiles could not be further developed due to financial problems. The 48N6DM remained, which comes from the 48N6-2 used in the S-300PM system. Until 1996, the S-400 system was only sporadically developed by both companies.

It was not until the summer of 1996 that the newly founded Almas-Antei received the order to further develop the S-400. Due to financial problems, the system was built instead of a completely new design based on components from the existing S-300P and S-300W systems . After testing the new guided missiles between 1999 and 2003, the state authorities' acceptance tests were completed in 2005. During these tests, 48N6DM guided missiles were fired against drones .

On August 6, 2007, the first 98Sch6 battery equipped with the S-400 with 48N6DM guided missiles was put into service.

technology

Rocket container in the starting position ...
... and in the marching position

The manufacturer states that the S-400 system can effectively combat the following goals:

The target acquisition is done either with radar or the passive radio measurement monitoring system Kolchuga . The S-400 system can also be supplied with radar data from over-the-horizon radars (OTH) and from the Russian AWACS system Beriev A-50 .

Targets can be fought at a distance of up to 380 km and at an altitude of a few meters above ground up to 30 km. The powerful, high-resolution phased array radar should make it possible to combat stealth flight targets. The ranges and possible targets depend on the different guided missiles.

Thanks to the long range, many enemy air defense suppression units (such as Wild Weasel ) can be neutralized before they come within attack range themselves. As an anti-missile missile , the system is also suitable for combating ballistic short- and medium-range missiles with a maximum range of 3500 km. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 4800 m / s (17,280 km / h) over a distance of 60 km.

Radars

An S-400 regiment consists of a command post (55K6) with a 91N6 radar (NATO code name: BIG BIRD E) that can command up to six batteries. If a battery is used autonomously, the 96L6 radar (NATO code name: CHEESE BOARD) is used. Each battery consists of a 92N2 radar (NATO code name: GRAVESTONE) and up to twelve starters. In addition, the S-400 system also supports the 55Zh6-1 Nebo-U radar, which, however, is not tied to the regiment. Optionally, a 76N6 radar (low-flying radar 5N66 of the S-300P system ; NATO code name: CLAM SHELL) can be connected to the S-400.

91N6 (Big Bird E)

The 91N6 is an all-weather surveillance and target tracking radar and has a maximum detection range of 600 km. It has a hydraulic, double-sided phased array antenna with a horn antenna . The radar uses one of 3500 frequencies that are changed every few seconds. The system is very resistant to electronic interference measures and uses a system to suppress the side lobes . The improvements have made the radar better at identifying small ballistic targets and suppressing clutters and sources of interference. The radar records and processes up to 300 targets simultaneously and can determine target data while searching for additional targets.

The system is installed on an MZKT-7930 truck with a trailer. The readiness can be established within five minutes.

96L6 (Cheese Board)

The 96L6E surveillance and target tracking radar at MAKS -2011

The 96L6 is an all-weather 3D surveillance and target tracking radar, the export designation is 96L6E. It has a detection range of 5 to 300 km and works with wavelengths in the centimeter range. The system consists of a cabin for the surgeons and a phased array antenna with an opening angle of −3 ° to 60 ° in elevation and 360 ° in azimuth. The antenna diagram has a half width of 1.5 ° to 3 ° in the elevation angle and 2.3 ° in the azimuth. A full turn of the transmitting antenna takes twelve seconds. As with the 91N6, additional targets can be searched for and recorded while target data is being determined. Up to 100 targets can be detected at speeds between 30 and 2800 m / s. The data obtained are sent directly to the batteries' fire control radars.

The complete system is housed on an MZKT-7930 truck, and it is ready for use within five minutes. In deeply cut or heavily forested terrain, the antenna can be placed on a 40W6M or 40W6MD mast. However, erecting the masts takes between 40 and 60 minutes, depending on the mast, and significantly increases the time to be ready for use.

