S-300W

S-300W
S-300WM
General Information
Type	Surface-to-air guided missile system
Local name	S300W, S-300WM, S-300WMD, S-300W4, Antei-2500, Antei-4000, 9K81, 9K81M
NATO designation	SA-12 Gladiator / Giant, SA-23 Gladiator / Giant
Country of origin	Soviet Union / Russia
Manufacturer	Almas-Antei , NIEMI, Nowator
development	1968
Commissioning	1983
Working time	in service
Technical specifications
length	9M82M : 9.91 m 9M83M : 7.90 m
diameter	9M82M : 1,125 mm 9M83M : 915 mm
Combat weight	9M82M : 4685 kg 9M83M : 2290 kg
span	9M82M : 1,150 mm 9M83M : 850 mm
Drive First stage Second stage	Solid fuel booster solid rocket engine
speed	9M82M : Mach 7.8 9M83M : Mach 4.9
Range	9M82MD : 350 km 9M82M : 200 km 9M83MD : 150 km 9M83M : 100 km
Furnishing
steering	INS , data link
Target location	semi-active radar target search ( SARH ) or HOJ
Warhead	150 kg fragmentation warhead
Detonator	Impact and proximity fuses
Weapon platforms	MT-TM tracked vehicle
Lists on the subject

The S-300W Antei-300 ( Russian С-300В 9К81 С-300В Антей Antaios -300 ) is a mobile long-range surface -to-air guided missile system developed in the Soviet Union for combating combat aircraft , cruise missiles and short- and medium-range ballistic missiles . In the GRAU index it is called 9K81 . The NATO code names are SA-12A Gladiator , SA-12B Giant and SA-23A Gladiator and SA-23B Giant . It is a variant of the S-300 anti-aircraft missile system .

development

The origin of the development of the S-300W is based on a study by MKB Strela (later Almas) from 1966. The aim of this study was the development of a common surface-to-air guided missile system for the various branches of the Soviet Union. The planned system S-500U was to be used by both the air defense forces and the air defense forces of the land forces of the USSR and the Navy . During the development of the S-500U, the developers were confronted with widely divergent needs and the requirements listed in the specification sheet could only be implemented with difficulty in a uniform air defense system. Finally, in 1967, the S-500U project was stopped and declared over by Dmitry Ustinov . As a result, the various branches of the armed forces each had an air defense system tailored to their needs. The system intended for the air defense forces was named S-300P , that for the air defense forces of the ground forces S-300W and that for the navy S-300F . The S-300W system was designed to protect locations of the land forces of the USSR, as well as to protect mechanized formations on the battlefield . The new system was also intended to replace the 2K11 Krug air defense system (NATO: SA-4 Ganef). The new system should be able to repel low-flying and massively deployed air- and sea-based cruise missiles (including the type AGM-69 SRAM ) and supersonic, low-flying bombers and combat aircraft . It was also required that short and medium-range ballistic missiles such as the MGM-52 Lance and the MGM-31 Pershing can be combated. For this purpose, a system with a high degree of automation was required, which should be able to fight six targets at a distance of 100 km at the same time. To meet these requirements, two different missile types were developed. The smaller 9M83 guided missiles were designed for use against aircraft and cruise missiles, while the larger 9M82 guided missiles were designed for use against ballistic missiles. The two different looking launch vehicles of the S-300W system prompted NATO to give the 9A83 launch vehicle the name SA-12A Gladiator ; the larger 9A82 starter vehicle was named SA-12B Giant . After an unusually long development period, the pre-production version S-300W-1 was delivered to the land forces of the USSR from 1983 for troop tests. The serial system S-300W with full capacity was introduced in 1988. When it was commissioned, the S-300W system was the world's first operational mobile missile defense system .

In the years that followed, the S-300W system was adapted and modernized in various stages of expansion to the current threat situation. A first modernized version was introduced in 1997 under the name S-300WM. In 2003 the version S-300WMD followed and the current version S-300W4 was presented in 2012.

technology

S-300W is used to combat combat aircraft, cruise missiles and medium-range ballistic missiles . It can be used mobile in the field and is all weather capable. All S-300W components are installed on MT-TM tracked vehicles . This chassis comes from the T-80 battle tank. This means that the S-300W can move on and off the road. S-300W does not require any prepared positions and the position can be anywhere in the area. Making the commitment lasts for five to seven minutes. The vehicles use extendable antennas for data transmission among each other .