The manufacturer has published the following search parameters for the export version 96L6E:

Search option All-round surveillance Sector monitoring Low-flying detection
Search sector azimuth 360 ° 120 ° 360 °
Search sector elevation angle −3 ° to + 20 ° −3 ° to + 60 ° 0 to 1.5 °
Speed ​​range 30 to 1200 m / s 50 to 2800 m / s 30 to 1200 m / s
Update rate lower search sector 6 seconds 5.5 seconds 6 seconds
Update rate upper search sector 12 seconds 13.5 seconds 6 seconds

92N2 (Gravestone)

92N2 pulse Doppler radar based on an MZKT-7930 truck

The 92N2 is based on the radar of the S-300PM-2 and is a pulse Doppler 3D radar. The system consists of two cabins on a carrier vehicle - an operator's cabin and an antenna cabin with a phased array antenna. In the operator's cab also is host of the type 90 Micro Elbrus installed. The radar device generates a highly focused radar beam to ensure accurate target tracking and the susceptibility to electronic countermeasuresto minimize. The radar antenna contains components for targeting and tracking as well as for the illumination of targets (for missiles with a semi-active seeker head) as well as for identification (IFF), targeting and tracking of missiles as well as for suppressing the side lobes of the main antenna. The frequency of the radar signal can be modulated to ensure the tracking of targets with low radial speeds. The radar can simultaneously guide up to twelve missiles at a maximum target speed of 4800 m / s against up to six targets.

Representatives of the manufacturer and the Russian military repeatedly claimed publicly that the radar - unlike its predecessors - could attack more than six targets at the same time without specifying an exact number. The proof for this statement could not yet be provided. Combat of more than six targets at the same time is conceivable when using guided missiles with an active seeker head (9M96E / E2, 40N6). However, so far there are no reliable indications of mass production of missiles of the 9M96 series and no public knowledge of the actual performance of the 40N6 missile.

The entire radar is housed on a MZKT-7930 truck and, like the 96L6, can be mounted on the 40W6M and 40W6MD masts.

Fire control station

With the S-400 system, a central fire control station is used at regiment level . This is on a Ural 532301 - Truck housed and is named 55K6 . The fire control station is directly connected to the 91N6 surveillance and target tracking radar. The overall system with the 55K6 fire control station and the 91N6 radar is called 30K6 . Five operators lead the fire fight from the fire control station, and they also receive instructions from a higher command postcan get. The 30K6 fire control station can coordinate the fire fighting of six S-400 batteries and assign six targets to each. An S-400 regiment can simultaneously deploy 72 guided missiles against 36 air targets. The fire control station has extensive communication facilities that allow combat command personnel to communicate with various reconnaissance and command systems. The fire control station carries out the following actions:

  • Control and monitoring of the radars of the batteries
  • Acquisition, identification, tracking of air targets
  • Friend-Foe Detection (IFF)
  • Prioritization of the individual air targets and the transfer of the most dangerous ones to the fire control radars of the batteries (six targets per battery)
  • Control and coordination of electronic countermeasures
  • Coordination of batteries in combined use
  • Data exchange with neighboring units as well as the higher level

Guided missiles

Cutaway model through the transport container with the internal guided missile 48N6E3

The guided missiles for the S-400 system can be transported on various vehicles. So far there are pictures of guided weapons on MAZ-7910 (8 × 8, index 5P85SM2-01) and the semi-trailer 5P85T2, which is pulled by a BAZ-64022 (6 × 6).

48N6

The 48N6 was developed by MKB "Fakel". The 48N6 was originally developed for the S-300PM system and its successor 48N6D for the S-300PM-2 system. This has been improved again for the S-400 system. The export designations for these missiles are 48N6E, 48N6E1 and 48N6E2. The 48N6 guided missiles have a typical cylindrical body and are divided into four sections: The seeker head , the electronics and the proximity fuse are located behind the tip of the guided missile . Immediately behind this is the fragmentation warhead. This creates both light and heavy fragments upon detonation . This is followed by the single-stage solid rocket engine. In the rear are theActuators as well as the thrusters for the thrust vector control housed. There are also four trapezoidal control surfaces at the stern .

The 48N6 guided missiles are delivered from the manufacturing plant in sealed transport and launch containers protected from the effects of the weather. The guided weapons can be transported and stored in the cylindrical containers for ten years without being checked. For control purposes, the guided missiles have a built-in electronic self-test that can be carried out by the operating personnel on a control box on the starting containers. Four transport and launch containers are installed on each launcher. The guided missiles are launched vertically. Using a catapult , they are thrown out of the transport and launch containers to a height of 20–30 m. Only there does the solid rocket engine ignite. The guided missiles can be started in a minimum interval of 3 seconds.

After take-off, the guided missiles accelerate with a load factor of up to 31  g . The solid rocket engine burns for 10 to 12 seconds and accelerates the rocket to over 2,000 m / s. The rest of the flight takes place without power. The guided weapon is fired on a semi-ballistic trajectory at the previously calculated collision point of the target and the guided weapon. During the cruise, the missile continues to be supplied with data from the fire control radar via the data link . The control takes place in this flight phase by means of an inertial navigation system . The missile's own semi-active radar seeker and track-via-missile are used to approach the target-System activated. The target approach is based on the principle of proportional navigation . If the target comes within the proximity fuse's response radius, the fragmentation warhead is detonated. In the event of a direct hit, the warhead is triggered by the impact fuse.

40N6

Since the mid-1990s, a type of guided missile with a long range has been reported in connection with the S-400. The development of this 40N6 guided missile began in 2003. The guided missile type 40N6 is intended to be used in combating reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft such as E-8 Joint STARS and AWACSare used. Obviously there were problems with the development and the introduction of the 40N6 guided missile was delayed again and again. Eventually, the developers resorted to the 48N6D guided missile used with the S-300PM-2 system. This was modified again for use with the S-400 and is called 48N6DM. With this type of guided weapon, the S-400 achieves a maximum firing distance of 250 km. It was also announced several times that the 40N6 guided missile type was about to be introduced into the Russian armed forces. The information on the 40N6 guided missile was also subject to a pronounced disinformation campaign. So was u. A. reported a range of over 450 km with a maximum interception altitude of 185 km. Furthermore, the introduction of the 40N6 guided missile was announced again and again and strongly deviating performance parameters were published. Finally, in the summer of 2018International Miltary-Technical Forum ARMY-2018 published the first technical data for the 40N6 guided missiles. It was also announced in October 2018 that the 40N6 missile had been accepted for introduction by the Russian armed forces after around 15 years of development. By the year 2027, the Russian armed forces plan to procure more than 1,000 40N6 guided missiles. Until the final launch of the 40N6 missile, the 48N6DM is the standard missile of the S-400 with a range of 250 km. As before, little is known about the 40N6 missile and there are no publicly available images. The 40N6 guided missile is believed to be based on the 48N6DM model and uses a solid-state double pulse motoras well as a guided missile's own active radar seeker. The average airspeed is 1190 m / s.

48N6 48N6D (48N6P-01) 48N6DM 40N6
length 7.50 m 7.57 m
diameter 519 mm unknown
Wingspan 1134 mm unknown
Weight 1800 kg 1835 kg 1888 kg 1895 kg
Warhead 145 kg HE fragmenting 143 kg bidirectional 180 kg bidirectional 126 kg bidirectional
Range (air target) 5 to 150 km 3 to 200 km 3 to 250 km 5 to 380 km
Range (ballistic target) 5 to 40 km 5 to 60 km 15 km
Altitude range 10 to 27,000 m 10 to 30,000 m
Target speed up to 2788 m / s up to 2800 m / s up to 4800 m / s