Fire control radar

The S-300W fire control radar is designated 9S32 and has the NATO code name Grill Pan . The improved 9S32M fire control radar is used from the S-300WM version . This has the NATO code name Grill Screen . Both types of fire control radar use phased array antennas with around 10,000 phase shifters . The antennas work on the principle of passive, frequency-controlled phased array antennas (PESA) and work with a frequency of 8 to 10  GHz . The installed radar range is over 250 km and the maximum transmission power is around 150  kW . The radar antenna on the vehicle roof can be rotated in azimuth by 340 °. As a continuous wave radar , it takes care of target acquisition, target tracking and the determination of target data. Together with the radars of the launch vehicles, it also ensures semi-active target search for the anti-aircraft guided missiles. It can control 12 guided missiles against six flight targets at the same time.

Surveillance radar

The S-300W surveillance radar is designated 9S15 Osbor-3 and has the NATO code name Bill Board-A . From the S-300WM version, the 9S15M surveillance radar is used. This has the NATO code name: Bill Board-B . 9S15 is an all-weather 3D surveillance and target tracking radar. The antennas work on the principle of passive, frequency-controlled phased array antennas and work with a frequency of 3 to 4 GHz. It can simultaneously accompany 200 targets and the radar range is over 330 km. A small MGM-52 Lance ballistic missile can be detected at a distance of 90 to 110 km. The radar antenna rotates either with one revolution every six or twelve seconds.

Sector surveillance radar

The 9S19 Imbir sector surveillance radar is used in the S-300W version to locate medium-range ballistic missiles . This has the NATO code name High Screen-A . From the S-300WM version, the improved version 9S19M2 is used, which is designated by NATO High Screen-B . The 9S19 is used with a static search sector of 90 ° in azimuth and is designed for the acquisition of small targets at hypersonic speed . At the same time, it can determine the trajectories and target data of 16 ballistic targets. These antennas also work on the principle of passive, frequency-controlled phased array antennas and use traveling wave tubes with a power of 16 kW. The radar works in the S / X band with wavelengths in the centimeter range. The radar range is over 250 km.

Fire control station

A central fire control station is used with the S-300W system. With the S-300W this is called 9S457 . Starting with the S-300WM version, it bears the designation 9S457-1 . All radar and reconnaissance data converge in the fire control station and are processed there with redundant real-time computer systems. The operators lead the fire fight from the fire control station, whereby they can also receive instructions from a higher-level command post . The fire control center has extensive communication facilities that allow combat command personnel to communicate with various reconnaissance and command systems. The 9S457 fire control station of the S-300W can track 12 flight targets at the same time and assign them to 24 guided weapons for combat. The improved 9S457-1 fire control station can track 24 flight targets at the same time and assign 48 guided missiles to them for fighting. The fire control station carries out the following actions:

• Control and monitoring of the radars of the battery (s)
• Acquisition, identification, tracking of air targets
• Friend-Foe Detection (IFF)
• Prioritization of the individual air targets and the relaying of the most dangerous ones to the fire control radars of the battery
• Control and coordination of electronic countermeasures
• Data exchange with neighboring units as well as the higher level

Guided missile starters

9A83 launch vehicle with the four launch containers in marching position

The S-300W uses the 9A83 launch vehicle (NATO: SA-12A Gladiator) for four 9M83 guided weapons and the 9A82 launch vehicle (NATO: SA-12B Giant) for two 9M82 guided weapons. Starting with the S-300WM version, the 9A83M starter vehicle (NATO: SA-23A Gladiator) is used for four 9M83 guided weapons and the 9A82M starter vehicle (NATO: SA-23B Giant) for two 9M82 guided weapons. To make the missile launchers ready to fire, the missile containers are moved from the horizontal transport position to the vertical. Similarly, a mast which is 9P82 / 9P83 - parabolic antenna made to the vertical. The data link to the guided missiles is via this antenna . In addition, this radar antenna, together with the 9S32 fire control radar, ensures semi-active target search for the anti-aircraft guided weapons.

Guided missiles

S-300W uses two different types of guided missiles: the small 9M83 missile and the large 9M82 missile. The 9M83 guided missiles are primarily used to combat moving air targets. The 9M82 guided missiles are primarily used to combat short and medium-range ballistic missiles. Both types of guided missiles are delivered from the manufacturing plant in sealed transport and launch containers that protect against the effects of the weather. The guided weapons can be transported and stored in the cylindrical containers for ten years without being checked. For control purposes, the guided missiles have a built-in electronic self-test that can be carried out by the operating personnel on a control box on the starting containers.