More guided missiles

During the development phase, there was repeated speculation about the use of other types of guided missiles. This is what some sources called the 9M96 guided missile, which was later also to be used with the S-400 series version. The integration of the 9M96 guided missiles was followed by the manufacturer and a prototype of a launch vehicle was created. Shooting attempts with the 9M96 guided missile were also made. Although the 9M96 guided missiles were presented several times in connection with the S-400, this type of guided missile does not appear to have been integrated into the S-400. At no time was an S-400 production model with the 9M96 guided missile types observed. These guided weapon types are also not listed in the S-400 export brochure from Almas-Antei. It can therefore be assumed that none of these types of guided missiles has been integrated into the S-400 system to date.

User states

Current users

Russian S-400 battery during a practice shooting in April 2013.
  • RussiaRussia Russia - As of September 12, 2019 there are 32 regiments / 60 batteries / 480 launch and transport vehicles in service.
    Explanation of the Russian air defense formation: 1 regiment S-400 consists of 2 batteries as standard, each of which consists of at least 8 launch or transport vehicles. In individual cases, however, the number of batteries within a regiment differs. The units are displaced as follows ;
    1 | 1 battery in the 4th Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force 606 in Elektrostal in 2007 and 1 battery in 2009.
    2, 3 | 2 batteries in the 5th Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force 210 in Dmitrovand 2 batteries in the 5th Air Defense Regiment of Air Force 93 in Zvenigorod in 2011.
    4, 5, 6 | 2 batteries in the 93rd Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force 589 in Nakhodka , 2 batteries in the 44th Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force 183 in Kaliningrad , and 2 batteries in the Southern Military District in 2012.
    7, 8, 9 | 2 batteries in the 4th Air Defense Regiment 549 in Kurilovo, 2 batteries in the 1st Air Defense Regiment 531 in Polyarny and 3 batteries in the 53rd Air Defense Regiment 1532 in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 2014.
    10, 11, 12, 13, 14 |2 batteries in the 41st Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force 590 in Novosibirsk , two batteries in the second anti-aircraft regiment in the Leningrad Oblast , two batteries in the 93rd Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force in 1533 in Vladivostok , 2 batteries in Novaya Zemlya and 2 batteries in Tiksi in 2015.
    15 , 16, 17, 18 | 2 batteries in the 5th Air Defense Regiment in Moscow Oblast , 2 batteries in the 18th Air Defense Regiment of the 31st Air Force Division in Feodosiya , 2 batteries in the Air Defense Regiment in Leningrad Oblast, and 2 batteries in the Air Defense Regiment of the Air Force of the 1st Army in Moscow Oblast in 2016.
    19, 20, 21, 22, 23 | 1 battery in the 1528th Air Defense Regiment of the 1st Division of the Air Force, the 45th Army of the United Strategic Command "North", in Severodvinsk , 2 batteries in the Air Defense Regiment, another 2 batteries in the Air Defense Regiment, 1 battery in the Air Defense Regiment in Leningrad Oblast, and 2 Batteries in the anti-aircraft regiment of the Eastern Military District in Primorye in 2017.
    24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 | 1 battery in the air defense regiment in Sevastopol , 2 batteries in the air defense regiment in Saratov Oblast , 2 batteries in the air defense regiment in the eastern military district, 1 battery in the air defense regiment in Evpatoria, 1 battery in the air defense regiment in Dzhankoy , 2 batteries in the air defense regiment in the Khabarovsk region , and 2 batteries in the air defense regiment in the Leningrad region in 2018.
    31, 32 | 2 batteries in the air defense regiment in Kaliningrad Oblast and another 2 batteries in 2019.
  • TurkeyTurkey Turkey - Turkey signed a contract to supply the S-400 system in September 2017 and made a down payment. The total amount of the contract is approximately 2.5 billion US dollars and includes an S-400 regiment consisting of two battalions ( batteries ) and 192 guided missiles. A dilemma arose with the Turkish announcement of the S-400 procurement ; Turkey is a member of NATO. The S-400 is not NATO compatible and has been viewed as a NATO threat. In June 2019, the United States Department of Defense gave Turkey the ultimate choice of either the American F-35or decide the Russian missile system. The USA feared, among other things, that using the F-35 within the range of the S-400 could provide information about its radar profile. The USA also fear that this knowledge will be passed on to Russia. After Turkey opted for the S-400 system in 2017, the US stopped delivering the first F-35. Likewise, Turkish cooperation in the development and production of the F-35 has been suspended for an indefinite period. On July 12, 2019, the first S-400 components arrived at the Mürted air force base . After the first test with the S-400 radars, Turkey announced that it would put the S-400 system into operation in October 2019. The US then threatened economic sanctionsunder the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA). At the end of 2019, Turkey announced that it wanted to put the S-400 systems into operation by April 2020 at the latest. After that date passed, Turkey announced that commissioning would be further delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2020, Turkey tested the S-400 system at the Sinop missile test site on the Black Sea . Three guided missiles were launched. The USA then continued to threaten economic sanctions if Turkey were to put the S-400 system into operation. On December 14, 2020, the outgoing administration imposed Trumpfor the procurement of the system, sanctions under Section 231 of CAATSA against the Defense Industry Directorate (Savunma Sanayii Başkanlığı, SSB), which is responsible for the development, production and procurement of weapons systems, under the Office of the President of the Republic of Turkey . The sanctions include banning all US export licenses and permits for the SSB, as well as entry bans and freezing of any assets owned by SSB management personnel in the US. The Trump administration had previously always rejected the cross-party sanctions demanded by the US Congress, so that Congress finally included a clause in the National Defense Authorization Act for the 2021 defense budget, which would have forced the Trump administration to impose sanctions within 30 days of the entry into force of this law.
  • BelarusBelarus Belarus - An unknown number of S-400 batteries have been installed since August 2018.