The 9M82 and 9M83 guided missiles are two-stage missiles and have the shape of a cone tapering at an acute angle . While the second stage is almost identical in both types, the main difference lies in the first rocket stage. The first stage of the 9M83 guided missile is shorter, weighs less and has a diameter of 915 mm at the base. The first stage of the larger 9M82 guided missile has a diameter of 1125 mm at the base. The second rocket stage of both guided missiles weighs around 1215 kg and can be roughly divided into three sections: The radar antenna from the seeker head is located behind the ogive guided missile tip . Immediately behind this are the DB-100N seeker head and the radar proximity fuse . This is followed by the 9B619 on-board computer with the 9B627 navigation system and the 150 kg 9N127 fragmentation warhead. When detonated, this generates fragments weighing 15-17  grams . This is followed by the single-stage cruise engine. In the rear which are nozzle as well as the actuators and gas turbines to the power supply housed. There are also four trapezoidal control surfaces and four fixed stabilization surfaces at the stern . These differ in size for the two types of guided missiles. Otherwise, the differences in the second stage of the two guided missile types are marginal. There are small differences between the radar antenna and the proximity detonator. The improved 9M82M / 9M83M guided missiles are outwardly the same as their predecessor models. However, after the first stage rocket has been burned out and dropped, these can continue to fly without propulsion for up to 20 seconds, until the rocket motor of the second stage ignites. By pausing, significantly greater shooting distances can be achieved. Depending on the flight profile, the larger 9M82M guided missile also reaches hypersonic speed . The warhead of the 9M82M / 9M83M guided missiles has also been optimized for combating ballistic missiles. In addition to light fragments, this now also creates fragments weighing up to 20 grams. The 9M82 and 9M83 guided missiles are launched vertically from their launch and transport containers. The guided weapons are ejected upwards out of the container by a gas charge. The first stage of the rocket is only ignited at a height of around 30 m. The minimum start interval is 1.5 seconds. While the rocket motor of the first stage of the 9M83 missile works for 4.1 to 6.4 seconds, the working time of the larger 9M82 missile is 3.5 to 6.4 seconds. After the first stage rocket has burned out, it is blown off and the rocket engine of the second stage ignites. This works for 11.2 to 17.2 seconds. The guided missiles are fired at the pre-calculated collision point of the target and the guided missile. Any course corrections are sent from the fire control radar to the missile via a data link . The guided missile stays on the given course with the inertial navigation system. The rocket's own semi-active radar seeker head and the radar proximity fuse are activated for the last 10 seconds of the target approach. The target approach is based on the principle of proportional navigation . If the target comes within the proximity fuse's response radius, the fragmentation warhead is detonated. The warhead is constructed asymmetrically so that the fragmentation effect can be concentrated in the target direction. When approaching the target , the missile rolls around the longitudinal axis in order to bring the warhead into the optimal position for the target. In the event of a direct hit, the warhead is triggered by the impact fuse. If the target is missed, the guided weapon destroys itself after a certain flight time.

The more modern 9M82M and 9M83M guided missiles can also be fired on a semi-ballistic trajectory in order to achieve long firing distances. The radar seeker can detect targets with a minimum radar cross section of 0.05 m² at a distance of up to 30 km.

The further developed 9M82MD and 9M83MD guided missiles use new electronics and an improved fuel mixture with a higher energy density . This results in a further increase in range for these types of guided missiles.

Overview of guided missiles

Technical specifications

system	S-300W	S-300W	S-300WM	S-300WM	S-300W4	S-300W4
Guided missile	9M83	9M82	9M83M	9M82M	9M83MD	9M82MD
length	7.90 m	9.91 m	7.90 m	9.91 m	unknown	unknown
Hull diameter	915 mm	1125 mm	915 mm	1125 mm	unknown	unknown
Wingspan	850 mm	1150 mm	850 mm	1150 mm	unknown	unknown
Dimensions	2290 kg	4685 kg	2290 kg	4685 kg	unknown	unknown
drive	2-stage, solid
Warhead	150 kg fragmentation warhead
Detonator	Impact and radar proximity fuze
Airspeed	1200-1600 m / s	2400 m / s	> 1600 m / s	2,600 m / s	> 1600 m / s	> 2600 m / s
Extermination zone	8-75 km	13-100 km	6-110 km	6-200 km	150 km	350 km
Bet height	250-25,000 m	250-30,000 m	25-25,000 m	25-30,000 m	unknown	unknown
Steering system	Inertial navigation + Data Link + SARH

Battle structure

An S-300WM brigade usually consists of five batteries : a stick battery and four rocket batteries. The stick battery houses a 9S15 surveillance radar, a 9S19 sector surveillance radar and the 9S457 fire control station. A rocket battery consists of a 9S32 fire control radar, four 9A83 launch vehicles with four 9M83 guided weapons each and two 9A82 launch vehicles with two 9M82 guided weapons each. There are also two 9A85 reloading vehicles and one 9A84 reloading vehicle in the missile battery. In this configuration, an S-300WM brigade can use 48 guided missiles against 24 targets at the same time.