Future users

  • IndiaIndia India - After a government agreement in 2016, the purchase of a total of 5 regiments of S-400/10 batteries / 80 launch and transport vehicles was agreed.
  • Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia Saudi Arabia - At the end of February 2019, consultations were still ongoing on the contract to purchase the S-400 system, which Alexander Mikheyev, a person in charge of the arms export authority Rosoboronexport , confirmed during IDEX -2019.

See also

literature

  • Adrian Ochsenbein: The SA-21 GROWLER surface-to-air guided missile system. DTIG - Defense Threat Informations Group, January 2014.
  • Adrian Ochsenbein: The SA-21 GROWLER surface-to-air guided missile system. DTIG - Defense Threat Informations Group, July 2018.
  • Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. Aerospace Daly & Defense Report, Aviation Week, August 2015.
  • Sean O'Connor: The S-300P / S-400. I&A Volume 1, Number 3, April 2011, IMINT & Analysis, at geimint.blogspot.com
  • SM Ganin, AW Karpenko: The S-300 surface-to-air guided missile system . Saint-Petersburg 2001, p. 50–62 ( site3f.ru [PDF; 8.0 MB ; Retrieved December 31, 2017] Russian: зенитная ракетная система С-300 .).

Web links

Commons : S-400 Triumf  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f 5П85ТM information brochure from KAMAZ and Almas-Antei, 2017
  2. ↑ a b c d e 40N6 3D image revealed. In: alert5. IHS Alert 5, August 24, 2018, accessed October 22, 2018 .
  3. ↑ a b - ( Memento from August 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ^ A b c Adrian Ochsenbein: The surface-to-air guided missile system SA-21 GROWLER. In: scribd.com. Defense Threat Informations Group, July 1, 2018, accessed August 16, 2018 .
  5. ↑ S-400 Triumf / SA-21 Growler. (No longer available online.) In: globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017 ; accessed on September 12, 2017 (English).
  6. ↑ a b c Dr. Carlo Kopp: Almaz-Antey 40R6 / S-400 Triumf Self Propelled Air Defense System / SA-21. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Australia, accessed June 11, 2018 .
  7. ^ A b Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. Aerospace Daly & Defense Report, pp. 9-10., Aviation Week, August 2015.
  8. ↑ Sean O'Connor: The S-300P / S-400. I&A Volume 1, Number 3, April 2011.
  9. ↑ SM Ganin, AW Karpenko: The surface-to-air guided missile system S-300. 2001. pp. 61-62.
  10. ↑ S-400 SA-21 Triumf Missiles. (No longer available online.) In: globalsecurity.org. GlobalSecurity.org, archived from the original on April 4, 2017 ; accessed on June 5, 2018 (English).
  11. ↑ 40N6. In: deagel.com. Deagel, August 27, 2018, accessed October 22, 2018 .
  12. ↑ a b c “Triomphes” sans produits 40Н6: comment “boiteux” de la defense CONSTITUTIONNELLE de la Russie? In: weaponews.com. WeapoNews, August 30, 2018, accessed October 22, 2018 (French).
  13. ↑ - ( Memento of August 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ↑ Oscar Widlund: Long-range missile accepted for service with Russia's S-400. In: Janes.com. IHS Jane's 360, October 19, 2018, accessed October 22, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Advanced long-range missile for S-400 system accepted for service in Russia. In: tass.com. ITAR-TASS News Agency, August 30, 2018, accessed October 22, 2018 .
  16. ↑ С-300П зенитная ракетная система - S-300P / SA-10 GRUMBLE surface-to-air missile system. (No longer available online.) In: legion.wplus.net. отечественное оружие и его создатели после WWII, archived from the original on June 13, 2018 ; Retrieved June 5, 2018 (Russian).
  17. ↑ S-400 missile test launches 2010. (No longer available online.) In: dtig.org. youtube.com, archived from the original on June 22, 2018 ; accessed on June 6, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Triumph. (No longer available online.) In: roe.ru. Rosoboronexport, archived from the original on June 12, 2018 ; accessed on June 5, 2018 (English).
  19. ↑ Algérie: des blogueurs publient les images des S-400 livrés au pays. (No longer available online.) In: Sputnik France. fr.sputniknews.com, July 21, 2015, archived from the original on January 20, 2017 ; accessed on March 4, 2019 (French).