Versions

Launch vehicle S-300W1 / W2

S-300W1 and S-300W2

These versions were delivered before the actual main series from 1983 for field tests and troop trials. These first systems were initially only equipped with the smaller 9M83 guided missiles. The large 9M82 guided missiles were still in the test phase in 1983. The first full-capacity series system S-300W, as well as the large 9M82 guided missiles, was introduced in 1988. The S-300W1 / W2 can intercept medium-range ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 1100 km. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 3000 m / s over a distance of 40 km. The maximum operational distance when fighting aircraft is 100 km. The effectors 9M82 and 9M83 are used . These systems are called SA-12A Gladiator and SA-12B Giant by NATO .

Venezuelan S-300WM launch vehicle during a military parade in Caracas

S-300WM

The S-300WM version was developed in response to the US experience in the 1991 Gulf War . The aim of the S-300WM was to respond to the combat aircraft that were often used in this conflict for electronic warfare . The capacity to combat medium-range ballistic missiles should also be improved. With the S-300WM, a profoundly modernized version of the S-300W1 / 2 was created from 1993, in which the electronics from the 1970s were replaced by modern components. The S-300WM was presented for the first time in 1995. The tense financial situation of the Russian armed forces at the time initially prevented procurement of the S-300WM. In 1997, a single S-300W battalion was retrofitted to the S-300WM stand and delivered to the armed forces of Russia for troop trials. From then on, S-300WM was primarily produced for the export market under the name Antey-2500 . With the S-300WM system, ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 2,500 km can be intercepted. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 4,500 m / s over a distance of 40 km. Flight targets can be fought over a maximum distance of 200 km. The effectors 9M82M and 9M83M are used. This system is called SA-23A Gladiator and SA-23B Giant by NATO . The S-300WM exists either as a retrofit program or as a new production.

S-300W3

S-300W3 refers to the older S-300W1 / W2 systems of the Russian armed forces, which have been upgraded to the S-300WM stand.

S-300WMD

In 2002 the manufacturing company Antei was merged with Almas and became part of the Almas-Antei group. A further modernization of the S-300W began there from 2003. Here in 9S457 fire control center and in the new missiles were in 9S32 fire control, software with new, from the S-300PM-2 -derived anti algorithms installed. Thus the reaction time, Hits expectancy and could combat range be improved. The effectors 9M82M and 9M83M are used again. Due to a kinetically improved trajectory and the resulting greater energy reserves, the guided weapons have a greater range. With the S-300WMD, the 9M83M guided missile has a combat range of around 120 km. The range of the larger 9M82M guided missile is around 250 km. The S-300WMD exists either as a retrofit program or as a new production.

S-300W4

The S-300W4 version was first mentioned in 2012. It was created in 2010 on the basis of an order from the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation . In the case of the S-300W4, primarily the electronics of the radar devices and the guided missiles were modernized or replaced. A software package with new search and control algorithms based on the S-400 Triumf is also used. In addition, there are the improved 9M82MD and 9M83MD guided missiles with an even greater range. In November 2014, for example, the manufacturer NIEMI announced that a modified 9M82MD guided missile had succeeded in destroying a target at a distance of 310 km at an altitude of 14 km. In addition, the combat range of the smaller 9M83MD guided weapon could be increased again to around 150 km. In 2014, the first S-300W4 brigade was delivered to the Russian armed forces. By 2020, 30 battalions are to be upgraded to stand S-300W4. The S-300W4 exists either as a retrofit program or as a new production.

S-300WMK

The S-300WMK was envisaged design of the S-300WM which instead of tracked vehicles on the BAZ-69096 - Truck is installed. The project was not pursued any further.

S-300WE

This is the export version of the S-300W.

Antey-2500

This is the export version of the S-300WM and S-300WMD, which has been offered on the export market in different versions since 1995.

Antey-4000

This is an export version based on the S-300W4, which has been offered on the export market since 2012.

98R6E Abakan

On the exhibition Army 2020 Forum the missile defense system 98R6E Abakan was presented. This was developed by Almaz-Antey as a cost-effective, tactical missile defense system for the export market. The components are on four- or five-axle trucks of the type BAZ 6909.60 from Bryansky Avtomobilny Zavod installed. A 98R6E battery consists of a multifunction radar with an active phased array radar antenna and two 51P6E2 starter vehicles. Each launch vehicle is equipped with a mast with a 9P82 parabolic antenna and two guided weapon containers with 9M82MDE guided weapons. According to the manufacturer, the 98R6E should be able to fight ballistic missiles at a distance of 30 km and up to an altitude of 25,000 m. One battery can deploy four 9M82MDE guided missiles against two targets at the same time.

Overview of the S-300W systems

Technical specifications

system	S-300W	S-300WM
NATO code name	SA-12A Gladiator / SA-12B Giant	SA-23A Gladiator / SA-23B Giant
Introductory year	1980s	1997
Fire control radar	9S32 (Grill Pan)	9S32M (grill screen)
Surveillance radar	9S15 Osbor-3 (Bill Board-A)	9S15M2 Osbor-3 (Bill Board-C)
Sector surveillance radar	9S19-Imbir (High Screen-A)	9S19M2 (High Screen-B)
Fire control station	9S457	9S457-1
Guided missile starters	9A82 + 9A83	9A82M + 9A83M
Reload and guided missile starters	9A84 + 9A85	9A84M + 9A85M
Guided missiles	9M82 + 9M83	9M82M + 9M83M
Operating distance in aircraft combat	8-100 km	6-200 km
Operating distance in missile combat	13-40 km	6-40 km
Operating altitude in aircraft combat	250-30,000 m	25-30,000 m
Operating altitude in missile combat	1,000-25,000 m	25-30,000 m
Max target speed	3,000 m / s	4,500 m / s
goals that can be combated at the same time	12	24
SAMs that can be used simultaneously	48	48
Time to prepare for fire	5-7 minutes	5 minutes
Min. Response time	15 seconds	7.5-15 seconds
Minimally detectable RCS	0.05-0.1 m²	0.05 m²

commitment

An S-300W4 battery of the Russian armed forces was relocated to Syria in October 2016 to protect the Russian naval logistics base in Tartus against air strikes.

User states

Current users

•  Egypt - As of January 2019, 1 regiment with 3 S-300WM and W4 batteries, which were delivered between 2016 and 2017, is in service.
•  Russia
  Army - As of January 2019 there are 2 S-300W brigades and 1 S-300W4 brigade in service.
  Air Force - As of January 2019, there are 20 S-300W launch vehicles and one S-300W4 regiment in service.
  Marines - Unknown number S-300W4 in service.
•  Venezuela - 2 S-300WM batteries have been in service since April 8, 2013. A total of 3 batteries with 40 9M82M and 150 9M83M guided missiles was ordered in 2009.
•  Ukraine - As of January 2019, there are an unknown number of S-300Ws in service.
•  Belarus - As of January 2019, 1 Brigade S-300W is in service.

literature

• Antey Industrial Complex: Mobile multi-channel anti-aircraft missile system 9K81 "S-300W" of the air defense forces for the command level fronts and armies. Official information brochure from Antey. Antey Industrial Complex, Moscow 121471, Russia, 1995
• Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. Aerospace Daly & Defense Report, Aviation Week, August 2015.
• Duncan Lennox: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. Edition 2001, 34th edition Edition, Jane's Information Group, 2001, ISBN 0-7106-0880-2 .
• Steven J. Zaloga: Tactical Ballistic Missile Defense: The Antey S-300V. Jane's Intelligence Review, February 1993, Jane's Information Group, London, 1993
• SM Ganin, AW Karpenko: The S-300 surface-to-air guided missile system . Saint-Petersburg 2001, p. 50–62 ( site3f.ru [PDF; 8.0 MB ; Retrieved July 19, 2018] Russian: зенитная ракетная система С-300В .).