  20. ↑ China has conducted a firing test of the S-400 air defense missile system. In: Army Recognition. armyrecognition.com, December 24, 2018, accessed March 4, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Учебное пособие "ТАКТИКА ВОЕННО-ВОЗДУШНЫХ СИЛ" - Организация, базирование и вооружение ЗВВ и РТТВ. In: ВОЕННАЯ КАФЕДРА МГТУ МИРЭА. files.mai.ru, accessed September 21, 2019 (Russian).
  22. ↑ Бойцы ПВО показали, как работает новый ЗРК С-400 "Триумф". In: РИА Новости. ria.ru, April 11, 2010, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  23. ↑ Еще пять дивизионов новейших систем ПВО С-400 могут поступить в ВВС в будущем году. In: Интерфакс. Interfax.ru, November 26, 2009, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  24. ↑ В Подмосковье заступает на боевое дежурство второй полк ЗРС С-400 "Триумф". In: Вести.Ру. vesti.ru, May 15, 2011, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  25. ↑ Минобороны: три полка С-400 защитят Москву к концу года. In: BBC News. bbc.com/russian, July 22, 2011, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  26. ↑ В Находке заступил на боевое дежурство четвертый полк С-400 «Триумф». In: ЗАО «Объединение выставочных компаний« БИЗОН »-. arms-expo.ru, August 18, 2012, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  27. ↑ Светлана Песоцкая: Первый комплекс С-400 развернут в Калининградской области. In: Российская Газета. rg.ru, January 13, 2012, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  28. ↑ Зенитно-ракетный полк ЮВО ВВС России получил на вооружение комплекс С-400 «Триумф». In: Медиагруппа Звезда. tvzvezda.ru, December 22, 2012, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  29. ↑ Оборону Москвы усилили четвертым полком С-400. In: АО "ТВ Центр". tvc.ru, November 20, 2014, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  30. ↑ Иван Петров: "Триумф" защитит РФ от самолетов-разведчиков. In: Российская Газета. rg.ru, September 11, 2014, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  31. ↑ Источник: Минобороны РФ в декабре впервые получит С-400 трехдивизионного состава. In: Информационное телеграфное агентство России (ИТАР-ТАСС). tass.ru, November 19, 2014, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  32. ↑ Новосибирская противовоздушная оборона начала перевооружение на ЗРК С-400 «Триумф». In: ТВ-Новости. russian.rt.com, October 6, 2015, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  33. ↑ Новые комплексы С-400 "Триумф" поступили на вооружение ЗВО. In: Интерфакс. interfax.ru, November 25, 2015, accessed March 5, 2019 (in Russian).
  34. ↑ Военные во Владивостоке начали осваивать С-400 "Триумф". In: РИА Новости. ria.ru, November 25, 2015, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  35. ↑ Арктическую группировку усилили комплексами С-400. In: Известия. iz.ru, December 8, 2015, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  36. ↑ Минобороны: ВКС России получили очередной полк С-400 для защиты Москвы. In: Информационное телеграфное агентство России (ИТАР-ТАСС). tass.ru, January 4, 2016, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  37. ↑ Один из крымских зенитных ракетных полков получил систему С-400. In: Лента.Ру. lenta.ru, August 12, 2016, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  38. ↑ Два комплекта ЗРК С-400 поступили в соединение ПВО в Ленобласти. In: РИА Новости. ria.ru, September 21, 2016, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  39. ↑ ВКС России получили очередной полковой комплект зенитных систем С-400. In: Лента.Ру. lenta.ru, November 3, 2016, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  40. ↑ В Северодвинске заступил на дежурство дивизион С-400. In: Лента.Ру. lenta.ru, May 2, 2017, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  41. ↑ Минобороны России получило второй в этом году полк ЗРС С-400. In: РИА Новости. ria.ru, October 23, 2017, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  42. ↑ "Алмаз-Антей" передал Минобороны РФ третий в этом году полковой комплект С-. In: Информационное телеграфное агентство России (ИТАР-ТАСС). tass.ru, October 26, 2017, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  43. ↑ Дивизион зенитно-ракетной системы С-400 "Триумф" заступил на опытно-боевое дежурство в Ленинградской области. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, December 16, 2017, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  44. ↑ Зенитная ракетная часть ВВО в Приморье перевооружилась на новые ЗРС С-400. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, November 13, 2017, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  45. ↑ Новый дивизион С-400 возьмет под контроль границу с Украиной. In: Известия. iz.ru, January 10, 2018, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  46. ↑ Расчеты ЗРС С-400 заступили на боевое дежурство в Поволжье. In: Известия. iz.ru, January 27, 2018, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  47. ↑ Войска ВВО получили еще одну систему ПВО С-400 «Триумф». In: Известия. iz.ru, March 30, 2018, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  48. ↑ В Крыму заступил на боевое дежурство третий дивизион ЗРК С-400. In: РИА Новости. ria.ru, September 21, 2018, accessed March 5, 2018 (Russian).
  49. ↑ Четвертый дивизион С-400 развернули для защиты Крыма на границе с Украиной. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, November 29, 2018, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  50. ↑ Новая система С-400 заступила на боевое дежурство в Хабаровском крае. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, November 30, 2018, accessed March 5, 2019 (Russian).
  51. ↑ В Ленинградской области зенитный ракетный полк ЗВО перевооружен на систему С-400 «Триумф». In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, December 17, 2018, accessed March 5, 2018 (Russian).
  52. ↑ Система ПВО в Калининградской области усилена ЗРС дальнего действия С-400 «Триумф». In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru.ru, March 4, 2019, accessed March 8, 2019 (Russian).
  53. ↑ Минобороны досрочно получило новый полковой комплект С-400 «Триумф». In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, September 12, 2019, accessed on September 13, 2019 (Russian).
  54. ↑ Diken.com.tr: S-400'leri beklerken: Kaç tane alıyoruz, maliyeti ne?
  55. ↑ Turkey signs deal to get Russian S-400 air defense missiles. (No longer available online.) In: BBC News. bbc.com, September 12, 2017, archived from the original on September 12, 2017 ; accessed on March 4, 2019 .
  56. ↑ FH77 B05 L52 BAE Systems 155 mm Towed Howitzer. In: armyrecognition.com. Army Recognition, accessed March 20, 2017 .
  57. ↑ US gives Turkey ultimatum on Russian missiles. In: BBC News. June 8, 2019, accessed June 8, 2019 .
  58. ↑ Sueddeutsche.de: Missile deal with bitter consequences
  59. ↑ Turkey receives Russian S-400 missile defense system. Der Standard , July 12, 2019, accessed on the same day.
  60. ↑ a b c Apnews.com: Reports: Turkey tests Russian-made S-400 defense system
  61. ↑ Tagesschau.de: Turkey is probably testing Russian missile defense
  62. ↑ Turkishminute.com: Exclusive: Turkey to test S-400 air defense system October 5-16, official correspondence reveals
  63. ↑ www.state.gov . zeit.de
  64. ↑ https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/14/politics/trump-turkey-s400-sanctions/index.html
  65. ↑ https://www.fr.de/politik/us-senatoren-begruessen-sanktionen-gegen-die-tuerkei-zr-90131652.html
  66. ↑ see also faz.net December 15, 2020: Tensions between the United States and Turkey
  67. ↑ Countries That Might Fall Victim to US Sanctions for Buying Russian S-400s. In: sputniknews.com. Sputnik International, August 24, 2018, accessed March 4, 2019 (Russian).
  68. ^ Franz-Stefan Gady: India, Russia to 'Soon' Set Delivery Date for S-400 Missile Air Defense Systems. (No longer available online.) In: The Diplomat. thediplomat.com, June 21, 2017, archived from the original on August 10, 2017 ; accessed on March 4, 2019 .
  69. ^ Russia, Saudi Arabia negotiate S-400 supplies. In: Army Recognition. armyrecognition.com, February 28, 2019, accessed March 4, 2019 .
Soviet and Russian anti-aircraft missiles
Shoulder supported

9K32 Strela-2  | 9K34 Strela-3  | 9K310 Igla-1  | 9K38 Igla  | 9K338 Igla-S  | 9K333 Werba

Red Army flag.svg
Flag of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.svg
Short haul

9K31 Strela-1  | 9K33 Osa  | 9K35 Strela-10  | 2K22 Tunguska  | 9K330 gate  | 96K6 Panzir  | Sosna

Middle distance

S-125 Neva  | 2K11 pitcher  | 2K12 Kub  | 9K37 buk

long range

S-25  | S-75  | S-200  | S-300P  | S-300W  | S-350  | S-400  | S-500

Sea-based

9K32F Strela-2F  | 9K34F Strela-3F  | 9K310F Igla-1 F | 9K38M Igla-M  | 4K33 Osa-M  | 3K87 Cortic  | 3K95 Kinschal  | 3K96 Redut  | M-1 Wolna-M  | M-2 Volkhov  | M-11 Schtorm  | M-22 Uragan  | 3S90 Esch  | S-300F Fort  | S-300FM Fort-M