Web links

Commons : S-300W  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Company website (Russian)
• Detailed system description from DTIG (German)
• Rusarmy.com maneuver video without speech
• Youtube.com maneuver video, report on Телекомпания «НТВ» (Russian)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Said Aminov: ЗЕНИТНАЯ РАКЕТНАЯ СИСТЕМА 9К81 С-300В (SA-12 Giant / Gladiator). In: pvo.su. Вестник ПВО, accessed July 19, 2017 (Russian). 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} Antey Industrial Complex: Mobile multichannel anti-aircraft missile system 9K81 "S-300V" of the air defense for the command level fronts and armies. 1995.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Dr. Carlo Kopp: NIEMI / Antey S-300V 9K81 / 9K81-1 / 9K81M / MK Self Propelled Air Defense System / SA-12 / SA-23 Giant / Gladiator. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Australia, accessed July 19, 2017 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. 2015. p. 9.
5. ↑ ^{a b} МО РФ: ЗРС С300В4 подтвердила способность поражать цели до 400 км , ria.ru Retrieved April 29, 2015
6. ↑ ^{a b} Antey-2500. In: roe.ru. Rosoboronexport, accessed on February 28, 2020 . 
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Adrian Ochsenbein: The surface-to-air guided missile system SA-10 GRUMBLE. In: scribd.com. Defense Threat Informations Group, accessed December 27, 2017 . 
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Michal Fiszer: Name of the Roses: Russia's “joint” S-300 air defense system turned out to be nothing of the sort. In: Military Microwaves. 2016, pp. 30–35.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} S. M. Ganin, AW Karpenko: зенитная ракетная система С-300В. 2001. pp. 8-13.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Steven J. Zaloga: Tactical Ballistic Missile Defense: The Antey S-300V. 1993, pp. 52-58
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Adrian Ochsenbein: The surface-to-air guided missile system SA-12/23 GALDIATOR / GIANT. In: scribd.com. Defense Threat Informations Group, accessed July 19, 2017 . 
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Duncan Lenox: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, Edition 2001. 2001, pp. 309-312.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d} Зенитно-ракетная система С-300В / С-300ВМ Антей-2500. In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2017 (Russian). 
14. ↑ ^{a b c} С.Н. Ельцин "Зенитная ракетная система С-300В. Ракета 9М83, устройство и функционирование". Учебное пособие, БГТУ Военмех, 2008г.
15. ↑ SM Ganin, AW Karpenko: The surface-to-air guided missile system S-300. 2001. p. 52.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Зенитные управляемые ракеты 9М82 (9М82М) и 9М83 (9М83М). In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved July 19, 2017 (Russian). 
17. ↑ ^{a b c} Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. 2015. p. 7.
18. ↑ ^{a b} Румянцев, Павел: Все российские зенитно ракетные системы С-300В будут модернизированы к 2018 году. In: ООО "Дифанс Медиа" - New Defense Order Strategy - "Новый оборонный заказ. Dfnc.ru, accessed September 5, 2019 (Russian). 
19. ↑ S-300W / WM Land based antiaircraft-antimissile system ( Memento from May 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Hudi's russian combat vehicle page, accessed: April 8, 2013 (Polish)
20. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Tomasz Szulc: Russian Surface-to-Air Missiles by 2005 . Military Technology Magazine. Volume 28, Issue 8, August 2004, pp. 60-62.
21. ↑ ^{a b} S-300VM Antey-2500 SA-23 Gladiator Giant data pictures video. In: armyrecognition.com. Army Recognition, accessed July 20, 2018 . 
22. ↑ Задача трудная, но решаемая ( Memento from December 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) vko.ru, accessed: April 29, 2015 (Russian)
23. ↑ Можно поздравить НИЭМИ с рекордом blog by samoletchik, accessed April 29, 2015 (Russian)
24. ↑ МО РФ: ЗРС С300В4 подтвердила способность поражать цели до 400 км РИА Новости, accessed July 20, 2018 (Russian)
25. ^ Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. 2015. p. 9.
26. ↑ Developed an export version of anti-aircraft missile systems S-300V4 under the name “Antey-4000”. In: aviaseller.su. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016 ; accessed on October 7, 2016 (English). 
27. ↑ Создана новая зенитная система "Антей-4000" Российская газета, accessed on July 20, 2018 (Russian)
28. ↑ 98Р6Е «Абакан». In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed August 25, 2020 (Russian). 
29. ↑ Said Aminov; ПУ 51П6Е2 ЗРК "Абакан" / Армия-2020
30. ↑ Russia deploys S-300 to Syria ( Memento from July 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 6, 2016
31. ↑ ^{a b} Россия поставит Египту полк систем ПВО "Антей-2500" до конца 2016 года bmpd.livejournal.com, accessed March 6, 2015 (Russian)
32. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2019 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2019, ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5 (English, January 2019).
33. ↑ Trade Register on [1] , accessed on August 30, 2018